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1.
太阳辐射是陆地生态系统碳水循环的能量来源。太阳辐射的变化对植被吸收大气CO2具有重要影响。该文通过辐射观测数据建立散射辐射比例与晴空指数的关系, 结合生态过程模型(BEPS)和通量观测数据, 模拟分析了太阳辐射变化对千烟洲常绿针叶林总初级生产力(GPP)的影响。研究结果表明: 千烟洲森林生态系统的阴叶对年GPP总量的贡献达67%, 太阳辐射变化对阴叶光合作用的影响决定了冠层GPP的变化; 太阳辐射强度和分布的年际差异导致年GPP对太阳辐射变化的响应不同, 2003、2004和2005年太阳辐射分别变化-5.44%、-1.83%和6.26%, 可使千烟洲生态系统当年GPP总量达到最大值; 在季节上, 太阳辐射的增加会导致5-6月GPP上升, 7-9月GPP下降, 使年GPP变化程度降低; 在天尺度上, 晴空指数在0.43时, 太阳辐射变化对GPP的影响最小。 相似文献
2.
《植物生态学报》2018,42(4):453
水分利用效率(WUE)既是衡量植被生长适应性的重要指标, 也是连接生态系统水碳循环的纽带。认识不同类型植被WUE的时间变化特征及驱动机制有助于增进对生态系统水碳循环过程的理解。已有研究表明, 在不同时间尺度下, WUE呈现不同的时间变化特征, 但现有研究多是集中在单一的时间尺度下开展的, 对不同植被类型在不同时间尺度下的动态变化及影响因子分析开展得较少。该研究选用中国北方地区9个定位观测台站的通量与气象数据, 分析了WUE的日内变化和季节变化特征, 并在0.5 h、1 d、8 d以及月尺度下, 分别分析了气温(Ta)、相对湿度(RH)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)以及光合有效辐射(PAR)等非生物因子对WUE的影响。同时, 该研究也分析了植被叶面积指数(LAI)和降水(P)对WUE的影响。研究发现: (1) WUE的日变化呈现不对称的“U”型特征, 日出时的WUE普遍高于日落时。荒漠地区WUE的季节变化呈“U”型, 而其他站点呈现单峰型。不同站点WUE的季节变化可以分为总初级生产力(GPP)主导型和蒸发散(ET)主导型, 并随着时间尺度的扩大, GPP或ET的主导作用逐渐增强。(2)在较短的时间尺度(0.5 h、1 d)上, Ta、RH、VPD和PAR是影响WUE变化的主要因子, 但随着时间尺度的扩大, Ta和RH成为影响WUE变化的主要因子, 并且与WUE的相关关系受GPP或ET对WUE主导作用的影响, 随着时间尺度增大, Ta和RH与WUE的线性关系更加显著。(3) WUE大体上随LAI的增加而增加, 但当LAI超过一定值时, 在长白山、海北和张掖站, WUE对LAI的敏感性降低。降水与WUE的关系在研究区域内并不显著。(4)不同植被类型的WUE由大到小依次为森林、农田、草地、湿地和荒漠。 相似文献
3.
《植物生态学报》2018,42(10):1009
为了比较直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型与叶子飘模型的优缺点, 研究阴生叶和阳生叶电子传递速率的差异, 探讨环境/生物因素对电子传递速率等参数的影响, 该文采用LI-6400XT荧光测定系统对黄河小浪底栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)叶片电子传递速率-光响应(J-I)曲线进行了测定, 利用直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型和叶子飘模型对J-I曲线进行了拟合。结果表明, 3种模型对叶片J-I曲线拟合的决定系数(R 2)在0.96以上, 叶子飘模型的R 2最高(> 0.99)。直角双曲线模型和非直角双曲线模型无法模拟植物叶片光系统II动力学下调现象, 且不能得出饱和光强(Isat); 直角双曲线模型对最大电子传递速率(Jmax)的模拟明显大于实测值; 叶子飘模型能很好地模拟光系统II动力学下调现象, 得出的Jmax和Isat均最接近实测值。对阴生叶和阳生叶J-I曲线研究发现, 栓皮栎、刺槐阴生叶的Jmax分别低于阳生叶25.0%和18.0%, 阳生叶的Isat分别高于阴生叶26.0%和10.1%。栓皮栎和刺槐Jmax与气温显著正相关; 刺槐Isat与气温、土壤水分含量和净光合速率具有显著的正相关关系; 栓皮栎和刺槐J-I曲线初始斜率α均与净光合速率呈显著负相关关系。 相似文献
4.
