近地面大气微生物本底调查研究进展

近地面大气微生物本底调查研究进展北京军事医学科学院微生物流行病研究所北京１０００７１张松乐随着社会的发展,人类的进步,对于环境的污染和控制,已成为各国科学界、公众和立法的注意焦点之一。在空气中的微生物可以造成环境污染,同时,存在于空气中的微生物的种类...     

微生物在成矿及矿区环境修复中的应用研究现状

随着近代微生物学与地质学研究的不断发展和深入,微生物在矿业相关领域的基础和应用研究日益受到重视。本文总结了近年来微生物及其技术在找矿、选矿、采矿等方面的应用研究进展情况,并着重对微生物在矿产的成矿以及废弃矿区的环境修复方面的研究进行了详细介绍。     

微生物生态学驱动社会与经济“绿色高效发展”

面对物种数量繁多、生态分布广泛、生态功能强大的微生物资源,微生物生态学的任务一方面在于不断发现和认识这类生命"暗物质"及其存在机制,另一方面要充分挖掘和利用这些微生物资源。微生物生态学的应用从最早的混合发酵发展到极端微生物资源利用、微生物生态制剂开发逐渐拓展到合成微生物生态等多个领域。2019年10月在湖南省长沙市举行的"中国生态学学会微生物生态专业委员会学术年会"设立了3个与微生物生态学应用相关的分会场,本期《微生物学通报》也开辟了"人工生态系统微生物"栏目,凸显了我国微生物生态学在资源、能源和环境等应用领域的成果,让我们看到了其成为社会与经济"绿色高效发展"重要驱动力的希望。     

“根际微生物”专刊征稿函

自1904年德国科学家Lorenz Hiltner提出根际概念以来,其研究内容不断得以丰富和发展。根际是植物吸收的关键门户,是实现农业绿色发展的关键调控区域。根际微生物对植物的生长和健康发挥重要作用,被看作是植物的第二基因组,类似于肠道微生物对人体的功能。根际微生物中的益生菌具有活化根区养分、促进植物生长、增强植物抗逆、抑制土传病害等功能,是微生物肥料和微生物农药的主要菌种来源。随着国内外微生物组研究的开展,根际微生物组的整体功能更受关注,充分挖掘根际微生物组的功能促进作物增产是农业微生物的主要研究前沿之一。     

标准化微生物培养基研究进展

标准化微生物培养基研究进展吴清平,陈素云,阙绍辉,丘万英（广东省微生物研究所,广州５１００７０）７０年代以来,微生物学技术方法已从传统技术方法的改进、完善和应用范围的扩展,逐步在微量、简易监测系统的兴起、发展和应用的基础上,发展到微生物的自动化快速诊...     

厌氧微生物研究的新进展（续）

厌氧微生物研究的新进展（续）凌代文（中国科学院微生物研究所,北京１０００８０）ｒＲＮＡ／ＤＮＡ和１６ＳｒＲＮＡ序列的测定已表明在系统发育上肠球菌和链球菌属、乳球菌属为同等相连群。当今使用反转录酶法分析测定１６ＳｒＲＮＡ全序列指示出肠球菌在系统发育上更...     

海洋微生物学：新机遇，新挑战

海洋占地球表面积的71%,海洋微生物对海洋及人类的生活有重大影响。由于特殊的生存环境,海洋微生物能产生陆栖微生物所不能产生的结构新颖、作用特殊的生物活性物质,有潜力应用于医疗、食品、环境保护等各个领域。海洋微生物研究充满了新的机遇,同时也面临着新的挑战。《微生物学通报》本期推出了"海洋微生物学主题刊",旨在展现我国海洋微生物学研究的最新进展和成果,促进我国海洋微生物学的交流和发展。     

内源微生物采油技术的历史与现状

内源微生物采油技术的研究已有多年的历史 ,因其工艺简单、成本低而具有较好的发展前景。综述了国内外在该领域的基础研究进展和矿场试验情况。     

微生物与新型农业

论述了微生物新型农业的理论基础：营养结构原理、增加食物链原理、生态位原理和熵定律等。简述了微生物在新型农业中的广泛应用,如发展微生物饲料、微生物肥料、微生物农药、微生物食品、微生物能源和微生物环保制剂等。分析了微生物新型农业的发展前景。     

