不同栽培模式对茶园生态环境及茶叶品质的影响

对陕南茶区的纯茶园、塑料大棚茶园、松茶间作茶园及林篱茶园4种常见栽培模式的茶园生态环境(包括小气候因子、土壤因子)和茶叶中各项生化指标(包括氨基酸、咖啡碱、茶多酚、酚氨比、茶水浸出物)进行了测定.结果表明:不同栽培模式茶园小气候因子有显著差异.相对于纯茶园,塑料大棚茶园、松茶间作茶园和林篱茶园能更有效地改善光照条件、降低环境温度、提高土壤水分和有机质含量、增强空气湿度,提高土壤养分状况.3种复合式茶园茶叶品质也较纯茶园显著提高,氨基酸和茶水浸出物含量显著高于纯茶园茶叶,而茶多酚含量却显著低于纯茶园茶叶.因此,林茶复合栽培模式和大棚模式茶园的生态环境更有利于茶树的生长和茶叶品质的提高.     

上海市郊沿海防护林防护效应的研究

为分析上海市郊沿海防护林的防护效应,于2009年夏季对人民塘水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng)基干林带前后不同观测点的风速、气温和空气相对湿度等气候因子进行了观测,并对该林带前后1 km处的防台风效应进行了比较;另外,以滨海森林公园的红叶椿(Ailanthus altissima 'Hongye' )林分为观测对象,比较分析了林带内不同垂直高度处的防风效应.结果表明,水杉基干林带具有明显的防风效果,林带内至林带后65 m范围内的风速较林带前均有不同程度的下降,以林带后25 m处的风速最低;在"莫拉克"台风登陆期间,水杉基干林带在较大尺度上具有明显的降低风速的作用;水杉基干林带在一定程度上能降低局部气温、提高空气相对湿度,以林带内的气温最低、空气相对湿度最高,从而达到改善林后小气候的作用.红叶椿林分内不同垂直高度处的防风效应有一定的差异,其中垂直高度2 m处的风速最大,而树冠处(垂直高度5 m)的风速最低.     

苹果果面日最高温与主要气象因子的关系

一天中 ,苹果果实表面最高温度与气温、日照、相对湿度和风速有着密切的关系。通过生长季自动监测果实表面温度的变化 ,并与设置在监测树旁边气象记录仪数据对比 ,揭示出树冠西南部果实表面温度与气温、日照、相对湿度和风速呈高度相关。结果还表明 :日照和气温是导致果实表面高温 (>45℃ )的两个主要因子。在大多数情况下 ,这两个因子相互作用决定果实高温是否发生 ,但气温的作用更为重要。一般在晴天 ,树冠西南部果实表面高温通常出现在 1 3 :3 0～ 1 5 :5 0。果实达到临界日烧高温 (>45℃ )的综合气象条件是 (1 0 :0 0～ 1 6 :0 0平均值 ) :日照 >5 80 W/m2 ;气温 >3 1 .8℃ ;风速 <1 .0 m/s;相对湿度 <3 0 %。气温、日照、风速和相对湿度与果实表面温度都呈高度相关 ,其多元回归方程为 :果实表面温度 (℃ ) =1 9.7 0 .842×气温 (℃ ) 0 .0 0 989×日照 (W/m2 ) - 2 .0 8×风速 (m/s) - 0 .1 48×相对湿度 (% ) ,r2 =0 .6 97     

土地利用方式对喀斯特地区环境小气候日动态的影响

2007年6月,通过典型样地观测,研究了广西凌云县典型喀斯特地区5种不同土地利用方式下光照强度、气温、空气相对湿度、土壤温度、表层（0～5 cm土层）土壤含水量的日动态.结果表明：不同土地利用方式改变了地上植被的组成、覆盖度和高度,进而改变了环境小气候,研究区不同土地利用方式的小气候质量依次为林地＞灌林＞草地＞农耕地＞石漠化裸地; 石漠化裸地光照强度较强、气温和土壤温度较高、空气相对湿度和土壤含水量较低,且各因子的变幅均较大,样地环境趋于干热化;与石漠化裸地相比,林地、灌林地、草地和农耕地内的光照强度分别下降96.4%、52.0%、17.0%和44.2%,气温分别下降30.1%、20.2%、12.7%和17.8%,空气相对湿度分别提高129.2%、57.2%、18.0%和41.2%,土壤温度分别下降11.5%、8%、2.5%和5.5%,表层土壤含水量分别提高42.6%、33.2%、15.7%和14.0%,林地与灌林地各因子的变幅相对趋缓,样地环境趋于凉湿化.各样地光照强度、气温和土壤温度之间呈正相关,三者均与空气相对湿度、土壤含水量呈负相关,空气相对湿度与表层土壤含水量呈正相关.     