Carmen Emmel Petra D'Odorico Andrew Revill Lukas Hrtnagl Christof Ammann Nina Buchmann Werner Eugster 《Global Change Biology》2020,26(9):5164-5177
Diffuse radiation generally increases photosynthetic rates if total radiation is kept constant. Different hypotheses have been proposed to explain this enhancement of photosynthesis, but conclusive results over a wide range of diffuse conditions or about the effect of canopy architecture are lacking. Here, we show the response of canopy photosynthesis to different fractions of diffuse light conditions for five major arable crops (pea, potato, wheat, barley, rapeseed) and cover crops characterized by different canopy architecture. We used 13 years of flux and microclimate measurements over a field with a typical 4 year crop rotation scheme in Switzerland. We investigated the effect of diffuse light on photosynthesis over a gradient of diffuse light fractions ranging from 100% diffuse (overcast sky) to 11% diffuse light (clear‐sky conditions). Gross primary productivity (GPP) increased with diffuse fraction and thus was greater under diffuse than direct light conditions if the absolute photon flux density per unit surface area was kept constant. Mean leaf tilt angle (MTA) and canopy height were found to be the best predictors of the diffuse versus direct radiation effect on photosynthesis. Climatic factors, such as the drought index and growing degree days (GDD), had a significant influence on initial quantum yield under direct but not diffuse light conditions, which depended primarily on MTA. The maximum photosynthetic rate at 2,000 µmol m?2 s?1 photosynthetically active radiation under direct conditions strongly depended on GDD, MTA, leaf area index (LAI) and the interaction between MTA and LAI, while under diffuse conditions, this parameter depended mostly on MTA and only to a minor extent on canopy height and their interaction. The strongest photosynthesis enhancement under diffuse light was found for wheat, barley and rapeseed, whereas the lowest was for pea. Thus, we suggest that measuring canopy architecture and diffuse radiation will greatly improve GPP estimates of global cropping systems. 相似文献
5.
散射辐射是影响森林碳吸收的重要因子。然而,有关生态系统总初级生产力(GPP)对散射辐射响应机理的理解仍有限。该研究利用中国东部6个人工林生态系统2019–2020年观测的碳通量数据和气象数据,估算了散射辐射,区分了直接辐射和散射辐射条件;基于直角双曲线方程获取了不同辐射条件下生态系统光响应参数;量化了GPP对散射辐射和直接辐射变化的响应;采用偏相关方法分析了光照和环境因子对GPP日变化的贡献,旨在探究生长季散射辐射对人工林生态系统GPP的影响机理。研究表明:散射辐射增加可以有效促进冠层光合作用,初始量子效率(α)和光合有效辐射(PAR)为1 000μmol·m–2·s–1时的GPP (P1000)分别提高了47%–150%和2%–65%。与直接辐射条件相比,散射辐射条件下的PAR每增加1μmol·m–2·s–1,GPP增加0.86%–1.70%,森林植被类型和站点物候变化会影响这一过程,具有较低归一化植被指数(NDVI)的樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mo... 相似文献
6.
《植物生态学报》2017,41(5):497
Aims We evaluated the applicability of different measures of water use efficiency through analyzing the coupled dynamics of GPP and evapotranspiration in the semi-arid steppe in the Loess Plateau of China. Our objective is to explore the applicability of two quantitative measures of ecosystem water use efficiency—inherent water use efficiency (IWUE) and underlying water use efficiency (uWUE) —for the semi-arid steppe and to endeavor necessary modifications.Methods The consistency and stability of three indices of water use efficiency formulations (i.e. WUE, IWUE, uWUE) were calculated and compared at hourly, daily and annual time scales before proposing an optimal water use efficiency (oWUE). These indices were additionally used to quantify their importances in modeling the diel change of gross primary production (GPP). The yielded-accuracy of the prediction was used for justifying their uses.Important findings IWUE and uWUE appeared suitable for examining the coupled water-carbon characteristics of vegetation at hourly and daily scales, whereas WUE was more plausible on the annual and interannual scales. The optimized water use efficiency index did not improve the prediction of the coupled water-carbon characteristics as compared with uWUE, but it improved the prediction of GPP and its dynamics. oWUE and uWUE improved the predictions of GPP in the peak growing period, while WUE predicted the GPP better at the early and late growing season. Interestingly, we found that IWUE was not suitable for predicting GPP and its dynamics. The results will be of great importance in modeling the effects of climate change on the carbon assimilation and water cycle for the future. 相似文献
7.
