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1.
The branch of evolutionary theory known as signaling theory attempts to explain various forms of communication. Social scientists
have explained many traditional rituals as forms of communication that promote cooperative social relationships among participants.
Both evolutionists and social scientists have realized the importance of trust for the formation and maintenance of cooperative
social relationships. These factors have led to attempts to apply signaling theory to traditional cultural rituals in various
ways. This paper uses the traditional ritual of mumming in small Newfoundland fishing villages to evaluate alternative hypotheses
about the connection between rituals, communication, trust, and cooperation. Mumming is found to be most consistent with the
hypothesis that it is a ritual of trust wherein participants take a specific type of risk: the risk of harm at the hands of
other participants. Individuals who take this risk actively signal their trust. Conversely, individuals who restrain themselves
from inflicting harm on other participants actively signal their trustworthiness.
相似文献
Christina Nicole PomianekEmail: |
2.
Utility or on-demand computing, a provisioning model where a service provider makes computing infrastructure available to
customers as needed, is becoming increasingly common in enterprise computing systems. Realizing this model requires making
dynamic, and sometimes risky, resource provisioning and allocation decisions in an uncertain operating environment to maximize
revenue while reducing operating cost. This paper develops an optimization framework wherein the resource provisioning problem
is posed as one of sequential decision making under uncertainty and solved using a limited lookahead control scheme. The proposed
approach accounts for the switching costs incurred during resource provisioning and explicitly encodes risk in the optimization
problem. Simulations using workload traces from the Soccer World Cup 1998 web site show that a computing system managed by
our controller generates up to 20% more profit than a system without dynamic control while incurring low control overhead.
相似文献
Nagarajan KandasamyEmail: |
3.
Sub-Antarctic Marion Island has had a permanent research station for 50 years and the islands Wandering Albatrosses have been intensively studied for 20 years. The reactions of breeding birds to approaches by a human on foot were recorded. Three response variables were calculated: intensity of vocal reaction (IVR), intensity of non-vocal reaction (INR) and overall response index (ORI). At 5 m from the nest, twice as many birds stood and/or vocalised as at 15 m. Nearest neighbour distance, age and gender did not explain individual variability of responses. Study colony birds had higher IVR scores than non-study colony birds; birds at colonies closest to the station had the highest ORI scores. A better breeding record was associated with lower IVR and ORI scores, but a causative relationship remains to be demonstrated. A minimum viewing distance of 25 m is recommended for breeding Wandering Albatrosses.
相似文献
Marienne S. de VilliersEmail: Fax: +27-21-6503434 |
John CooperEmail: |
Peter G. RyanEmail: |
4.
Timothy D. Baird Paul W. Leslie J. Terrence McCabe 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2009,37(4):463-474
In this study, we examine the effect of Tarangire National Park (TNP) on local perceptions of risk and how these perceptions
may influence behavioral responses. Data were collected during 2004–2005 through household surveys and participatory risk
mapping (PRM) in eight villages east of TNP. By identifying and rank-ordering respondents’ perceived risks, PRM enhances understanding
of the nature and variation of risks faced within a population by distinguishing between the incidence and severity of subjective
risk perceptions. Results indicate that proximity to the park has a strong effect on the type and severity of perceived risks.
Within villages close to the park, however, behavioral response to perceived risks varies considerably. This study contributes
to an appreciation of how behavioral response to environmental and socioeconomic factors is mediated by human perception.
相似文献
Timothy D. BairdEmail: |
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Ping Wang Kuo-Ming Chao Chi-Chun Lo Chun-Lung Huang Muhammad Younas 《Cluster computing》2007,10(1):47-55
Risk analysis is considered as an important process to identify the known and potential vulnerabilities and threats in the
web services security. It is quite difficult for users to collect adequate events to estimate the full vulnerabilities and
probability of threats in the Web, due to the rapid change of the malicious attacks and the new computer’s vulnerabilities.
In this paper, a fuzzy risk assessment model is developed in order to evaluate the risk of web services in a situation where
complete information is not available. The proposed model extends Pseudo-Order Preference Model (POPM) to estimate the imprecise
risk based on richness of information and to determine their ranking using a weighted additive rule. A case study of a number
of web services is presented in order to test the proposed approach.
相似文献
Muhammad YounasEmail: |
8.
Causal Explanation of Indonesian Forest Fires: Concepts, Applications, and Research Priorities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Andrew P. Vayda 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2006,34(5):615-635
Problems with studies, claims, and assumptions that have been made about the causes of fires in Indonesia's tropical moist forests are identified, and the kinds of concepts, methods, prioritizing, and data needed to resolve the problems are discussed. Separate sections are devoted to studying ignitions, studying fire susceptibility and fire behavior, and using the goal of causal explanation to guide interdisciplinary research.
相似文献
Andrew P. VaydaEmail: |
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10.
Stig S. Gezelius 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2007,35(5):587-599
While economic literature inspired by the “tragedy of the commons” has emphasised people’s tendency to increase fishing effort
beyond desirable levels, sociologists and anthropologists who have studied the social aspects of fishing have often emphasised
the capacity of these factors to restrict fishing effort. The article addresses the influence of social norms and communication
on fishing effort in an empirical study of the Atlantic blue whiting fishery. The data were generated at a time when this
fishery had yet to see efficient quota regulations, and had been subject to a rapid growth in fishing effort, making it the
largest fishery in the Atlantic. The article argues that social norms and communication patterns in the fishing fleet create
a synergic effect of co-operation and competition on fishing effort. The article questions the view that social norms and
communication necessarily represent a solution to the tragedy of the commons.