广西岩溶植被演替过程中主要小气候因子日变化特征

选择广西不同气候带下具有典型性和代表性的岩溶区作为研究区域,调查和监测了岩溶植被演替过程中主要小气候因子的日变化特征。结果表明,在石荒漠阶段和草丛阶段,群落光照强、土温和气温高、空气相对湿度低,时间波动比较明显:灌丛阶段群落冠层以下的照度、气温均较低,随时间变化的幅度不大,而冠层以上的光照强度和气温均出现了大幅上升,而且随时间变化的幅度较大;落叶阔叶林阶段和常绿落叶阔叶混交林阶段群落内部的照度、气温及土壤温度均大幅降低,空气相对湿度保持在较大水平,主要小气候因子的时空变化比较平缓。主要小气候因子的时空动态与群落结构和群落种类组成特征密切相关。     

鼎湖山针阔叶混交林小气候调节效应

森林小气候监测对于评价森林对全球气候变化的响应与反馈有重要意义。选取2010年鼎湖山针阔叶混交林通量塔林内气象资料及其附近气象站空旷地同时段内气象资料,对两站点的气温、湿度、地温等小气候因子的日变化及月变化进行分析和对比。结果表明:(1)混交林年均气温、大气相对湿度和地表温度分别为19.8℃、86.5%、20℃,空旷地分别为22.1℃、79.1%、24℃。混交林内年均气温与地温分别比空旷地低2.3℃、4℃,年均相对湿度比空旷地高7.4%,土壤各层湿度明显高于空旷地,表现出良好的降温、增湿、涵养水源的小气候效应。(2)二者气温、大气湿度、土壤温度的差值均为白天大于晚上,在10:00—17:00差异明显,表明针阔叶混交林的降温和增湿作用白天大于夜晚。气温和土壤温度差值在湿季大于干季,而相对湿度差值在干季大于湿季,表明针阔叶混交林的降温作用湿季大于干季,增湿作用干季大于湿季。这种小气候调节作用是由南亚热带特殊的气候条件及植被类型决定的。     

紫玉兰树干液流对北京市综合环境变量的响应

2008年4-10月,为明确典型城市绿化树种紫玉兰耗水特征的影响因素,研究了紫玉兰树干液流对北京市空气温湿度、辐射、风速、土壤温度和含水量、降雨等环境因子的响应.结果表明:影响紫玉兰树干液流的8个环境因子可分为蒸发需求因子(EDI)、土壤因子和降水因子3类,其中,EDI(大气温度、空气相对湿度、总辐射、风速和水汽压亏缺)是影响紫玉兰树干液流的关键因子,可以解释紫玉兰树干液流变化的60%,且紫玉兰树干液流对EDI的响应方式呈S型曲线,液流达到最大值后,即使光照和蒸发需求增加,液流也不再增加;土壤因子(土壤温度和土壤含水量)和降水因子(降水量)对紫玉兰树干液流的影响很小.     

沈阳城市森林小气候特征的研究

研究了沈阳城市森林不同生长期小气候温湿日变化特征.结果表明,城市森林不同生长期气温日变化趋势是早晨气温最低、午后气温最高,但受森林生态环境的影响,最高峰比太阳辐射峰值迟滞约2 h.一年四季气温日变幅为森林停止生长期(休眠期)＞生长季前期＞生长季后期＞生长季中期.森林生长季前期、中期、后期土壤温度为白天高于夜间,而停止生长期(休眠期)为夜间高于白天.不同生长期土温日振幅为上层(20 cm)＞中层(40 cm)＞下层(80 cm),而同一层不同生长期的土温日振幅为土层深20 cm时,生长季前期＞生长季后期＞停止生长期(休眠期)＞生长季中期;土层深＞40 cm(80 cm)时,生长季前期＞停止生长期(休眠期)＞生长季后期＞生长季中期.城市森林空气相对湿度日变化与气温和地温日变化则夜间的空气相对湿度高于白天,但不同生长期相对湿度值日变化为生长季中期＞生长季后期＞停止生长期(休眠期)＞生长季前期.     

