磷肥输入对稻田土壤剖面胶体磷含量的影响

磷肥管理与土壤磷素赋存息息相关,选取杭嘉湖地区典型稻田定位实验,研究磷肥输入下稻田土壤剖面胶体磷含量的变化,分析不同施肥管理下胶体磷在土壤中的分布规律。结果表明,(1)胶体磷是磷素在土壤中赋存的重要形式,能够占到土壤胶体溶液(1μm)总磷的85%以上,土壤全磷的0.1%—2%;(2)磷肥施用增加了土壤胶体磷含量,特别是在有机肥处理下0—5 cm土壤胶体磷含量达到了8.0 mg/kg;(3)随着土壤深度的增加,胶体磷含量减少,有机肥输入下对深层土壤胶体磷含量的影响较无机肥明显;(4)水稻收割后表层土壤胶体磷含量与油菜收割后相比减少明显,0—5 cm土壤胶体磷含量减少了90%左右,但有机肥施用下胶体磷含量减少较小;(5)水稻收割后30—60 cm土壤胶体磷含量有所增加,可能与胶体磷发生的纵向迁移有关。了解磷肥输入对稻田土壤剖面胶体磷含量的影响,为研究土壤磷素赋存形态及迁移变化提供科学依据,对有效评估胶体磷的环境风险起到指导作用。     

蚯蚓活动对红壤磷素主要形态及有效磷含量的影响

通过盆钵生物试验和采用Hedley磷素分级方法研究了秉氏环毛蚓(Pheretima pingi)对红壤磷素主要形态和红壤有效磷含量的影晌.结果表明,在蚯蚓和有机物料(稻草、花生秸、油菜秸)的共同作用下,经过100d培养后土壤有效磷含量显著提高.统计分析结果表明,花生秸接种蚯蚓处理与不接种蚯蚓处理和油莱秸接种蚯蚓处理与不接种蚯蚓处理之间的土壤有效磷含量差异均达显著水平.采用Hedley磷素分级法测得的树脂磷由原土的痕量增加到10.5～17.8 mg·kg^-1,NaHCO₃溶解态磷由原土的14.5 mg·kg^-1增加到23.5～53.6 mg·kg^-1,微生物细胞磷由原土的1.0 mg·kg^-1增加到6.8～9.7 mg·kg^-1,土壤有机磷含量由原土的37.9 mg·kg^-1增加到50.7～59.3 mg·kg^-1,而土壤中活性最低的残留磷含量则有所降低.蚯蚓活动对红壤磷素具有较强的活化作用.     

Comparing the prevalence of rheumatic diseases in China with the rest of the world

Geographic or ethnic differences in the occurrence of disease often provide insights into causes of disease and possible opportunities for disease prevention. Persons in China appear to have a consistently lower prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia than persons in the United States and Europe; reasons for these prevalence differences might include genetic differences, differences in environmental exposures or a combination of both. With increasing obesity, gout is becoming endemic in China. Finally, symptomatic knee osteoarthritis is extremely common in China and constitutes a major public health problem there.     

施用生物炭基肥对喀斯特石灰土磷元素特性的影响

以贵州省喀斯特山地石灰土为研究对象,采用盆栽试验方法,研究施用生物炭(稻壳炭)、猪粪堆肥和NPK肥3种肥料制成的生物炭基肥,测定土壤中不同形态磷含量、碱性磷酸酶活性及刺槐幼苗生物量。试验共设10个处理,分别为CK、M、F、MF、RH1MF、RH2MF、RH4MF、RH8MF、RH4M、RH4F(其中CK代表对照,M代表堆肥,F代表化肥,RH代表稻壳炭,数字代表生物炭按炭土质量比计算在生物炭基肥中的配比)。结果表明,施用生物炭基肥可显著提高喀斯特石灰土中总磷、有效磷、有机磷、微生物量磷含量及刺槐幼苗生物量,生物炭高施用量下处理(RH8MF)的效果更好,且4种不同形态的磷含量相互之间呈极显著正相关(P0.01);生物炭中等用量配比下生物炭基肥处理(RH2MF、RH4MF)的土壤碱性磷酸酶活性最高,分别比CK提高82.7%、63.4%。综上所述,施用生物炭基肥,尤其在生物炭较高施用量下,可以显著改善喀斯特石灰土中磷素含量,可改善石灰土中磷素含量较低状况,提高喀斯特山地人工幼林地生态恢复的成效。     