The need to study the holobiome for gainful uses of endophytes

It is established that endophytes (bacteria and fungi) affect positively several traits of their host plants including growth, nutrient acquisition, and tolerance to abiotic and biotic stressors. Owing to this, endophytes are envisaged as a route to improve sustainable agricultural production. However, such effects of endophytes on crops although evident under lab conditions, are devoid of consistency under field conditions. The main reason for this could be the lack of our understanding of the functioning of the endophytes as a consortium within the plant (holobiome). It is essential to study the complex web of interactions which operate in the inner tissues of plants harboring endophytes. I highlight here, alluding to the work on foliar fungal endophytes, the importance of studying endophytes as a consortium rather than merely as one species in isolation to better appreciate their role in the plant holobiome. Such an approach should aid in harnessing the technological potential of endophytes.     

微生物“暗物质”研究曙光

微生物是地球上生命的主体之一,拥有极为丰富多彩的代谢途径,在很大程度上塑造了使人类宜居的地球。由于绝大部分环境中的微生物无法被分离和培养,微生物被喻为生命物质中的"暗物质"。近年来,迅猛发展的基因组学技术有力地推动了微生物"暗物质"的研究,使我国微生物生态学科发展从"诞生期"和"启蒙期"跨越式发展到"暴发期",乐观预测未来可能进入一个具有鲜明特色的"领航期"。     

大庆油田微生物采油现场试验进展

本文介绍近十几年以来大庆油田利用具有产气、降解原油、产生物表面活性剂及堵调性能的菌剂,通过地下发酵,开展微生物采油现场试验取得的进展.分析了该项技术适用的油藏条件和应用特点.截止到2012年底,应用微生物采油技术增产原油达12×104 t.其中微生物单井吞吐518口,累计增油6.3×104t,实施微生物驱和调驱项目10项(45个井组),累计增油5.7×104 t,为大庆油田稳产发挥了重要作用.     

Changes in microbial nutrient status during secondary succession and its modification by earthworms

Summary Microbial biomass, nutrient (N and P) status, and carbon and nutrient limitation of the microflora were investigated in soils from five different sites (field, 5-, 12-, and about 50-year-old fallow, beechwood), which represent different stages of a secondary succession from a wheat field to the climax ecosystem of a beechwood on limestone. In addition, the effect of faeces production by the substrate feeding earthworm species Octolasion lacteum (Örley) on the nutrient status of the soil microflora of these sites was studied. Humus had accumulated in the soil of the third fallow site, with an enhanced biomass of microflora. However, in the beechwood soil, which had the highest humus content, microbial biomass was lower than in the soil of the third fallow site and similar to that of the field and the two younger fallow sites. In general, soil microbial biomass was little affected by the passage of soil through the gut of O. lacteum. The soil microflora of the field, the 5-, 12-, and about 50-year-old fallow was limited by carbon, whereas in the beechwood soil phosphorus limited microbial growth. NItrogen availability to the soil microflora was low in the two younger fallow sites and high in the field and the third fallow. In the beechwood soil nitrogen supply did not affect microbial carbon utilization. Application of phosphorus stimulated glucose mineralization in the soil of the field, the third fallow, and the beechwood, but not in the two younger fallow sites. Therefor, the nutrient status of the soil microflora seems to have changed during secondary succession: presumably, during the first phase the availability of nitrogen decreased, whereas during the second phase microbial phosphorus supply became more important, which resulted in phosphorus limitation of the soil microflora in the climax ecosystem. The passage of soil through the gut of O. lacteum caused an alteration in the microbial nutrient status. Generally, microbial growth in earthworm casts was limited by carbon. The relative effect of the gut passage of the soils on microbial carbon utilization seems to increase during succession. Therefore, the effect of decomposer invertebrates on microbial nutrient supply seems to increase during secondary succession. In general, nitrogen did not limit microbial carbon utilization in earthworm casts. Phosphorus requirements of the soil microflora were lowered by the gut passage of the soil of the third fallow site and the beechwood, which indicates an increased phosphorus supply in earthworm casts. Howerver, this additional supply was not sufficient to enable optimal carbon utilization by the soil microflora. The results indicate that the effect of decomposer invertebrates on the soil microflora depends on the nutrient status of the ecosystem.     

