黄豆豆渣中脲酶的提取精制及其影响因素研究

为拓展脲酶的国产化途径,对黄豆豆渣中脲酶的提取进行了研究。建立了从黄豆豆渣中提取脲酶的全套流程,利用盐析法和有机溶剂沉淀法,通过浸提及离心等试验操作手段,将黄豆豆渣中的脲酶进行提取精制,产率为0.1%。同时确定了脲酶的最佳提取条件:其最佳浸提温度为50℃,最佳丙酮浓度为50%,最适pH为7.0。利用纳氏试剂比色法的原理,测得该脲酶在最佳实验条件下的米氏常数Km值为4.11×10^(-2)mol/L,1 m L脲酶溶液中的酶活力为18.63 U。从黄豆豆渣中提取脲酶,既可解决脲酶的国产化问题,又可提高黄豆豆渣的附加值,研究结果具有良好的工业价值和经济效益。     

不同豆类细菌型豆豉的功能性成分分析

对细菌型黄豆豆豉、黑豆豆豉、绿豆豆豉、豌豆豆豉、足豆豆豉、红豆豆豉和赤小豆豆豉的功能性成分进行了分析。结果显示,7种豆豉的水分含量均在45%-55%的范围内;黄豆豆豉、黑豆豆豉、豌豆豆豉和绿豆豆豉具有较强纤溶酶和酰胺酶活性,其中黄豆豆豉的纤溶酶和酰胺酶活力最高,分别为(149.07±6.63)IU/g和(120.07±0.39)U/g;7种豆豉都具有一定[DPPH·]清除能力,清除能力大小为黄豆豆豉黑豆豆豉绿豆豆豉豌豆豆豉足豆豆豉红豆豆豉赤小豆豆豉,黄豆豆豉[DPPH·]清除率达到(98.14±1.01)%;不同豆豉的酸可溶性多肽含量差异较大,黄豆豆豉为(82.79±3.14)mg/g,豌豆豆豉为(42.63±1.17)mg/g,其它5种豆豉的多肽含量均在25-29 mg/g之间;黄豆豆豉、黑豆豆豉、绿豆豆豉和豌豆豆豉的总游离氨基酸含量较高,分别达到了(38.89±2.27)mg/g、(32.91±1.13)mg/g、(27.80±0.79)mg/g和(34.12±1.57)mg/g,而其它3种豆豉的总游离氨基酸含量相对较低,仅为黄豆豆豉的1/2左右。功能性成分分析表明,黄豆是制备细菌型豆豉的最适原料。     

激光诱变选育AC10菜用大青豆的研究报告

采用有性杂交和激光红宝石辐照交替进行,经１０多年的研究、试验、选育出一个蛋白质含量、脂肪含量特高的菜用大青豆－ＡＣ１０。ＡＣ１０菜用大青豆,系早熟、适应性广、抗逆性强、耐迟播、产量高、效益好的品种。全生育期１１０天、８０－８５天采摘青毛豆、单产鲜毛豆７００公斤以上,老豆单产１６０公斤左右。据农业部谷物测试中心分析,蛋白质含量４８．３２％,脂肪含量２１．３６％,合计６９．６８％。查新结果表明,为国内     

敌敌畏在3种豆类蔬菜及其土壤中残留降解研究

对敌敌畏在毛豆、豌豆、豇豆等豆类蔬菜及在豌豆田土壤中的残留降解动态进行田间测定。结果表明,80%敌敌畏乳油500~2000倍液施用1 d后的降解率均达93%以上;3 d后残留量≤0.02 mg/kg,降解率均达99%以上;5 d后未能检测到残留(检出限<0.005 mg/kg)。敌敌畏农药在豌豆田土壤中的降解规律符合一级动力学关系,半衰期(DT₅₀)为4.3 d。     