A functional classification for predicting the dynamics of landscapes

Abstract. Functional classifications have been derived for various purposes using subjective, objective and deductive approaches. Most of the classifications were derived to describe a static state of a region or landscape rather than to predict the dynamics of the system. Here, we suggest a simple, but comprehensive functional classification based on life history parameters that can predict the dynamics of plant communities subject to recurrent disturbances. The predicted dynamics are described in terms of survival and local extinction of the functional groups. The groups derived from the classification are probably largely independent of functional groupings that may be derived for other aspects of community composition (e.g. structure, phenology) and community interactions (roughness, albedo etc.). We emphasize that functional classification is context-dependent and we should not expect to find a useful, universal classification into functional groups. Software has been developed to help classify the species into functional groups, to derive successional sequences and to predict community composition under different disturbance regimes both in point and landscape models.     

Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops

The extent of our reliance on animal pollination for world crop production for human food has not previously been evaluated and the previous estimates for countries or continents have seldom used primary data. In this review, we expand the previous estimates using novel primary data from 200 countries and found that fruit, vegetable or seed production from 87 of the leading global food crops is dependent upon animal pollination, while 28 crops do not rely upon animal pollination. However, global production volumes give a contrasting perspective, since 60% of global production comes from crops that do not depend on animal pollination, 35% from crops that depend on pollinators, and 5% are unevaluated. Using all crops traded on the world market and setting aside crops that are solely passively self-pollinated, wind-pollinated or parthenocarpic, we then evaluated the level of dependence on animal-mediated pollination for crops that are directly consumed by humans. We found that pollinators are essential for 13 crops, production is highly pollinator dependent for 30, moderately for 27, slightly for 21, unimportant for 7, and is of unknown significance for the remaining 9. We further evaluated whether local and landscape-wide management for natural pollination services could help to sustain crop diversity and production. Case studies for nine crops on four continents revealed that agricultural intensification jeopardizes wild bee communities and their stabilizing effect on pollination services at the landscape scale.     

Mycorrhizal infection in relation to soil pH and soil phosphorus content in a rain forest of northern Sumatra

Summary An autoradiographic procedure for the investigation of the uptake of minerals by plant roots and its application to the stimulation of uptake of ferric iron by agrobactin is described.     

Linking toluene degradation with specific microbial populations in soil

Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis of a soil microbial community was coupled with (13)C isotope tracer analysis to measure the community's response to addition of 35 microg of [(13)C]toluene ml of soil solution(-1). After 119 h of incubation with toluene, 96% of the incorporated (13)C was detected in only 16 of the total 59 PLFAs (27%) extracted from the soil. Of the total (13)C-enriched PLFAs, 85% were identical to the PLFAs contained in a toluene-metabolizing bacterium isolated from the same soil. In contrast, the majority of the soil PLFAs (91%) became labeled when the same soil was incubated with [(13)C]glucose. Our study showed that coupling (13)C tracer analysis with PLFA analysis is an effective technique for distinguishing a specific microbial population involved in metabolism of a labeled substrate in complex environments such as soil.     