微生物菌剂在难降解有机污染治理的研究进展

大量的难降解有机污染物被排放到环境中,因其蓄积性、持久性和生物毒性,对人类健康和生态环境造成严重危害。近年来,利用微生物菌剂治理难降解有机污染物的研究已取得较好的进展。综述微生物菌剂在国内外的发展历程,介绍微生物菌剂制备中常用的固定化技术及载体材料,并分析总结微生物菌剂在酚类物质、多环芳烃和多氯联苯等有机污染物治理中的研究进展。在此基础上,提出治理难降解有机污染物的微生物菌剂研发所存在的主要问题及其展望。     

A comprehensive review of microbial electrochemical systems as a platform technology

Microbial electrochemical systems (MESs) use microorganisms to covert the chemical energy stored in biodegradable materials to direct electric current and chemicals. Compared to traditional treatment-focused, energy-intensive environmental technologies, this emerging technology offers a new and transformative solution for integrated waste treatment and energy and resource recovery, because it offers a flexible platform for both oxidation and reduction reaction oriented processes. All MESs share one common principle in the anode chamber, in which biodegradable substrates, such as waste materials, are oxidized and generate electrical current. In contrast, a great variety of applications have been developed by utilizing this in situ current, such as direct power generation (microbial fuel cells, MFCs), chemical production (microbial electrolysis cells, MECs; microbial electrosynthesis, MES), or water desalination (microbial desalination cells, MDCs). Different from previous reviews that either focus on one function or a specific application aspect, this article provides a comprehensive and quantitative review of all the different functions or system constructions with different acronyms developed so far from the MES platform and summarizes nearly 50 corresponding systems to date. It also provides discussions on the future development of this promising yet early-stage technology.     

Electroactive mixed culture derived biofilms in microbial bioelectrochemical systems: the role of pH on biofilm formation, performance and composition

The pH-value played a crucial role for the development and current production of anodic microbial electroactive biofilms. It was demonstrated that only a narrow pH-window, ranging from pH 6 to 9, was suitable for growth and operation of biofilms derived from pH-neutral wastewater. Any stronger deviation from pH neutral conditions led to a substantial decrease in the biofilm performance. Thus, average current densities of 151, 821 and 730 μA cm(-2) were measured for anode biofilms grown and operated at pH 6, 7 and 9 respectively. The microbial diversity of the anode chamber community during the biofilm selection process was studied using the low cost method flow-cytometry. Thereby, it was demonstrated that the pH value as well as the microbial inocula had an impact on the resulting anode community structure. As shown by cyclic voltammetry the electron transfer thermodynamics of the biofilms was strongly depending on the solution's pH-value.     

Long-term cathode performance and the microbial communities that develop in microbial fuel cells fed different fermentation endproducts

To better understand how cathode performance and substrates affected communities that evolved in these reactors over long periods of time, microbial fuel cells were operated for more than 1 year with individual endproducts of lignocellulose fermentation (acetic acid, formic acid, lactic acid, succinic acid, or ethanol). Large variations in reactor performance were primarily due to the specific substrates, with power densities ranging from 835 ± 21 to 62 ± 1 mW/m³. Cathodes performance degraded over time, as shown by an increase in power of up to 26% when the cathode biofilm was removed, and 118% using new cathodes. Communities that developed on the anodes included exoelectrogenic families, such as Rhodobacteraceae, Geobacteraceae, and Peptococcaceae, with the Deltaproteobacteria dominating most reactors. Pelobacter propionicus was the predominant member in reactors fed acetic acid, and it was abundant in several other MFCs. These results provide valuable insights into the effects of long-term MFC operation on reactor performance.     

DGGE/TGGE技术及其在微生物分子生态学中的应用

变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)和温度梯度凝胶电泳(TGGE)是近些年微生物分子生态学研究中的热点技术之一。由于DGGE／TGGE技术具有可靠性强、重现性高、方便快捷等优点,被广泛地应用于微生物群落多样性和动态性分析。文章对DGGE／TGGE技术原理与关键环节、局限性和应用前景进行了综述。