为了比较直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型与叶子飘模型的优缺点, 研究阴生叶和阳生叶电子传递速率的差异, 探讨环境/生物因素对电子传递速率等参数的影响, 该文采用LI-6400XT荧光测定系统对黄河小浪底栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)叶片电子传递速率-光响应(J-I)曲线进行了测定, 利用直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型和叶子飘模型对J-I曲线进行了拟合。结果表明, 3种模型对叶片J-I曲线拟合的决定系数(R 2)在0.96以上, 叶子飘模型的R 2最高(> 0.99)。直角双曲线模型和非直角双曲线模型无法模拟植物叶片光系统II动力学下调现象, 且不能得出饱和光强(Isat); 直角双曲线模型对最大电子传递速率(Jmax)的模拟明显大于实测值; 叶子飘模型能很好地模拟光系统II动力学下调现象, 得出的Jmax和Isat均最接近实测值。对阴生叶和阳生叶J-I曲线研究发现, 栓皮栎、刺槐阴生叶的Jmax分别低于阳生叶25.0%和18.0%, 阳生叶的Isat分别高于阴生叶26.0%和10.1%。栓皮栎和刺槐Jmax与气温显著正相关; 刺槐Isat与气温、土壤水分含量和净光合速率具有显著的正相关关系; 栓皮栎和刺槐J-I曲线初始斜率α均与净光合速率呈显著负相关关系。 相似文献
8.
采用便携式光合仪(Li-6400XT)对太行山南麓栓皮栎、刺槐2个树种叶片光合作用-CO2响应曲线进行测定,利用直角双曲线模型(RH)、非直角双曲线模型(NRH)以及直角双曲线的修正模型—叶子飘模型(YZP)进行曲线拟合,并对3种光合模型的拟合参数(最大净光合能力Amax、初始羧化速率η、光呼吸速率Rp、CO2补偿点CCP和CO2饱和点CSP)进行比较.结果表明: 与NRH和YZP模型相比,RH模型所得的Amax、η、Rp和CCP较高,分别高出实测值59.8%、128.6%、133.4%和19.8%.与RH模型和YZP模型相比,NRH模型拟合得出的Amax较大,高于实测值11.1%,η、Rp和CCP接近于实测值.YZP模型能较好地模拟光合作用对CO2的饱和现象,在Amax和CSP的拟合效果上较好.栓皮栎阴叶的Amax、Rp和CCP比阳叶分别低31.3%、5.2%和14.3%.刺槐阴叶的Amax、Rp和CCP分别高出阳叶23.5%、11.0%和5.4%.栓皮栎、刺槐阴叶的η分别比阳叶高6.9%和7.0%.刺槐叶片的Rp和CCP与温度、光强均具有显著线性关系,η与气孔导度(gs)具有显著线性关系.栓皮栎叶片的η与光强和气孔导度具有显著线性关系,CCP主要受温度和湿度影响.栓皮栎叶片的Amax与相对湿度和gs具有显著的正线性相关关系. 相似文献
9.
大气气溶胶可以影响到达地面的太阳辐射,进而影响植物光合作用和生态系统生产力,乃至区域上的碳收支。为探究北京地区气溶胶对杨树人工林生态系统生产力的影响,利用2006—2009年北京大气气溶胶数据结合北京大兴杨树人工林涡度相关系统监测的辐射、碳通量等数据,分析了气溶胶对散射辐射、光能利用效率(LUE)、生态系统初级生产力(GPP)的影响,并利用通径分析方法探究了气溶胶和生态环境因子对GPP的直接和间接影响。结果表明,北京市气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)具有明显的季节变化特征：春、夏两季大于秋、冬季,夏季气溶胶光化学厚度最大。大气气溶胶显著影响了地表辐射组分以及温度、湿度环境因子,随着AOD从0增大到3,总辐射减小了43.63%,散射辐射增加132.26%,散射辐射比例增大了2.55倍,而相对湿度增大48.52%,日温差增大3℃左右。当生态系统受水分胁迫时,气溶胶对生态系统生产力无显著影响,当生态系统处于非水分胁迫时,杨树人工林生态系统光能利用效率和生产力随着气溶胶浓度增大先增大后减小,当AOD为1.0—1.6时,GPP维持在较高的水平,当AOD>2.5时,GPP显著减小且小于背景气溶胶(A... 相似文献
10.