Linking habitat use to range expansion rates in fragmented landscapes: a metapopulation approach

Temperature increases because of climate change are expected to cause expansions at the high latitude margins of species distributions, but, in practice, fragmented landscapes act as barriers to colonization for most species. Understanding how species distributions will shift in response to climate change therefore requires techniques that incorporate the combined effects of climate and landscape‐scale habitat availability on colonization rates. We use a metapopulation model (Incidence Function Model, IFM) to test effects of fine‐scale habitat use on patterns and rates of range expansion by the butterfly Hesperia comma. At its northern range margin in Britain, this species has increased its breadth of microhabitat use because of climate warming, leading to increased colonization rates. We validated the IFM by reconstructing expansions in five habitat networks between 1982 and 2000, before using it to predict metapopulation dynamics over 100 yr, for three scenarios based on observed changes to habitat use. We define the scenarios as “cold‐world” (only hot, south‐facing 150–250° hillsides are deemed warm enough), “warm‐world” in which 100–300° hillsides can be populated, and “hot‐world”, where the background climate is warm enough to enable use of all aspects (as increasingly observed). In the simulations, increased habitat availability in the hot‐world scenario led to faster range expansion rates, and to long‐term differences in distribution size and pattern. Thus, fine‐scale changes in the distribution of suitable microclimates led to landscape‐scale changes in population size and colonization rate, resulting in coarse‐scale changes to the species distribution. Despite use of a wider range of habitats associated with climate change, H. comma is still expected to occupy a small fraction of available habitat in 100 yr. The research shows that metapopulation models represent a potential framework to identify barriers to range expansion, and to predict the effects of environmental change or conservation interventions on species distributions and persistence.     

Interaction of phosphorus fertilizer form and soil medium on Douglas-fir seedling phosphorus content,growth and photosynthesis

Douglas-fir seedlings were grown in containers in peat-vermiculite or mineral soil each amended with different levels of concentrated superphosphate (CSP) or a granulated North Carolina phosphate rock (RP). Media dilute acid-fluoride extractable phosphorus (DAP), seedling photosynthesis, weights, and tissue P concentrations were measured at 65±3 and 105±3 days. DAP was highly correlated with soluble fertilizer P (but not total P) added at the beginning of the experiment. Considerable soluble P was lost from peat-vermiculite but not from the mineral soil. Seedling total P content was proportional to the amount of soluble P per container at both harvests, but was greater for a given level of soluble P in the organicversus the mineral medium. Added soluble P increased foliar P concentrations, plant P content, and dry weight. Net carbon uptake was highly correlated with added levels of soluble P, foliar P concentrations, and with total P content. The internal efficiency of P from the RP source was less than P from CSP with respect to P contentversus growth, net CO₂ uptake, and net photosynthesis rates. At the end of the experiment, seedling P content plus DAP remaining in the media for the higher fertilizer rates accounted for 75% of the originally added soluble P in the mineral soils, but only 15% of the originally added soluble P in the organic media.     

Effectiveness of different sources of phosphates on yield,available soil phosphorus and phosphorus content of bluebelle rice

Summary The effect of three sources of P, hyper rock phosphate (HRP), basic slag (BSG) and triple super phosphate (TSP) applied at two rates, 9.6 kg P/ha and 19.2 kg P/ha, was studied at Central Agricultural Station (C.A.S.) and Mahaicony Abary Rice Development Scheme (M.A.R.D.S.). The experiments were carried out for two seasons at both the sites. Though, different P sources used gave some increase in the yield of rice, but, this effect was statistically non significant. The efficiency of P - kg of rough rice per kg of P applied - was the highest with TSP and BSG added at a lower rate.The estimations of available soil P made indicated, that Truog's and Bray no. 1 methods underestimate the available P. The available P determined by Bray no. 2 method, appeared to be more in agreement with the results of yield response noted.The percentage P content of rice grains was not significantly affected by different P treatments.     

On phytin phosphorus in the soil

Summary Phytin was isolated from a diluvial sand which has been cultivated for about 800 years. Various investigations of the organic phosphoric compounds isolated made it probable that the substance was phytin.A method for a quantitative determination of phytin phosphorus in soil was worked out. In the heath soil in question 163 p.p.m. phytin phosphorus was found to correspond to 46 per cent. of the total content of organically held phosphorus.In acid soils phytin is presumably found as ferric phytate and in basic soils possibly as calcium phytate.     