不同大豆品种上红绿两种色型豌豆蚜的种群参数

【目的】探讨不同大豆品种对红绿两种色型豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphon pisum种群参数的影响,为大豆品种的抗蚜性评价及豌豆蚜的预测预报与综合防治提供试验依据。【方法】在光周期10L∶14D、温度23±1℃,相对湿度60%±10%,光照强度212μmol/m~2·s的人工气候箱中,观察和分析4个大豆品种(汾豆牧绿2号、南夏豆25、南黑豆20和南豆5号)叶片上红绿两种色型豌豆蚜的成虫寿命、繁殖和种群生命表参数。【结果】在大豆品种汾豆牧绿2号上,红绿两种色型豌豆蚜成虫寿命均最短,繁殖力均最弱,且红色型豌豆蚜成虫寿命比绿色型长1.07 d,内禀增长率是绿色型豌豆蚜的29.93倍;在南夏豆25上,红色型豌豆蚜成虫寿命比绿色型长2.46 d,内禀增长率是绿色型豌豆蚜的5.86倍;在南黑豆20上,红色型豌豆蚜成虫寿命比绿色型长2.47 d,内禀增长率是绿色型豌豆蚜的1.54倍;在南豆5号上,红色型豌豆蚜成虫寿命比绿色型短0.02 d,内禀增长率是绿色型豌豆蚜的1.41倍。【结论】不同大豆品种对红色和绿色型豌豆蚜种群参数的影响不同,且两种色型豌豆蚜对不同大豆品种适应性反应也不相同。     

青海豌豆根腐病病原菌种类及致病性的研究

豌豆极腐病是青海东部干旱地区豌豆生产上的一种新病害,近年来危害逐年加重,致使豌豆产量遭受严重损失。根据分离鉴定和致病性测定结果,青海豌豆根腐病病原真菌是由茄镰刀菌、尖孢镰刀菌、豌豆丝囊霉、根串珠霉、立枯丝核菌、腐霉、链孢粘帚霉等复合反染所引起的。经回接试验：镰刀菌和豌豆丝囊霉对豌豆具有较强的致病力;腐霉及其他病原菌则有加强腐烂作用。     

华北晚古生代煤中一种科达叶的角质层研究

江苏徐州煤田太原组２０号煤层中一种分散角质层,根据其表皮构造特征及其它证据,认为是科达叶的角质层。利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对这种角质层进行了详细研究,并与国内外研究较详细的几种科达叶的表皮构造进行了比较,表明当前标本是一种新和产达叶表皮构造类型。     

营养之花──大豆

大豆（Ｇｌｙｃｉｎｅｍａｘ）,又称黄豆、白豆等,为豆科栽培作物,在我国各地都有种植,也广泛栽培于世界各地。由于栽培历史悠久,大豆的品种很多,根据其种子外皮颜色,可分为黄豆、青豆、黑豆等,其中以黄豆栽培最普遍。大豆不同的品种和产地,由于其遗传性和生态环境条件的不同,其营养成分也有差异。大豆因含有丰富的营养,故有“豆中之王”、“营养之花”的美称。大豆含有丰富的蛋白质,而且这些蛋白质在质量和数量上均可与肉、蛋、奶等动物性食品媲美,所以又有“植物肉”、“绿色乳牛”之誉。黄豆的营养很丰富,据黑龙江省哈尔滨…     

甘肃定西地区主栽品种马铃薯颗粒全粉品质分析

以甘肃定西地区主栽的7个品种马铃薯为原料,采用微波工艺生产马铃薯颗粒全粉,并测定其原料品质指标（干物质、总淀粉、直链淀粉、还原糖、维生素C含量）和其颗粒全粉的功能指标（蓝值、持水性和持油性）。结果表明：除克新1号品种马铃薯的干物质含量偏低、还原糖含量较高以外,其余6个品种费乌瑞它、陇3、青薯6号、冀张薯8号、陇薯6号、庄薯3号均符合加工全粉的要求;马铃薯原料中总淀粉含量高,则游离淀粉的含量相对较高。7个品种马铃薯颗粒全粉的蓝值顺序为费乌瑞它>冀张薯8号>庄薯3号>青薯6号 > 陇薯3号>陇薯6号> 克新1号;持水性顺序为冀张薯8号>费乌瑞它>青薯6号>庄薯3号>陇薯3>陇薯6>克新1号;持油性高低顺序是克新1号>青薯6号>冀张薯8号>庄薯3号>陇薯3号>陇薯6号>费乌瑞它。该结果可为甘肃省定西地区马铃薯颗粒全粉生产的原料选择和颗粒全粉应用提供科学依据。     