上海城市公共开放空间夏季小气候及舒适度

基于2006年5—8月上海城区5种类型公共开放空间（广场、喷泉、草坪、廊道、林地）的空气温度、相对湿度、风速和辐射强度等小气候指标,分析了各空间类型对小气候的调节作用,并采用体感气象指数（discomfort index, DI）作为评价指标,比较了各空间类型对人体舒适程度影响的差异.结果表明：上海市5种类型公共开放空间的平均温度、相对湿度等小气候因子存在一定差异;平均气温依次为广场＞草坪＞喷泉＞廊道＞林地;平均空气相对湿度依次为林地＞廊道＞喷泉＞草坪＞广场;广场面积、喷泉水体附近的风速及风向、草坪的草种类型、廊道的宽度及乔木盖度、林地的盖度及乔木林冠层高度等非气候指标分别与各自空间的气候指标呈显著相关.与其他3种空间类型相比,林地和廊道具有明显的遮荫、降温、增湿作用,对小气候的调节能力更佳.     

甘肃石羊河流域人工种植长穗柽柳树干液流量变化规律研究

采用SF200热脉冲液测定仪对人工种植长穗柽柳的树干液流进行连续监测;利用管式-时域反射仪测定长穗柽柳根区附近3m深土壤含水量,并用自动气象站对太阳辐射,空气温度,相对湿度,风速等主要气象因子进行同步监测,基于上述试验数据,分析长穗柽柳树干液流量的日季变化规律及与环境因子的关系。结果表明,人工种植环境下,霜冻对长穗柽柳树干液流量的影响较大,随着时间的推移,长穗柽柳日液流量可能会因环境因子的变化而上下波动,但总体上是逐渐减少的趋势;气象因子对长穗柽柳日液流量的影响依次为：太阳辐射〉气温〉空气水汽压差〉大气相对湿度〉风速。     

淮北平原杨-麦间作系统的小气候效应与土壤水分变化研究

对淮北平原的杨－麦间作系统的小气候效应与土壤水分的研究表明,在冬小麦发育的拔节期和灌浆期,林粮带状间作与对照地相比可以降低农田地面温度1－7℃,提高相对湿度2％－8％,农田日照时数减低量随间作为间距和时间而变化,在范围在4．1％－15．3％之间,农田林网可以提高相对湿度6．4％－11．6％,日照时数减少8．5％－11．75,农林 间作可以提高土壤含水率,幅度随间作密度而定,一般可提高含水率0．67％－3．875,农田林网的土壤含率与林带的方位和离林带的距离有关,在各个方位上均与离林带的距离呈显著负相关。     

Evapotranspiration of Phragmites communis community in Panjin wetland and its control factors

Based on the data in the whole year of 2005 using microclimate gradient observation, eddy covariance observation, and plant ecophysiological observation at Panjin Wetland Ecosystem Research Station, Institute of Atmospheric Environment, China Meteorological Administration, the daily evapotranspiration variation and the control factors of the Phragmites communis community are analyzed. The results show that daily evapotranspiration variation among different months can be expressed as a single-peak curve that is lower in the morning and evening, and higher around noon. Meteorological and biological factors affect the evapotranspiration obviously. According to the correlation analysis, the evapotranspiration variation of Phragmites communis wetland has good correspondence with such environmental factors as net radiation, air temperature, surface temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and soil moisture. Regression analysis indicated that the major factors during the growing season include net radiation, soil moisture, relative humidity, air temperature and surface temperature, while the factors during the non-growing season include net radiation, soil surface temperature and wind speed. At the same time, growth situation and biological characteristics of vegetation have significant effects on the evapotranspiration of Phragmites communis, especially the leaf index and leaf conductance.     

盘锦湿地芦苇(Phragmites communis)群落蒸发散主导影响因子

利用2005年全年盘锦芦苇湿地梯度观测和涡动相关系统的监测数据,对芦苇群落的蒸发散变化规律及其主导影响因子分析表明,不同月份芦苇群落蒸发散日变化呈现出相同的变化趋势,即早晚低、中午高的单峰型曲线;芦苇群落蒸发散主要受当地气象因素、植被生长状况和生理生态特征的影响.相关分析表明,芦苇湿地蒸发散与净辐射、气温、地表温度、相对湿度、风速、土壤含水量等环境因素的变化都有很好的响应.回归分析表明影响生长季主要因素有:净辐射、土壤含水量、相对湿度、气温和地表温度;影响非生长季主要有:净辐射、地表温度和风速.同时,植被生长状况和生理生态特征对蒸发散也有显著影响,其中叶面积指数与气孔导度是芦苇群落蒸发散的主导影响因子.     