人工油松林（Pinus tabulaeformis）恢复过程中土壤微生物生物量C、N的变化特征

采用时空替代法,选取15a（PF15）、25a（PF25）、30a（PF30）的人工油松林作为样地,并选取灌丛作为参考植被,研究了植被恢复过程中土壤微生物生物量C、N以及土壤养分的变化特征,同时探讨了它们之间的相互关系。研究结果表明随着恢复的进行,土壤质量得到了改善,主要表现为有机碳、全氮、粘粒含量、土壤含水量的上升和pH值、容重的下降。土壤微生物生物量C、N分别在155.00~885.64mg/kg和33.73~237.40mg/kg的范围内变化。土壤微生物生物量C、N在植被恢复的初期显著低于灌丛,而后随着恢复的进行逐步增长。土壤微生物生物量C、N与植被恢复时间的相关性没有达到统计学上的显著水平,但是土壤微生物生物量C与土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷呈显著正相关,这表明植被恢复过程中土壤微生物生物量与土壤养分状况关系密切,植被恢复通过改善土壤养分状况间接地影响土壤微生物生物量的变化。Cmic/TOC在1.38%~4.75%的范围内变化。Cmic/TOC随着植被恢复不断下降,Cmic/TOC与植被恢复时间和土壤有机碳呈显著负相关,这表明植被恢复过程中,惰性有机质积累导致供应土壤微生物的活性有机质减少,Cmic/TOC同时受土壤有机质的数量和质量影响。     

Testing the assumptions of chronosequences in succession

Many introductory ecology textbooks illustrate succession, at least in part, by using certain classic studies (e.g. sand dunes, ponds/bogs, glacial till, and old fields) that substituted space for time (chronosequence) in determining the sequences of the succession. Despite past criticisms of this method, there is continued, often uncritical, use of chronosequences in current research on topics besides succession, including temporal changes in biodiversity, productivity, nutrient cycling, etc. To show the problem with chronosequence-based studies in general, we review evidence from studies that used non-chronosequence methods (such as long-term study of permanent plots, palynology, and stand reconstruction) to test the space-for-time substitution in four classic succession studies. In several cases, the tests have used the same locations and, in one case, the same plots as those in the original studies. We show that empirical evidence invalidates the chronosequence-based sequences inferred in these classic studies.     

长江平原区乡村景观的结构、管理及其对土壤氮磷的影响

通过实地研究主要位于宜兴市域的区域乡村景观代表性样方,评价并阐明了人口密集的长江平原区乡村景观的结构、管理与土壤全氮、全磷密度和储量的关系.景观绘图是基于1m分辨率的IKONOS影像并采用生态立地分类及绘图标准,通过直接解译和实地检验对均质景观缀块进行分类和绘图;依据区域权重分层取样方法,在生态立地缀块中随机设定取样点进行土壤或底泥取样;通过自助法对12个样方重取样,用区域多变量最优化方法计算样方的区域权重,并结合不确定性分析模型评价区域土地利用/覆被、土壤全氮和全磷储量.结果表明:在85.24×103km2的长江平原区乡村景观面积范围内,0～30cm土壤全氮、全磷储量分别为29.87Tg N和 19.79Tg P.最大的5种土地利用/覆被的类型为水田、水产养殖、非渗漏性建筑用地、旱地1年生作物和闲置水域,占区域总面积的82.9%;其土壤全氮、全磷储量分别占区域总量的82.6%和80.8%.其中平原稻田面积为38.93×103km2,占总面积的45.5%;其0～30cm土壤全氮、全磷储量分别高达15.26Tg N和9.13Tg P,分别占总储量的51%和45%.揭示了人口密集的乡村景观中土地利用/覆被方式对区域土壤全氮、全磷的影响模式.这种在小尺度下对土地管理调查,土壤全氮、全磷及其它生态特征研究方法的精确度明显优于传统的基于30～1000m分辨率遥感影像的土地覆被研究.     

