多囊卵巢病人淋巴细胞的rRNA基因活性

人类的rRNA基因位于5对近端着丝点染色体短臂的次缢痕上。间期细胞中,该区域转录45S rRNA并聚集形成核仁,因此把该区域称为核仁形成区(NOR)。在中期染色体制片上,核仁形成区常常靠近,这种现象叫做随体联合。一般认为随体联合是间期细胞核仁的残余。     

中棉染色体的Giemsa C-带

用Gicmsa显带技术研究了中棉根尖染色体C-带带型特征,中棉具有着丝粒带、中间带、端粒带和核仁缢痕带。     

用改良Giemsa分带技术研究玉米根尖细胞中核仁与NOR-染色体的联系

通过增加醋酸洋红前染色,使核仁在染色体分带之后也能着上颜色。用这一改良的Giemsa分带程序,本文研究了核仁与NOR-染色体的联系。发现玉米根尖细胞中两个近次缢痕带或异染色中心总是与前期和间期核仁紧靠在一起,两个核仁组织者都表现出形成核仁的活性。在单核仁细胞中,核仁总是同时与两个带或异染色中心相联系,可见这个核仁是由两个核仁组织者共同参与形成的;在双核仁的细胞中,每个核仁分別与并且仅与一个带或异染色中心相联系,可见每个核仁组织者各形成一个核仁,这两个核仁在核中常呈同向平行排列。     

随体DNA不是指随体中的DNA

随体(satellite)是细胞中的一个结构成分,指某些染色体远端前的一小段,是一小段染色体,一般也是一个核仁组织区.随体DNA(Satellite DNA),则是指在DNA密度梯度离心时,处于卫星带中的DNA.真核生物的核内DNA,在CsCl或Cs_2SO_4中进行密度梯度离心时,除了形成一个主带(main band),即包含大部分DNA的分带外,往往在主带较轻或较重的一边还有一个或几个副带,称卫星带(satellite band).一般地,随体DNA(处于卫星带中的DNA)是高度重复DNA. 随体既然是一小段染色体,其中当然就有DNA.     

颈棱蛇核型和Ag—NORs的研究

本文研究了云南产颈棱蛇的核型和Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ。其２ｎ＝４６,由８对大染色体和１５对小染色体组成。大染色体中Ｎｏ．６、８为亚中着丝粒染色体,其余均为端或亚端着丝粒染色体。在Ｎｏ．２的末端有一明显的次缢痕,常常只在一条同源染色体上可见。第４对大型染色体为性染色体,雌性为ＺＷ型,其中Ｚ染色体较大,而Ｗ染色体长度仅为Ｚ染色体的三分之二。一对核仁组织者（ＮＯＲｓ）位于Ｎｏ．２末端,其位置与次缢痕位置相对应。     

颈棱蛇核型和Ag－NORs的研究

本文研究了云南产颈棱蛇的核型和Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ。其Ｚｎ＝４６,由８对大染色体和１５对小染色体组成,大染色体中Ｎｏ．６、８为亚中着丝粒染色体,其余均为端或亚端着丝粒染色体。在Ｎｏ．２的末端有一明显的次缢痕,常常只在一条同源染色体上可见。第４对大型染色体为性染色体,雌性为ＺＷ型,其中Ｚ染色体较大,而Ｗ染色体长度仅为Ｚ染色体的三分之二。一对核仁组织者（ＮＯＲｓ）位于Ｎｏ．２末端,其位置与次缢痕位置相对应。文中还对颈棱蛇的分类和进化进行了讨论。     

黑斑蛙核型、C-带及Ag-NORs 研究

本文采用外周血淋巴细胞培养法制备染色体标本,观察黑斑蛙的染色体标本,研究黑斑蛙的核型,C-带和Ag-NORs。研究结果表明：（1）黑斑蛙淋巴细胞染色体数目为2n=26,其中有5对大染色体和8对小染色体,核型是二型性核型;（2）分别对雌雄个体的中期分裂相进行观察,在第11号染色体长臂中部有明显的次缢痕,但变异核型次缢痕在第8号染色体长臂的中部;（3）在第5号染色体长臂上有一条明显的近端粒C-带;（4）第11号染色体是一对具有银染核仁形成区的同源染色体,且雌雄个体的银染位置相同。     

蚕豆异常植株的核型分析Ⅰ.M染色体次缢痕断裂及随体断片的发生

在蚕豆异常生长的植株的核型中,由M染色体次缢痕断裂所产生的随体断片高约36.63％;断片与M染色体的断口间存在一个断裂-融合-桥周期;而且随体断片可全部异染质化;断片间甚至可融合成随体-缢痕-随体的似超数染色体结构。具有这种变异核型的植株,茎细弱、弯曲、易倒伏;叶片浅绿;开花期落花、落果。本文讨论了这种断片的发生对植物生长发育的影响以及与B染色体起源的关系。     

