études sur les phénomenes électrocapillaires

Sans résuméI. Analyse électrocapillaire des matières colorantes. Rev. gén. Mat. Col. 1926 Vol. 30 pp 34–45II. Phénomènes électrocapillaires et le problème du cancer. Arch. Med. Exper. 1926 Vol. I p 381III. Phénomènes électrocapillaires et l'antagonismes microbiens. Bol. Istituto Sier. Milano 1927 Vol. VI p 313.     

Imagerie moléculaire dans les démences

Nuclear neuroimaging, with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or with positron emission tomography (PET), allows study of functional and neurochemical aspects of human brain. It provides in vivo informations about pathophysiology in dementia. The routinely available tracers are perfusional tracers (^99mTc-HMPAO/GE Healthcare and ^99mTc-ECD/BMS). In June 2006, a new indication for the DaTSCAN^® (GE Healthcare) has been adopted. DaTSCAN^® could now be used to help differentiate probable dementia with Lewy bodies from Alzheimer's disease. Since a few years, there have been tremendous efforts expended to develop specific radioligands for several neurochemical systems and for imaging of beta-amyloid plaques. The aim of this paper is to review the most common radiotracers for SPECT and PET brain imaging in dementia and to focus on the new tracers.     

Étude au microscope électronique sur les systémes d'expansions foliacées présents dans les macrophages et les cellules épithélioides

Sommaire Dans les lésions pneumocomotiques ou tuberculeuses, chez l'homme ou l'animal d'expérience, on peut rencontrer des cellules du type macrophage ou éputhélioïdes présentant un nombre variable de voiles protoplasmiques réguliers minces de 0,05 à 0,1, long de 1 à 2 et toujours séparés entre eux par des espaces réguliers très minces. Ces voiles sont intriqués étroitement avec ceux de cellules voisines. Ces dispositifs peuvent conduire finalement à la fusion de cellules en éléments à noyaux multiples.     

Sur les possibilités d'adaptation chez les insectes sociaux et spécialement chez l'abeille

Résumé On peut rendre horizontaux les rayons d'une ruche et verticaux ceux d'un nid de guêpes sans perturbations visibles pour l'élevage ou le comportement des ouvrières.Les abeilles réparent très facilement et immédiatement les trous creusés dans les cellules d'ouvrières ou de reines, elles posent sans difficulté un fond aux cellules d'ouvrières si on l'a enlevé. Elles tordent une lame de cire perpendiculaire aux rayons pour la mettre en position parallèle.Les abeilles peuvent déposer leur miel dans les trous d'une plaque de bois, dans des rayons de métal ou de plastique; elles peuvent élever leur couvain dans des rayons de plastique et leurs reines dans des cellules de verre ou de plastique. Les guêpes peuvent operculer avec du carton les rayons des abeilles. Les guêpes souterraines dont on vient de déterrer le nid le couvrent de terre et l'enterrent en creusant au-dessous. Si une plaque de métal glissée au-dessous s'y oppose, elles le reconstruisent peu à peu de manière à l'amener sur le bord de la plaque et à l'enterrer à nouveau.     

Recherches sur les efflorescences des phéophycées

Resume L'analyse radiocristallographique de diverses Phéophycées a révélé la nature des substances insolubilisées a l'intérieur du thalle et formant des elorescences au cours de la dessiccation.Le D-mannitol cristallise essentiellement sous la forme monoclinique, les variétés et ß orthorhombiques apparaissent plus rarement toujours en faibles quantités.L'examen röntgénographique et les analyses quantitatives montrent que les chlorures de sodium et de potassium se déposent à la surface en proportions qui reflètent les variations de composition du thalle. Les valeurs du rapport Na⁺/K⁺ sont caractéristiques des diverses familles.

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Summary An X-Rays analysis of various Phaeophyceae has revealed the nature of substances inside the thallus becoming insoluble and efflorescing during drying.D-Mannitol cristallizes essentially in monoclinic form, and ß orthorhombic varieties appear less frequently.Röntgenographic examination and quantitative analysis show sodium and potassium chlorides forming a surface deposit in proportions correlated with the variations of the chemical composition of the thallus. The values of the ratio Na⁺/K⁺ are typical of the various algal families.

     

L'histogenèse régénératrice chez les phoronidiens

Summary The regeneration (organogenesis was studied by Emig, 1972 a, b) of Phoronida can be divided into three phases: the first one, cicatrisation, is characterized by a provisional mesodermal scar-tissue, later the old epidermis cover this scar-tissue. The regenerating blastema, second phase, takes place by cellular dedifferentiation processes; each germ layer (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) regenerates itself from its own elements. One exception only seems to be oesophagel regeneration by metaplasia of the prestomacal cells during the asexual reproduction. The differentiation of the amputated structures (third phase) appears submitted to the inductive influence of the mesoderm and to the trophic action of the nervous system (especially the epithelial plexus). The polarity in regeneration sets a problem in Phoronida.

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Ce travail a été effectué dans le cadre du contrat L. A. n 41 au C. N. R. S.     