Lorna E. Street Gaius R. Shaver Edward B. Rastetter Mark T. van Wijk Brooke A. Kaye Mathew Williams 《Global Change Biology》2012,18(9):2838-2852
Arctic vegetation is characterized by high spatial variability in plant functional type (PFT) composition and gross primary productivity (P). Despite this variability, the two main drivers of P in sub‐Arctic tundra are leaf area index (LT) and total foliar nitrogen (NT). LT and NT have been shown to be tightly coupled across PFTs in sub‐Arctic tundra vegetation, which simplifies up‐scaling by allowing quantification of the main drivers of P from remotely sensed LT. Our objective was to test the LT–NT relationship across multiple Arctic latitudes and to assess LT as a predictor of P for the pan‐Arctic. Including PFT‐specific parameters in models of LT–NT coupling provided only incremental improvements in model fit, but significant improvements were gained from including site‐specific parameters. The degree of curvature in the LT–NT relationship, controlled by a fitted canopy nitrogen extinction co‐efficient, was negatively related to average levels of diffuse radiation at a site. This is consistent with theoretical predictions of more uniform vertical canopy N distributions under diffuse light conditions. Higher latitude sites had higher average leaf N content by mass (NM), and we show for the first time that LT–NT coupling is achieved across latitudes via canopy‐scale trade‐offs between NM and leaf mass per unit leaf area (LM). Site‐specific parameters provided small but significant improvements in models of P based on LT and moss cover. Our results suggest that differences in LT–NT coupling between sites could be used to improve pan‐Arctic models of P and we provide unique evidence that prevailing radiation conditions can significantly affect N allocation over regional scales. 相似文献
11.
《植物生态学报》2016,40(1):1
12.
《植物生态学报》2017,41(3):337
Aims Estimation of gross primary productivity (GPP) of vegetation at the global and regional scales is important for understanding the carbon cycle of terrestrial ecosystems. Due to the heterogeneous nature of land surface, measurements at the site level cannot be directly up-scaled to the regional scale. Remote sensing has been widely used as a tool for up-saling GPP by integrating the land surface observations with spatial vegetation patterns. Although there have been many models based on light use efficiency and remote sensing data for simulating terrestrial ecosystem GPP, those models depend much on meteorological data; use of different sources of meteorological datasets often results in divergent outputs, leading to uncertainties in the simulation results. In this study, we examines the feasibility of using two GPP models driven by remote sensing data for estimating regional GPP across different vegetation types. Methods Two GPP models were tested in this study, including the Temperature and Greenness Model (TG) and the Vegetation Index Model (VI), based on remote sensing data and flux data from the China flux network (ChinaFLUX) for different vegatation types for the period 2003-2005. The study sites consist of eight ecological stations located in Xilingol (grassland), Changbaishan (mixed broadleaf-conifer forest), Haibei (shrubland), Yucheng (cropland), Damxung (alpine meadow), Qianyanzhou (evergreen needle-leaved forest), Dinghushan (evergreen broad-leaved forest), and Xishuangbanna (evergreen broad-leaved forest), respectively. Important findings All the remote sensing parameters employed by the TG and VI models had good relationships with the observed GPP, with the values of coefficient of determination, R2, exceeding 0.67 for majority of the study sites. However, the root mean square errors (RMSEs) varied greatly among the study sites: the RMSE of TG ranged from 0.29 to 6.40 g·m-2·d-1, and that of VI ranged from 0.31 to 7.09 g·m-2·d-1, respectively. The photosynthetic conversion coefficients m and a can be up-scaled to a regional scale based on their relationships with the annual average nighttime land surface temperature (LST), with 79% variations in m and 58% of variations in a being explainable in the up-scaling. The correlations between the simulated outputs of both TG and VI and the measured values were mostly high, with the values of correlation coefficient, r, ranging from 0.06 in the TG model and 0.13 in the VI model at the Xishuangbanna site, to 0.94 in the TG model and 0.89 in the VI model at the Haibei site. In general, the TG model performed better than the VI model, especially at sites with high elevation and that are mainly limited by temperature. Both models had potential to be applied at a regional scale in China. 相似文献
13.