长鼻■细胞株(PTK_1)有丝分裂观察及染色体组型分析

本文对长鼻(?)(PTK_1)细胞有丝分裂过程及染色体进行了光学显微镜观察。PTK_1细胞具有两个核仁,在有丝分裂过程中细胞基本上保持扁平。核型简单,11条染色体中,有两条染色体具有次缢痕结构。根据染色体大小,着丝点位置,有无次缢痕等特点排列了染色体组型。     

黑麦染色体的带型及其应用

本文利用染色体分带技术,对2个黑麦品种的Giemsa C-带带型进行了分析,提出了黑麦染色体的基本带型。可以看出,黑麦染色体的Giemsa C-带具有以下特点:在所有染色体的短臂末端具有染色深,大而明显的末端带;一部分染色体的长臂末端带较小;着丝点带较浅,在一对染色体上有明显的核仁缢痕带;有的染色体有染色较浅的中间带,这     

Gender in plants: sex chromosomes are emerging from the fog

Although most plants have flowers with both male and female sex organs, there are several thousands of plant species where male or female flowers form on different individuals. Surprisingly, the presence of well-established sex chromosomes in these dioecious plants is rare. The best-described example is white campion, for which large sex chromosomes have been identified and mapped partially. A recent study presented a comprehensive genetic and physical mapping of the genome of dioecious papaya. It revealed a short male specific region on the Y chromosome (MSY) that does not recombine with the X chromosome, providing strong evidence that the sex chromosomes originated from a regular pair of autosomes. The primitive papaya Y chromosome thus represents an early event in sex chromosome evolution. In this article, we review the current status of plant sex-chromosome research and discuss the advantages of different dioecious models.     

C-heterochromatin and extra (B) chromosome distribution in six species of the Nabis (Heteroptera, Nabidae) with the modal male karyotype 2n = 16 + XY

The basic male karyotype of the six Nabis species (Heteroptera, Nabidae) is confirmed as being 2n=16+XY. The chromosomes are holokinetic while male meiosis is achiasmatic. The sex chromosomes undergo postreduction and in second metaphase show distance pairing, registered in all nabid species examined so far. Using C-banding technique for the first time in the family Nabidae, the heterochromatin was revealed on chromosomes of six species. The species showed different amount and distribution of C-heterochromatin. Only in Nabis (Dolichonabis) limbatus did the C-bands distribution make possible the identification of every chromosome pair in the karyotype. In other species, C-bands were found in some of the autosomes and the X, localized either interstitially or at telomeres. Only the Y usually showed relative stability ofthe C-banding pattern. In four of six species, extra (B) chromosomes were observed and their behaviour in meiosis described.     

Chromosomal alterations in the karyotype of triticale in comparison with the parental forms

Summary Wheat chromosomes of the primary winter hexaploid and octoploid triticales and of the parental durum and common wheat varieties were studied using morphometric analysis. The size of some heterochromatic segments was shown to change in triticale. Telomeric and intercalary C-bands both increased and decreased in size whereas centromeric bands only increased. The size variability of C-bands in triticale B-genome chromosomes decreased in most of the cases and increased only for several specific C-bands. The C-bands of homologous B-genome chromosomes changed in the same direction in both triticale forms. The changes in size of the C-bands found in R-genome chromosomes detected earlier in these triticale forms (Badaeva et al. 1986) were shown to coincide in their pattern with the size changes of C-bands in homeological B-genome chromosomes. Our data are indicative of regular, directed chromosomal changes in the triticale karyotype.     

Mechanisms governing sex-ratio variation in dioecious Rumex nivalis

Sex ratios of flowering individuals in dioecious plant populations are often close to unity, or are male biased owing to gender-specific differences in flowering or mortality. Female-biased sex ratios, although infrequent, are often reported in species with heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Two main hypotheses have been proposed to account for female bias: (1) selective fertilization resulting from differential pollen-tube growth of female- versus male-determining microgametophytes (certation); (2) differences in the performance and viability of the sexes after parental investment. Here we investigate these hypotheses in Rumex nivalis (Polygonaceae), a European alpine herb with female-biased sex ratios in which females possess XX, and males XY1Y2, sex chromosomes. Using field surveys and a glasshouse experiment we investigated the relation between sex ratios and life-history stage in 18 populations from contrasting elevations and snowbed microsites and used a male-specific SCAR-marker to determine the sex of nonflowering individuals. Female bias among flowering individuals was one of the highest reported for populations of a dioecious species (mean female frequency = 0.87), but males increased in frequency at higher elevations and in the center of snowbeds. Female bias was also evident in nonflowering individuals (mean 0.78) and in seeds from open-pollinated flowers (mean 0.59). The female bias in seeds was weakly associated with the frequency of male flowering individuals in populations in the direction predicted when certation occurs. Under glasshouse conditions, females outperformed males at several life-history stages, although male seeds were heavier than female seeds. Poor performance of Y1Y2 gametophytes and male sporophytes in R. nivalis may be a consequence of the accumulation of deleterious mutations on Y-sex chromosomes.     