江苏徐州煤田太原组一种新的木化石

描述了采自江苏徐州煤田新工矿太原组２０号煤层底板砂岩中一种木化石,这种木化石的解剖构造与台木属接近,但具射线管胞,与国内外所描述过的石炭纪,二叠纪密木型木化石均不一样,因此建立一新属－斯氏木属。     

The Development of Desiccation-tolerance and Maximum Seed Quality During Seed Maturation in Six Grain Legumes

‘Physiological maturity’, i.e. the time when seedsreach their maximum dry weight during development, occurredwhen maturation drying on the parent plant in the field hadreduced seed moisture content to approximately 60 per cent infaba bean (Vicia faba L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.), chickpea(Cicer arietinum L.), white lupin (Lupinus albus L.), soya bean(Glycine max [L.] Merr.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) The onsetof desiccation-tolerance, i.e. the ability of seeds to germinatefollowing harvest and rapid artificial drying, coincided withphysiological maturity, except in pea where it occurred a littleearlier at about 70 per cent moisture content. Maximum seedquality as determined by maximum viability, minimum seedlingabnormalities and maximum seedling size occurred in pea, chickpeaand lupin when seeds were harvested for rapid drying at physiologicalmaturity; but for maximum seed quality in the other speciesmaturation drying had to proceed further - to about 45 per centmoisture content in soya bean and to about 30 per cent moisturecontent in lentil and faba bean seed crops. Much of this variationamongst the six species, however, was due to differences inthe variation in maturity within each seed crop. Results forindividual pods showed that peak maturity, i.e. maximum seedquality following harvest and rapid artificial drying, was achievedin all six species once maturation drying had reduced the moisturecontent of the seeds to 45–50 per cent. In pea, faba beanand soya bean there was a substantial decline in viability andan increase in seedling abnormalities when harvest was delayedbeyond the optimal moisture content for harvest.     

Turnover of Storage Protein in Seeds of Soya Bean and Pea

We were interested in determining whether the low protein contentof pea seeds (Pisum sativum L.) as compared to soya bean seeds(Glycine max L. Merrill) might be due to faster degradationof the pea storage proteins during development of the seed.Pea and soya bean cotyledons were subjected to a ‘pulse-chase’experiment using [³H]glycine in in-vitro cultures. In peas,legumin had a half-life of 146 days, while vicilin had a half-lifeof 39 days. There was no measureable degradation of soya beanstorage proteins. Even with the pea storage proteins, the half-liveswere so much longer than the maturation time of seeds that degradationof storage proteins could not account for the lower proteincontent of peas as compared to soya beans. The validity of theseresults was indicated by the finding that non-storage proteinshad much shorter half-lives and that omission of a carbon ora nitrogen source greatly accelerated degradation. Labelledglycine was found to be a good probe for protein turnover studiesbecause it was very rapidly metabolized. Glycine max L. Merrill, soya bean, Pisum sativum, L. pea, protein turnover, storage proteins, legumin, vicilin     

Improving nutritional quality and fungal tolerance in soya bean and grass pea by expressing an oxalate decarboxylase

Soya bean (Glycine max) and grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) seeds are important sources of dietary proteins; however, they also contain antinutritional metabolite oxalic acid (OA). Excess dietary intake of OA leads to nephrolithiasis due to the formation of calcium oxalate crystals in kidneys. Besides, OA is also a known precursor of β‐N‐oxalyl‐L ‐α,β‐diaminopropionic acid (β‐ODAP), a neurotoxin found in grass pea. Here, we report the reduction in OA level in soya bean (up to 73%) and grass pea (up to 75%) seeds by constitutive and/or seed‐specific expression of an oxalate‐degrading enzyme, oxalate decarboxylase (FvOXDC) of Flammulina velutipes. In addition, β‐ODAP level of grass pea seeds was also reduced up to 73%. Reduced OA content was interrelated with the associated increase in seeds micronutrients such as calcium, iron and zinc. Moreover, constitutive expression of FvOXDC led to improved tolerance to the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum that requires OA during host colonization. Importantly, FvOXDC‐expressing soya bean and grass pea plants were similar to the wild type with respect to the morphology and photosynthetic rates, and seed protein pool remained unaltered as revealed by the comparative proteomic analysis. Taken together, these results demonstrated improved seed quality and tolerance to the fungal pathogen in two important legume crops, by the expression of an oxalate‐degrading enzyme.     