秸秆还田对土壤钾素的影响及其替代钾肥效应研究进展 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
农作物秸秆是重要的有机资源,其合理有效利用也越来越受到重视。秸秆还田具有增加作物产量、提高土壤有机碳含量、培肥地力、促进养分循环利用和缓解土壤酸化等特点,对减少化肥施用具有重要作用。随着人们对资源高效利用认识的深入,秸秆还田水平正在不断的提高,国内外在秸秆还田对土壤钾素影响等方面的研究也取得了丰硕的成果。本文主要从秸秆还田对土壤钾素、作物产量的影响以及秸秆钾素与化肥钾的等效性等方面对秸秆还田的钾素效应进行了综述。还田秸秆初期主要是通过自身钾素释放提高当季土壤速效钾含量,而长期秸秆还田还可能促进矿物钾的释放;有效的秸秆还田不仅能够为土壤提供大量氮、磷、钾等速效养分,而且能为土壤中的微生物提供丰富的碳源,提高土壤肥力,进而增加作物产量。中国目前秸秆有效还田仍然不足1/3,与欧美国家秸秆还田率相比还具有很大的发展潜力。加强秸秆还田率将能缓解中国耕地土壤钾素缺乏与钾矿资源不足的矛盾。今后应进一步深入研究适宜秸秆还田量及其与化肥钾的合理配置,短期试验结合长期监测以探讨秸秆还田对钾素影响的作用机理,为提高秸秆有效还田,促进土壤-作物钾素高效循环提供理论依据。 相似文献
14.
叶绿素荧光是研究植物光合生理机制、量化植被光合作用时空格局以及准确理解气候变化背景下陆地生态系统生产力的关键。然而, 目前对于叶绿素荧光主动与被动联合观测的研究还较少。该文对比了叶绿素荧光主动观测与被动观测的优缺点, 展示了叶片尺度和冠层尺度主动与被动联合观测的仪器设备组成, 探讨了主动与被动联合观测在探索叶绿体尺度-叶片尺度-冠层尺度能量在光合、荧光以及热耗散中的分配, 阐明叶绿素荧光与总初级生产力的关联机制, 验证星基日光诱导叶绿素荧光, 解译叶绿素荧光光谱形状4个方面的应用前景。综上, 叶绿素荧光的主动与被动联合观测对于揭示各尺度上荧光与光合作用之间的关联机制, 改善全球尺度植被生产力模型至关重要。 相似文献
15.
绿地土壤入渗及其对城市生态安全的重要性 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
土壤入渗是水分通过地表进入土体形成土壤水的过程,是评价土壤水分调节能力最重要的指标之一。本文介绍了土壤入渗理论、测定方法及影响因子;探讨了绿地土壤入渗对城市雨洪消减、地下水补给、污染物净化和植物生长的重要作用;分析了中国城市绿地土壤入渗的现状和主要影响因素。针对绿地土壤入渗的重要作用而中国普遍对其认识不足的现象,提出了绿地土壤入渗研究和应用的四点建议:(1)尽早将土壤入渗作为中国城市绿地土壤质量评价的技术指标,完善绿地土壤质量评价体系;(2)加强绿地土壤入渗的基础研究;(3)加大绿地土壤入渗改良技术的应用研究,研发适宜中国应用的绿地入渗改良集成技术;(4)改变传统的绿化工程土壤建设和养护模式。 相似文献
16.
17.
《植物生态学报》2018,42(12):1131
生态过程模型的发展为研究者在长时间序列和区域尺度的研究提供了便利, 但模型模拟的准确性受到模型自身结构、模型参数估计合理性的影响。敏感性分析能够定量或定性筛选出对模型模拟结果影响较大的敏感参数, 是模型参数校准过程中的重要工具, 也是建模和应用的先决条件。该文以阔叶红松林为研究对象, 采用全局敏感性分析方法——傅里叶幅度灵敏度检验扩展法(EFAST)对Biome-BGC模型的生理生态参数进行了敏感性分析, 分别分析了红松(Pinus koraiensis)和阔叶树的净初级生产力(NPP)、蒸散(ET)对参数变化的敏感性。结果表明: (1)模拟红松NPP的不确定性高于阔叶树, 但二者的模拟ET的不确定性均较小。阔叶树的NPP和ET对生理生态参数的敏感性总体上都小于红松。(2)无论是红松、阔叶或其他植被类型, 模拟NPP均表现出对叶片碳氮比、细根碳氮比、比叶面积(SLA)和冠层截留系数的敏感性, 这4个参数的高敏感性主要是由模型自身结构所决定的, 与植被类型和研究地区的关系较小。对模拟ET而言, 细根与叶片碳分配比、新茎与新叶碳分配比和SLA均是影响红松和阔叶树ET的敏感参数, 但红松ET主要受参数与参数间的二阶或多阶交互作用的间接影响, 而阔叶树ET则主要是受到敏感参数直接效应的影响。(3)除了上述影响红松和阔叶树碳水通量的共性参数外, 诸如核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶中叶氮含量、叶片与细根周转率、所有叶面积与投影叶面积之比等也是对模拟结果有影响的重要参数, 但是其敏感程度随物种不同和研究区不同而不同, 所以这类参数可以根据具体情况进行参数本地化, 对于其他不敏感参数则可以采用模型缺省值。 相似文献
18.