Trophic interactions in changing landscapes: responses of soil food webs

Soil communities in landscapes that are rapidly changing due to a range of anthropogenic processes can be regarded as highly transient systems where interactions between competing species or trophic levels may be seriously disrupted. In disturbed communities dispersal in space and time has a role in ensuring continuity of community function. Stable communities, in undisturbed systems, are more dependent on competition and other biotic interactions between species. We predicted how food web components would respond to disturbance, based on their dispersal and colonizing abilities. During decomposition, flows of energy and nutrients generally follow either a bacterial-based path, with bacteria as the primary decomposer and bacterial-feeding fauna and their predators forming the associated food web, or a fungal-based channel. Trophic links that were generally resistant to change were the organisms of the bacterial pathway that have high abilities to disperse in time and passively disperse in space. Organisms in the fungal pathway were less resistant to disturbance. Resource inputs to the soil system are derived from plants, either through root exudation and root turnover during active growth or from dead plant material following senescence or agricultural tillage. Disturbances to the soil system can arise as a direct action on the soil, or indirectly from effects on the above-ground plant community. Disturbance-induced changes in plant community composition will change the soil food web composition. Organisms involved in direct interactions with plants (e.g. AM-mycorrhizal fungi) were also predicted to be vulnerable to disturbance.

Zusammenfassung

Bodengemeinschaften in Landschaften, die sich aufgrund einer Reihe von anthropogenen Prozessen schnellstens verändern, können als sehr kurzlebige Systeme angesehen werden, in denen Interaktionen zwischen konkurrierenden Arten oder trophischen Leveln nachhaltig unterbrochen sind. In gestörten Gemeinschaften hat die Ausbreitung in Raum und Zeit eine Rolle bei der Wahrung der Kontinuität von Gemeinschaftsfunktionen. Stabile Gemeinschaften, in ungestörten Systemen, sind stärker von Konkurrenz und anderen biotischen Interaktionen zwischen den Arten abhängig. Wir sagten voraus, wie Nahrungsnetzkomponenten auf Störung antworten würden, basierend auf ihrer Ausbreitungs- und Kolonisationsfähigkeit. Während der Zersetzung folgen die Flüsse von Energie und Nährstoffen im Allgemeinen entweder einem Weg, der auf Bakterien basiert, mit Bakterien als den primären Zersetzern und bacterienfressender Fauna und ihre Predatoren, die das assoziierte Nahrungsnetz bilden, oder sie folgen einem Kanal, der auf Pilzen basiert. Trophische Verknüpfungen, die im Allgemeinen resistent gegen Veränderungen waren, waren die Organismen des bakteriellen Weges, die große Möglichkeiten haben sich in Zeit und passiv im Raum auszubreiten. Organismen des pilzbasierten Weges waren weniger widerstandsfähig gegenüber Störungen. Die Ressourcenzufuhr in das Bodensystem stammte von Pflanzen, entweder über Wurzelausscheidungen und/oder Wurzelturnover während des aktiven Wachstums oder von totem Pflanzenmaterial aufgrund von Seneszenz oder landwirtschatlicher Bodenbearbeitung. Störungen des Bodensystems können durch direkte Einwirkungen auf den Boden oder indirekt durch Effekte der oberirdischen Pflanzemeinschaft entstehen. Störungsinduzierte Veränderungen in der Zusammensetzung der Pflanzengemeinschaft werden die Zusammensetzung des Bodennahrungsnetzes verändern. Für Organismen, die an direkten Interaktionen mit Pflanzen beteiligt sind (beispielsweise AM-Mykorrhizapilze), wurde ebenfalls vorhergesagt, dass sie anfällig für Störungen sind.     