Chromosome banding studies in an Indian mullet: evidence of structural rearrangements from NOR locations

C-, G- and NOR bands have been studied in the female sex of Rhinomugil corsula. (Mugilidae, Pisces) by deploying the conventional methodologies with suitable modifications of minor nature. The diploid metaphase complements contained 48 acrocentric chromosomes. The localization of C-band heterochromatin was found to be mostly at or near the centromeric regions of the acrocentric chromosomes. The G-type bands were not so well defined, but some of the G-banded chromosomes also contained C-bands. Interestingly, silver-positive NORs were found at the telomeric ends of five acrocentric chromosomes, including one homologous pair having NORs in both chromatids, while one chromosome showed NORs in both of its chromatids and the other two had only one NOR localized at one of its chromatids. This would suggest that one homologue of the second pair of NOR-bearing chromosomes possibly underwent a chromatid exchange with a non-NOR bearing chromosome. This is quite a unique situation not reported earlier in any species of fish., though some other form of NOR-polymorphism/heteromorphism has rarely been reported. Therefore, further exploration in natural populations of this species to examine the other sex and to verify if there also exists other chromosomally polymorphic races (in respect of NOR-polymorphism) of this species, would be rewarding.     

中国二种癞蝗染色体C带核型

染色体C带核型在物种鉴定、分类阶元间的比较及其系统演化关系的推断中是一个有用的指标,染色体组内C带分布位置、大小、数量及异染色质含量可以反映出属、种及种下阶元的细胞学异同。文章报道中国2种癞蝗——红缘疙蝗Pseudotmethis rubimarginis Li和准噶尔贝蝗Beybienkia songorica Tzyplenkov的染色体C带核型,结果表明:2种癞蝗均为XO(♂)型性别决定机制。染色体组成均为2n♂=19,染色体为端着丝粒染色体;在各染色体相对长度,C带的大小,位置和着色程度上又存在不同程度的差异,可以作为区分种的依据。     

Heterochromatin and interstitial telomeric DNA homology

The purpose of this investigation was twofold. The first objective was to demonstrate that, in most of ten mammalian species commonly used in biomedical research, not all constitutive heterochromatin (C-bands) represents telomeric DNA. For example, the C-bands in human chromosomes, the long arm of the X and the entire Y chromosome of Chinese hamster, and most of the short arms of Peromyscus and Syrian hamster chromosomes are not telomeric DNA. In addition to the usual terminal telomeric DNA in the chromosomes of these mammalian species, the pericentromeric regions of seven or eight Syrian hamster chromosomes and all Chinese hamster chromosomes except pair one have pericentromeric regions that hybridize with telomeric DNA, some in C-bands and some not. The second objective was to describe a simple fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) reverse-printing procedure to produce black-and-white microphotographs of metaphase and interphase cells showing locations of telomeric DNA with no loss of resolution. Thus, at least three different types of heterochromatin (telomeric heterochromatin, nontelomeric heterochromatin and a combination of both) are present in these mammalian species, and this simple black-and-white reverse printing of telomeric FISH preparations can depict them economically without sacrificing clarity.     

Independent origin of sex chromosomes in two species of the genus Silene

Here we introduce a new model species, Silene colpophylla, that could facilitate research of sex chromosome evolution and sex-determining systems. This species is related to the well-established dioecious plant model Silene latifolia. Our results show that S. colpophylla is, similarly to S. latifolia, a male heterogametic species, but its sex chromosomes have evolved from a different pair of autosomes than in S. latifolia. The results of our phylogenetic study and mapping of homologs of S. latifolia X-linked genes indicate that the sex determination system in S. colpophylla evolved independently from that in S. latifolia. We assert that this model species pair will make it possible to study two independent patterns of sex chromosome evolution in related species.     

Polymorphism of heterochromatic regions of flax chromosomes

The C-banding technique was used to study flax chromosomes (Linum usitatissimum L., 2n = 30). Heterochromatin was located mainly in pericentromeric regions of chromosomes. In spite of small size (1.5-3.5 microm), all 15 pairs of homologous chromosomes were identified on the basis of the C-banding pattern and morphology. An idiogram of C-banded chromosomes of L usitatissimum L. is presented. Polymorphism of chromosomal heterochromatic regions was studied in karyotypes of three flax samples: L usitatissimum L., accession K-603 (L usitatissimum var. usitatissimum), and accession K-594 (L. usitatissimum var. humile (Mill.)). A common C-banding pattern was observed in all forms studied, although there were some distinctions in the individual band size. The fibre flax (accession K-603) karyotype had the C-banding pattern similar to that of L usitatissimum L., but some intercalary and telomeric C-bands were somewhat larger, and a satellite (NOR) was observed in the short arm of chromosome I. In crown flax, (K-594) chromosomal C-banding pattern exhibited smaller pericentromeric and larger intercalary bands; telomeric bands were present on almost all chromosomes. Thus, the intraspecies polymorphism revealed in the chromosomal C-banding pattern makes possible the use of C-bands as chromosome markers in the studies of genetic and genomic polymorphism of this species.