相似文献
Stig S. GezeliusEmail: |
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T. Ryan Gregory 《Evolution》2008,1(3):259-273
The occurrence, generality, and causes of large-scale evolutionary trends—directional changes over long periods of time—have
been the subject of intensive study and debate in evolutionary science. Large-scale patterns in the history of life have also
been of considerable interest to nonspecialists, although misinterpretations and misunderstandings of this important issue
are common and can have significant implications for an overall understanding of evolution. This paper provides an overview
of how trends are identified, categorized, and explained in evolutionary biology. Rather than reviewing any particular trend
in detail, the intent is to provide a framework for understanding large-scale evolutionary patterns in general and to highlight
the fact that both the patterns and their underlying causes are usually quite complex.
相似文献
T. Ryan GregoryEmail: |
13.
The recent contribution by Jarmila Kukalová-Peck on Hennigian phylogenetics and hexapod limb evolution is critically evaluated.
相似文献
Michael S. Engel (Corresponding author)Email: |
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15.
A key point in the analysis of dynamical models of biological systems is to handle systems of relatively high dimensions.
In the present paper we propose a method to hierarchically organize a certain type of piecewise affine (PWA) differential
systems. This specific class of systems has been extensively studied for the past few years, as it provides a good framework
to model gene regulatory networks. The method, shown on several examples, allows a qualitative analysis of the asymptotic
behavior of a PWA system, decomposing it into several smaller subsystems. This technique, based on the well-known strongly
connected components decomposition, is not new. However, its adaptation to the non-smooth PWA differential equations turns
out to be quite relevant because of the strong discrete structure underlying these equations. Its biological relevance is
shown on a 7-dimensional PWA system modeling the gene network responsible for the carbon starvation response in Escherichia coli.
相似文献
Laurent Tournier (Corresponding author)Email: |
Jean-Luc GouzéEmail: |
16.
On the island of Hainan, China, the provincial government has recently committed itself to sustainable development, which
requires the integration of social, environmental, and economic factors in decision making. However, while Hainan’s recent
Eco-province designation establishes environmental and economic factors as the basis of policy development, it overlooks the
equally important social component of sustainability, in which social needs and values are key considerations. This paper
presents the results of a study on Hainan in 2002, with government officials, forestry workers, and the Li, an indigenous
minority group, and places the province’s situation within the context of both the larger changes underway in China, and the
theory and practice of sustainable forestry. The research results show that the government of Hainan has not yet been able
to manage both social welfare and environmental and economic issues, demonstrating the difficulty of implementing sustainable
forestry and of balancing short- with long-term goals. The inclusion of Li communities in forestry-related decision making
could reduce tensions between local communities and forestry management and also improve the sustainability of the government’s
forestry practices.
相似文献
Susan K. WismerEmail: |
17.
Mark B. Couch 《Biology & philosophy》2009,24(4):505-519
Arguments for multiple realization depend on the idea that the same kind of function is realized by different kinds of structures.
It is important to such arguments that we know the kinds used in the arguments have been individuated properly. In the philosophical
literature, though, claims about how to individuate kinds are frequently decided on intuitive grounds. This paper criticizes
this way of approaching kinds by considering how practicing researchers think about the matter. I will consider several examples
in which the practice of researchers on comparative vision conflicts with the standard account of these issues.
相似文献
Mark B. CouchEmail: |
18.
Methanogens growing on C-1 substrates synthesize 2-carbon acetyl groups in the form of acetyl-CoA for carbon assimilation
using the multienzyme complex acetyl-CoA decarbonylase/synthase (ACDS) which contains five different subunits encoded within
an operon. In species growing on acetate ACDS also functions to cleave the acetate C-C bond for energy production by methanogenesis.
A number of species of Methanosarcina that are capable of growth on either C-1 compounds or acetate contain two separate ACDS operons, and questions have been
raised about whether or not these operons play separate roles in acetate synthesis and cleavage. Methanosarcina thermophila genomic DNA was analyzed for the presence of two ACDS operons by PCR amplifications with different primer pairs, restriction
enzyme analyses, DNA sequencing and Southern blot analyses. A single ACDS operon was identified and characterized, with no
evidence for more than one. MALDI mass spectrometric analyses were carried out on ACDS preparations from methanol- and acetate-grown
cells. Peptide fragmentation patterns showed that the same ACDS subunits were present regardless of growth conditions. The
evidence indicates that a single form of ACDS is used both for acetate cleavage during growth on acetate and for acetate synthesis
during growth on C-1 substrates.
Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at
相似文献
David A. Grahame (Corresponding author)Email: |
Edward DeMoll (Corresponding author)Email: |
19.
Catherine Driscoll 《Biology & philosophy》2008,23(1):101-113
This paper tries to explain how individuals manage adaptive individual choice (i.e., the decision to acquire a fitter than
average behavior or idea rapidly and tractably) in cultural evolution, despite the fact that acquiring fitness information
is very difficult. I argue that the means of solving this problem suggested in the cultural evolution literature largely are
various types of decision rules employing representations of fitness correlated properties or states of affairs. I argue that
the problem of adaptive individual choice is best solved where some of these learning rule representations are socially transmitted
and some are biologically transmitted.
相似文献
Catherine DriscollEmail: |
20.
Rapid prototyping of distributed systems can be achieved by integrating commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components. With components
as the building blocks, it is important to predict the performance of the system based on the performance of individual components.
In this paper, performance prediction of a system consisting of a small number of components is investigated under different
inter-component communication patterns, and the number of threads provided by components. Based on the experimental results,
it can be inferred that the proposed composition rules provide a reasonably accurate prediction of the performance of a system
made out of these components.
相似文献
Barrett R. BryantEmail: |