塔里木沙漠公路灌木固沙带的防护效应

有关湿润区[5] 与半干旱区和干旱区半荒漠带防风固沙片状植被[1～ 4 ] 以及干旱半干旱区乔木防护林带[6～ 9] 防护效益的研究报道较多 ,但极端干旱区灌木固沙带防护效应的报道则很少。为此 ,我们根据塔里木沙漠公路Ｌ2 89～ 2 92 段 3ｋｍ植物固沙示范段的试验观测 ,对极端干旱区灌木固沙带的防护效应做一探讨。1　研究地区与方法1 1　灌木固沙带栽植地段概况塔里木沙漠公路Ｌ2 89～ 2 92 段 3ｋｍ植物固沙示范段地处塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的中三点处 (Ｎ39°0 1′ ,Ｅ83°36′)。风沙地貌属复合型纵向沙垄。据中三点1995年 6月～ 1996年 5月气…     

Fine root production of Pinus massoniana plantation and Castanopsis carlesii plantation at different successional stages in subtropical China

AimsOur objectives were to determine differences in fine root production, its relationships with environmental factors, and its diameter- and depth-related distribution patterns between plantations of two subtropical tree species differing in successional stages. MethodsPlantation forests of an early-successional species, Pinus massoniana, and a late-successional species, Castanopsis carlesii, in Sanming, Fujian Province, were selected. Fine root production was monitored for two years using minirhizotrons methods. At the same time, environmental factors including monthly air temperature, monthly precipitation, soil temperature, and soil water content were determined.Important findings 1) During the two years, there was significant difference in annual fine root length production between these two forests, with annual production of P. massoniana plantation nearly four times that of C. carlesii plantation. Fine root length production under both forests showed significant monthly dynamics and maximized in summer, a season when most of fine roots were born. 2) Roots of 0-0.3 mm in diameter accounted for the largest proportion of total fine root length production. Fine roots were concentrated mostly at the 0-10 cm soil depth in P. massoniana plantation, but happened mostly at the 30-40 cm soil depth in the C. carlesii plantation. 3) Partial correlation analysis suggested that, monthly fine root production of both forests was significantly correlated with both air temperature and soil temperature, while it had no significant correlation with either rainfall or soil water content. Linear regression analysis illustrated that monthly fine root production was more correlated with air temperature and soil temperature in the P. massoniana plantation than in the C. carlesii plantation. It was concluded that fine root production in the early-successional P. massoniana plantation was not only much higher in amount, but also more sensitive to temperature, than that in the late-successional C. carlesii plantation.     

MicroclimOz – A microclimate data set for Australia,with example applications

Many problems in pure and applied ecology require the quantification of above‐ and below‐ground microclimates. Here I describe a data set of hourly microclimates for the Australian continent, simulated from the years 1990 to 2017 across a grid of 1893 locations approx. 60 km apart. The data were generated with the NicheMapR microclimate model, driven by 0.05° gridded daily meteorological forcing data (air temperature, wind speed, humidity, cloud cover, rainfall), 0.025° elevation and 0.008° soil texture data. The above‐ground microclimate variables include horizontal plane solar radiation, solar zenith angle, sky temperature (from which down‐welling longwave radiation can be computed), air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed at 1 and 120 cm height, and snow depth. The below‐ground variables include soil temperature, pore humidity, soil moisture and soil water potential for 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50, 100 and 200 cm below‐ground. The computations are for four shade levels (0%, 50%, 70% and 90%). The data set can be used for a wide variety of applications, including the computation of heat and water budgets of organisms, the potential for vegetation growth, and the computation of stress and growth indices. The use of daily forcing data also allows assessments of the consequences of extreme events including heat waves. Example applications are provided for computing plant growth potential, grasshopper egg development, lizard body temperature and mammalian energy and water requirements.     