Températures et varicocèles

Varicocele is considered to be responsible for male infertility by several authors, while varicocele may also exist in fertile men. Hyperthermia or “raised” testicular temperature is one of the pathophysiological mechanisms proposed to explain impaired spermatogenesis when a varicocele is present in infertile men. The reported clinical data in humans and experimental results of surgically-induced varicocele in animals indicate the following findings. In most studies, mean testicular and scrotal temperatures are bilaterally increased in populations of men with unilateral left varicocele compared to control populations. Similar results are observed following surgical induction of experimental left varicocele in animals. In the case of bilateral varicocele, the increase in mean temperature is similar to that observed in unilateral varicocele. Data concerning the effects of varicocelectomy on testicular or scrotal temperatures are still inconclusive in humans because of the discordant results in the small number of studies dealing with this topic. However, experimental data indicate that varicocelectomy results in recovery of normal mean temperature in animals submitted to surgically-induced varicocele, but experimental animal models of varicocele have failed to provide any explanation for the increase in temperature. In conclusion, although there is a relationship between varicocele and testicular temperature, testicular temperature is not increased in every case of varicocele.     

Stimulation du potentiel de dégradation dans les eaux marines profondes par les bactéries barotolérantes colonisant les fèces du plancton migrateur

At a depth of 1 150 m in the northwest Mediterranean, amino acid uptake and bacterial biomass production rates increased, in a 12-day time interval, 5- and 30-fold, respectively. Simultaneously, bacterial response to pressure changes evolved from barophilic to barotolerant. During the same period, scanning electron microscope observations and in situ observations using Underwater Video Profiler showed a 2-fold increase in particle concentrations, mainly due to faecal pellet production by zooplankton. This input, nutrient rich and largely colonized with bacteria unaffected by pressure variations since they originated from organisms that regularly migrate up and down through the water column, could produce such microbial activity peaking in the deep water masses.     

L'escargot ou les difficultés de l'hermaphrodisme

Summary

The article summarizes the research carried out in Besançon on the stylommatophoran snail Helix aspersa, a pulmonate gastropod mollusc.

The influence that external factors like photoperiod and temperature have on growth and reproduction was studied in this animal. The obtained results made possible a great development of snail breeding.

The potentialities of the hermaphroditism emerge from the observations made on the ovotestis: differentiation and development of the different cell types, presence of fibronectin, richness in neuropeptides, existence of male and female steroids, vitellogenesis processes.

In vivo experiments as well as in vitro cultures demonstrated the involvement of the cerebral complex in the control of reproduction. The dorsal bodies (DB)—(it consists of scattered cells)—stimulate the growth of the oocytes. The DB are under an inhibitory nervous control of the cerebral green cells (CGC); the FMRF-amide might be involved in this process.

A map of the neurons of the cerebral complex has been prepared. It shows the presence and the diversity of neuropeptides. Attention was focused on met-enkephalin and somatostatin. This later peptide seems to be involved in the shell growth. The active molecule, which was isolated from hemolymph and digestive gland is structurally quite similar to vertebrate somatostatin.

The results are compared with those obtained in other molluscs, especially in basommatophora. They reveal that the biological phenomena observed in the snail model are included in the fundamental processes, known in other invertebrates or vertebrates.     

L'AMP chez les blessés médullaires: indication et résultats

Spinal cord-injured men with ejaculation disorders can have children by means of Assisted Reproduction Techniques (ART). The possibilities of procreation of couples in which the man is praplegic or tetraplegic, have been improved over the this last decade by progress in the treatment of ejaculation disorders and the development of new ART techniques such as ICSI. Sperm quality is usually impaired in these patients. The indications for ART in spinal cord-injured patients are similar to those of other forms of male infertility. According to WHO recommendations, sperm preparation must be performed together with morphological study of spermatozoa to select the most appropriate ART technique, giving preference to so-called “simple” ART techniques, such as Intra-Uterine Insemination (IUI). Small studies have been conducted and showed that the clinical pregnancy rate per cycle was comparable to that observed in non-neurological patients. Autopreservation of sperm must be rapidly programmed to avoid repreated electrostimulation techniques and as a security measure before performing ART. A multicenter study should be conducted to pool data from all French centres.     

Questions sur la remédiation cognitive dans les schizophrénies

What are the implications of an approach to schizophrenia using a cognitive remediation and what is the case for such an approach? What are its strengths and its weaknesses? More critically, can we find supporting evidence of its efficacy? Overall, what do we really know of the cognitive disorders associated with the schizophrenias? Opening on a review of the existing literature in order to investigate such questions, the paper develops a critical assessment of the issue.     

L'Inhibine B chez les blessés radiculo-médullaires. Résultats préliminaires

Spinal cord injuries in adult men sometimes results in semen alteration and in ejaculation missing. Testicular biopsies showed spinal cord injury is bound with testicular and germinal cells alterations. An endocrine profile for thirteen patients without semen at the time of the study is performed: total testosterone, bioavailable testosterone, FSH and inhibin B. Compared with seven normal controls, subjects with spinal cord injury had a significantly lower value of total testosterone, bioavailable testosterone and inhibin B. The FSH values higher in spinal cord injury are not significative. These results allowed to expect inhibin B like a good marker of testicular function and spermatogenesis. A longitudinal and on more subjects will answer to this question.