The toxicity of Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) cotyledon and seed coat proteins to the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus)

The seeds of the Jack bean, Canavalia ensiformis (L) DC are known to contain several toxic substances that prevent their utilisation as food for humans and animals. The lectin concanavalin A and the enzyme urease are the best known of these proteins. We have found that many proteins present in the seeds of the Jack bean, like trypsin inhibitors and canatoxin, are detrimental to the development of the bruchid insect Callosobruchus maculatus (F) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Among these proteins, canavalin (vicilin, 7S globulin) was found to be expressed in the seed coat. We suggest that seed coat canavalin, in addition to other detrimental proteins expressed in this tissue, may have been of importance in the evolutionary discrimination of the seeds of this legume by non-pest bruchids.     

Global and targeted proteomics in developing jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) seedlings: an investigation of urease isoforms mobilization in early stages of development

Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) seeds are toxic for insects and the toxicity is due in part to an entomotoxic peptide enzymatically released from ureases in the midgut of susceptible insects. To characterize expression of urease isoforms in jack bean seed, particularly the more abundant urease isoform (JBU), quantitative proteomics was performed. Quiescent through 5-day germinating seeds were analyzed at 1-day intervals using a total proteomics approach (TPA) and also after co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) with anti-JBU monoclonal antibodies. Jack bean proteins for TPA and co-IP were pre-fractionated by SDS-PAGE, segmented for in-gel trypsin digestion, and analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to nanospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Acquired MS(2) data were searched against a comprehensive plant database and the MEROPS peptidase database, in the absence of a jack bean EST database. Proteins detected in TPA were quantified by label-free spectral counting. A total of 234 and 106 non-redundant proteins were detected in TPA and co-IP, respectively. Mobilization of JBU was observed beginning 3-days after imbibition indicating that the entomotoxic peptide was not formed before this stage. A predicted urease isoform, JBURE-IIb, was detected in the co-IP study. Additionally, 46 plastid proteins, including RuBisCO and plastid ATPase were pulled down with JBU antibodies. These data shed new light on the behavior of urease isoforms during the early stages of plant development.     

Mineral Depletion and Leaf Senescence in Soya Bean as Influenced by Foliar Nutrient Application During Seed Filling

Senescence, as judged by the time courses of leaf lamina photosynthesis,soluble protein and chlorophyll contents, was studied in relationto mineral redistribution in field-grown soya beans [Glycinemax (L.) Merr] to investigate the hypothesis that the depletionof nutrients m the leaves by the developing seeds is the causeof soya bean senescence. A mineral nutrient solution was appliedto the canopy during the seed-filling period, and the effectson senescence and mineral depletion of the leaves were determinedin three cultivars, at two leaf positions, weekly from beginningof seed filling through physiological maturity. The onset of senescence occurred shortly after the beginningof rapid seed filling Photosynthetic rate declined about 60per cent within 3 weeks. Protein dropped by 52 per cent andchlorophyll by 48 per cent over the same period. Foliar nutrient application, at a rate previously shown to givesignificant yield increases in soya beans, increased the concentrationsof N, P and K in the leaf laminae, but tended only to delaytheir decline and failed to either delay the onset or alterthe course of senescence. The results of this experiment seem to indicate that, undernormal growth conditions, the events of senescence in the soyabean are not causally related to the N, P or K concentrationsof the leaf laminae Glycme max (L.) Merr., soya bean, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, leaf protein, chlorophyll, photosynthesis, foliar nutrient application, mineral depletion, leaf senescence     

Purification and characterization of ferritins from maize, pea, and soya bean seeds. Distribution in various pea organs