Linking disturbances in neotropical landscapes with ecosystem functional traits: A preliminary assessment using epigaeic and leaf-litter ant communities

1. Environmental stressors and changes in land use have led to rapid and dramatic species losses and a reduction in associated ecosystem services.
2. Functional diversity has increasingly been suggested as an alternative for evaluating anthropogenic disturbances and restoration programs because it reflects different aspects of the relationship between biological diversity, ecosystem functioning and environmental constraints.
3. Ants are important components of terrestrial food webs and a key group associated with diverse interactions and ecosystem processes.
4. Additionally, their sensitiveness and rapid response to environmental changes pave the way for their use as informative metrics for monitoring several processes that threaten biodiversity and ecosystem services.
5. Consequently, ants' functional diversity might be considered leading edge indicators to assess ecosystem changes to ongoing anthropogenic disturbances.
6. The purpose of this study was to gauge the usefulness of epigaeic and leaf-litter ants' functional responses towards measuring ecosystem degradation (and/or restoration) in the Brazilian Amazon.
7. Our results demonstrate that functional traits exhibited sensitivity to ongoing changes, as well as different responses to specific environmental disturbances.
8. Communities supporting ants with specialised functional traits associated with pristine ecosystems suffered high species loss and were correlated with specific anthropogenic stressors.
9. The results obtained pinpoint the importance of pristine ecosystems for conserving unique functional attributes and biodiversity in neotropical forest landscapes.
10. We highlight the significance of further studies in this scope to guide environmental managers and practitioners in applying the best policies for integrated neotropical landscapes conservation, considering the competing interests of farmers, foresters and conservationists, but also the unpredictable effects of local and regional environmental changes.

     

The world is not flat: defining relevant thermal landscapes in the context of climate change

Although climates are rapidly changing on a global scale, these changes cannot easily be extrapolated to the local scales experienced by organisms. In fact, such generalizations might be quite problematic. For instance, models used to predict shifts in the ranges of species during climate change rarely incorporate data resolved to <1 km(2), although most organisms integrate climatic drivers at much smaller scales. Empirical studies alone suggest that the operative temperatures of many organisms vary by as much as 10-20 °C on a local scale, depending on vegetation, geology, and topography. Furthermore, this variation in abiotic factors ignores thermoregulatory behaviors that many animals use to balance heat loads. Through a set of simulations, we demonstrate how variability in elevational topography can attenuate the effects of warming climates. These simulations suggest that changing climates do not always impact organisms negatively. Importantly, these simulations involve well-known relationships in biophysical ecology that show how no two organisms experience the same climate in the same way. We suggest that, when coupled with thermoregulatory behavior, variation in topographic features can mask the acute effect of climate change in many cases.     

近自然化改造对马尾松人工林土壤团聚体有机磷组分含量变化的影响

有机磷(Po)是土壤磷库的重要组成部分。为探究马尾松人工林近自然化改造对土壤团聚体Po分布特征的影响,该研究以南亚热带的马尾松纯林(PP)和近自然化改造后的马尾松-阔叶树种混交林(CP)为对象,采集0～10 cm土样后利用干筛法将其筛分为>2 mm、0.25～2 mm和<0.25 mm三部分粒径团聚体,并测定原土及各粒径团聚体中各Po组分、微生物生物量磷(MBP)含量和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性。结果表明:(1)CP的土壤Po组分与PP相比发生了变化,高稳定性有机磷(HRO-P)和中度活性有机磷(MLO-P)在原土以及各团聚体径级中均显著高于PP(P<0.05),而活性有机磷(LO-P)和中度稳定性有机磷(MRO-P)在CP和PP中并无显著差异,PP和CP各组分Po在原土和各团聚体径级中无明显变化规律。(2)各形态Po在PP中占比大小为HRO-P>MRO-P>MLO-P>LO-P,而在CP中为HRO-P>MLO-P>MRO-P>LO-P。(3)CP中的MBP含量和ACP活性在原土及各团聚体径级中均显著高于PP,并且随着团聚体径级的减小,ACP活性上升。(4)冗余分析发现,土壤有效磷(AP)、土壤团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)、MBP和全氮(TN)为土壤Po组分的主要驱动因子。综上认为,近自然化改造有利于马尾松人工林土壤中磷的积累与转化,该研究结果为马尾松人工林土壤质量和生产力的提升提供了理论依据。