Associations between litterfall dynamics and micro-climate in forests of Putuoshan Island,Zhejiang, China

Aims Seasonal litterfall production plays an important role in the carbon and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. This study examines the effects of micro-environmental factors on seasonal litterfall dynamics in the forests of Putuoshan Island, Zhejiang Province of eastern China.
Methods The study covers five forest types, including Liquidambar formosana forest, Cinnamomum japonicum and Machilus thunbergii forest, Pinus massoniana forest, Cyclobalanopsis glauca forest, and Distylium gracile forest, in Putuoshan Island. We collected micro-meteorological data, and measured monthly litterfall in stands of the five forest types over one year. Redundancy analysis (RDA) was performed to determine the effects of micro-climatic factors on litterfall production．
Important findings The average annual litterfall production ranged from 3.45 to 5.36 t·hm^-2·a^-1 across five types of forests, albeit no effect of forest types on the litterfall production. The partitioning of litterfall components differed among the five forest types. The seasonal litterfall production exhibited two contrasting patterns, i.e. double climax curve and triple peaks, and varied significantly among the five forest types. Moreover, the peak in the litterfall production mostly occurred in the windy months of the year, such as in April, July and December, which was consistent with the dynamics of wind speed. RDA results showed that components of litterfall production in different months were controlled by different micro-climatic factors. The total, leaves, fruits, and miscellaneous litterfall productions were directly and positively affected by air temperature. Twig litterfall production was positively affected by the overstory wind velocity. Flower litterfall production was negatively affected by air humidity. In summary, forest types had no effects on litterfall production. However, variations in litterfall productions were explained by air temperature, air humidity, and overstory wind velocity in the forests studied.     

环境因子对民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带梭梭人工林蒸散的影响

利用涡度相关系统、土壤水分TDR传感器,于2014年7月—2015年6月连续测定了民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带退化梭梭人工林蒸散量,研究不同天气条件下梭梭人工林的蒸散对外界环境因子的响应.结果表明: 梭梭人工林晴天蒸散量日变化具有明显的季节变化规律.梭梭人工林蒸散量日变化幅度在生长季初期逐渐增大,在生长旺盛期达到最大峰值(0.07 mm·h^-1), 而后逐渐减小,至12月达到最低峰值(0.01 mm·h^-1).不同天气条件下梭梭人工林蒸散日变化波动幅度差异较大,阴天蒸散日变化波动幅度最小,降水后蒸散波动明显增高,强降水(>9 mm·d^-1)后日蒸散量显著增加至雨前的28倍,然后逐渐减少,并持续4个晴朗日后恢复至雨前蒸散量.在整个观测年,梭梭人工林蒸散总量为108 mm,占降水总量的98%,土壤水是梭梭人工林蒸散的水源,为主导因子.净辐射、光合有效辐射、空气温度、水汽压饱和差是决定植被用水和大气边界层水传输的气象动力,为显著影响梭梭人工林蒸散的主要因子.利用日蒸散量与环境因子数据建立了蒸散与土壤含水量和小气候因子的多元回归方程,拟合度(R²)高达0.80.     

宁夏六盘山3种针叶林降水利用效率的年际变化及其对气象因子的响应

为揭示我国西北山地温带针叶林降水利用效率(RUE)的年际变化及其对气象因子响应的差异性, 在宁夏六盘山研究了华山松(Pinus armandii)天然林、华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)和油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)人工林的RUE及其与气象因子间的关系。结果表明: 3种针叶林RUE及其年际变化存在种间差异。生产力高的林分(两种人工林)具有更高的RUE, 华北落叶松林年平均生产力和RUE分别为6.72 t·hm ^-2·a ^-1和1.12 g·m ^-2·mm ^-1, 是华山松林的2.53倍和2.49倍; 油松林分别为5.76 t·hm ^-2·a ^-1和0.97 g·m ^-2·mm ^-1, 也远高于华山松林。在林龄小于32年时, 3种林分RUE总体表现出随林龄而增加的趋势, 但存在着种间差异, 其中两种人工林增速更快; 华山松林在林龄为32-45年时, RUE呈波动变化, 之后呈下降趋势。RUE的年际变化趋势与林分生产力相似, 即在生产力较高的年份RUE也较高。气象因子对RUE的影响有明显的“滞后效应”和种间差异。RUE受年降水量及其年内分配格局的影响。随年降水量增加, 华山松林RUE逐渐减小, 而华北落叶松和油松林RUE均先升高后降低; 在干旱年份3种针叶林RUE趋向于相近的值(不一定是最大值), 而在湿润年份趋向于相同的最小值; 除受当年春季(4月)或秋季(9-11月)的降水量影响外, 3种针叶林的RUE还受上一年夏秋(8-9月)的降水量影响。3种针叶林的RUE都极显著地受到上年6月、当年3与6月气温的影响; 此外, 华山松林RUE与当年2月气温负相关, 两人工林均受到当年4、5月气温的显著促进作用。