Daniel Padfield Chris Lowe Angus Buckling Richard Ffrench‐Constant Student Research Team Simon Jennings Felicity Shelley Jón S. Ólafsson Gabriel Yvon‐Durocher 《Ecology letters》2017,20(10):1250-1260
Gross primary production (GPP) is the largest flux in the carbon cycle, yet its response to global warming is highly uncertain. The temperature dependence of GPP is directly linked to photosynthetic physiology, but the response of GPP to warming over longer timescales could also be shaped by ecological and evolutionary processes that drive variation in community structure and functional trait distributions. Here, we show that selection on photosynthetic traits within and across taxa dampens the effects of temperature on GPP across a catchment of geothermally heated streams. Autotrophs from cold streams had higher photosynthetic rates and after accounting for differences in biomass among sites, biomass‐specific GPP was independent of temperature in spite of a 20 °C thermal gradient. Our results suggest that temperature compensation of photosynthetic rates constrains the long‐term temperature dependence of GPP, and highlights the importance of considering physiological, ecological and evolutionary mechanisms when predicting how ecosystem‐level processes respond to warming. 相似文献
19.
Net ecosystem production (NEP), defined as the difference between gross primary production and total ecosystem respiration, represents the total amount of organic carbon in an ecosystem available for storage, export as organic carbon, or nonbiological oxidation to carbon dioxide through fire or ultraviolet oxidation. In some of the recent literature, especially that on terrestrial ecosystems, NEP has been redefined as the rate of organic carbon accumulation in the system. Here we argue that retaining the original definition maintains the conceptual coherence between NEP and net primary production and that it is congruous with the widely accepted definitions of ecosystem autotrophy and heterotrophy. Careful evaluation of NEP highlights the various potential fates of nonrespired carbon in an ecosystem. 相似文献
20.
Jinyan Yang Yujie He Doug P. Aubrey Qianlai Zhuang Robert O. Teskey 《Global Change Biology》2016,22(4):1433-1444
Stem CO2 efflux (ES) plays an important role in the carbon balance of forest ecosystems. However, its primary controls at the global scale are poorly understood and observation‐based global estimates are lacking. We synthesized data from 121 published studies across global forest ecosystems and examined the relationships between annual ES and biotic and abiotic factors at individual, biome, and global scales, and developed a global gridded estimate of annual ES. We tested the following hypotheses: (1) Leaf area index (LAI) will be highly correlated with annual ES at biome and global scales; (2) there will be parallel patterns in stem and root CO2 effluxes (RA) in all forests; (3) annual ES will decline with forest age; and (4) LAI coupled with mean annual temperature (MAT) and mean annual precipitation (MAP) will be sufficient to predict annual ES across forests in different regions. Positive linear relationships were found between ES and LAI, as well as gross primary production (GPP), net primary production (NPP), wood NPP, soil CO2 efflux (RS), and RA. Annual ES was correlated with RA in temperate forests after controlling for GPP and MAT, suggesting other additional factors contributed to the relationship. Annual ES tended to decrease with stand age. Leaf area index, MAT and MAP, predicted 74% of variation in ES at global scales. Our statistical model estimated a global annual ES of 6.7 ± 1.1 Pg C yr−1 over the period of 2000–2012 with little interannual variability. Modeled mean annual ES was 71 ± 43, 270 ± 103, and 420 ± 134 g C m2 yr−1 for boreal, temperate, and tropical forests, respectively. We recommend that future studies report ES at a standardized constant temperature, incorporate more manipulative treatments, such as fertilization and drought, and whenever possible, simultaneously measure both aboveground and belowground CO2 fluxes. 相似文献