Ferritins from maize, pea, and soya bean seeds were purified. They contain two polypeptides of 28 and 26.5 kDa. The molecular weight of native pea seed ferritin has been estimated to be 540,000. Pea and maize seed ferritins were compared by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, amino acid composition, and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. They are very similar, although four isoforms of the 28-kDa polypeptide from the pea were observed in contrast to a unique polypeptide in maize. No isoforms of the 26.5-kDa polypeptide were detected. Rabbit antibodies were produced in response to pea seed ferritin. It was shown by Western blot analysis that ferritins of the three plants analyzed share immunological determinants. However, horse spleen ferritin was not recognized by the phytoferritin antibodies. Antibodies were also used to demonstrate that ferritins are not uniformly distributed in different pea organs from 30-day-old iron-unloaded plants. The protein was more abundant in flowers than in fruits and roots, and was not detected in leaves.     

Prediction of the amino acid digestibility of legume seeds in growing pigs: a meta-analysis approach

On pig farms, a high proportion of the cost of production comes from feed costs. However, the use of alternative ingredients such as legume seeds may help to reduce this cost. In fact, legume seeds are an important source of essential amino acids (EAA) and can therefore be an alternative to oilseed meals. However, the accurate use of these legume seeds requires a precise knowledge of the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of EAA, which may vary depending on its botanical variety. A meta-analysis was performed on a database compiling data from 41 studies published between 1981 and 2013 and 178 dietary treatments. Models of prediction of the SID of EAA as well as the dietary concentration of digestible standardized EAA (dEAA) were obtained, based on the chemical composition of ingredients reported in the publications. The effect of the type of legume seeds (faba bean, lupin, pea and soya bean), surgical procedures (T-cannula, re-entrant cannulas, post valve T-cannulas and ileo-rectal anastomosis), and BW of pigs (BW⩽25 kg BW>25 kg) were also tested in each model. Results showed that dietary CP and crude fibre (CF) were, respectively, the best predictors of each EAA SID for faba bean, lupin and pea (R²=0.42 to 0.89) and soya bean (R²=0.32 to 0.77). For the dEAA content, the best prediction models included dietary CP and ADF for faba bean, lupin and pea and soya bean, respectively, with R² ranging from 0.66 to 0.98. Models developed in this study allow predicting the digestibility of EAA in these alternatives feedstuffs.     

Alcohol Stress on Soya Bean Seeds

When soya bean seeds were exposed to pure aliphatic alcohols,the shorter alcohols were the most damaging (methanol > ethanol> n-propanol > n-butanol); when the alcohols were appliedin equal volumes of water, the opposite was found (n-propanol> ethanol > methanol), leakage of solutes from the pre-treatedtissue during subsequent imbibition in water was associatedin each case with the loss of germination and a decline in axisgrowth. Damage by the pure alcohols was related to the extentof their penetration and the amount of phospholipid eluted,injury caused by alcohols in the presence of water did not exhibitthese functions. It is proposed that damage to seeds by alcoholsis due to the elution or displacement of cellular phospholipidsand possibly the partial denaturation of membrane proteins Membranedamage is considered to be a prime cause of injury to the seed. Glycine max (L.) Merr., soya bean, seed, denaturation of membranes, alcohols, phospholipids     

Composition of cell walls from cotyledons of Pisum sativum,Vicia faba and Glycine max

Cell walls from cotyledons of smooth field pea, broad bean and soya bean contain ca 55% pectic polysaccharides associated with 9% cellulose. Arabinose is the major pectic sugar of pea and broad bean walls whereas soya bean pectic polymers are constituted of galactose and arabinose in the ratio (2:1). Galacturonic acid represents ca 20% of the walls. In addition, pea and broad bean cell walls contain, respectively, 12% and 6% of non-starchy and non-cellulosic glucans bearing 4,6-linked and 3-linked glycosyl units. EDTA-soluble acidic pectic substances are distinct rhamnogalacturonans bearing decreasing proportions of interrupting rhamnose from highly interrupted moieties to nearly homogenous homogalacturonans. Pea and broad bean rhamnogalacturonans are associated with arabinose-containing polymers of average DP ca 30–35 whereas soya bean ones have side chains of arabinose and galactose of DP ca 40.