链霉菌细胞色素P450研究进展

链霉菌中存在大量的细胞色素P450,它们在链霉菌次生代谢产物的生物合成和外来化学物质代谢过程中发挥了重要作用.本文综述了链霉菌中发现的细胞色素P450及其功能的研究进展,分析了存在的问题和研究应用前景.     

棉蚜细胞色素P450 CYP6J1的克隆与表达

为了深入了解细胞色素P450 CYP6J1蛋白的结构和功能,本实验克隆获得了棉蚜Aphis gossypii P450CYP6J1基因,对该基因进行信息学及原核表达分析,通过SDS-PAGE检测目的蛋白的表达结果,并用Western-blot进行验证。结果表明,P450 CYP6J1序列长1 398 bp,编码氨基酸数为465,理论分子量为53.67 k D,理论等电点为8.80。氨基酸序列分析表明该序列具有完整的开放阅读框,且没有信号肽。同源性分析表明,棉蚜c DNA序列推导的氨基酸与豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphon pisum的保守性最为接近,一致性可达92%。在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21中表达获得的His-CYP6J1蛋白,并用Western-blot检测目的蛋白大小正确。这些研究结果为棉蚜P450 CYP6J1多克隆抗体制备提供了基础。     

细胞色素P450酶与微生物药物创制北大核心CSCD

细胞色素P450酶广泛存在于动植物和微生物体内,具有底物结构多样性和催化反应类型多样性,在天然产物生物合成中扮演重要作用。P450酶可在温和条件下高选择性地催化结构复杂有机化合物中惰性C-H键的氧化反应,具备化学催化剂难以比拟的优势,因此在微生物制药领域具有广阔的应用空间。本文综述了参与天然产物生物合成的P450酶近年来的研究进展;P450酶的酶工程改造、生物转化实践及其在微生物药物创制方面的应用现状;探讨了P450酶的工业应用瓶颈及其解决途径;并对P450酶未来的应用前景进行了展望。     

白纹伊蚊细胞色素P450 CYP6家族基因多样性的研究(英文)

根据已获得的白纹伊蚊CYP6家族某成员cDNA序列片段AEDR ,设计基因特异性引物 ,以白纹伊蚊总RNA为模板 ,进行cDNA末端快速扩增 ,扩增产物经T -A克隆、测序。结果显示 :通过 5’ RACE获得 1个非全长cDNA序列 (GZS331 ) ,其与CYP6N1、CYP6N2的同源性分别为 59 8%和 59 1 % ,与CYP6N3v1 -v3同源性最高 ,达 83 9% - 84 3% ;通过 3’ RACE获得 6个非全长cDNA序列 ,其中来自抗性株的GZG0 33序列与CYP6N3v1 -v3的同源性达 98 2 % - 99 1 % ,而其余 3’ RACE克隆与CYP6N3v1 -v3的同源性则达 84 3% - 85 6%。上述所有非全长cDNA序列均与哺乳动物CYP3A1以及夜蛾CYP9A1有较高的同源性 ,分别为 2 3% - 36 1 %和 2 7 6% - 34 1 %。用PC/GENE软件所绘制的系统树显示出与同源性分析相一致的结果。所得非全长cDNA序列上报国际P450命名委员会进行统一的命名 ,并对蚊虫中细胞色素P450基因多样性及其形成原因进行了分析     

棉铃虫细胞色素P450 CYP6B7基因的克隆与融合表达

细胞色素P450 CYP6B7被推测与棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的抗性有关,但至今尚无CYP6B7参与杀虫剂代谢方面的直接证据。为揭示CYP6B7的代谢功能,作者以棉铃虫幼虫基因组DNA 为模板,以CYP6B7基因设计特异性引物,扩增出包含321 bp内含子的CYP6B7基因。用反向PCR的方法消除内含子,获得包含完整的CYP6B7基因的开放阅读框。将CYP6B7基因与pMAL-c2X载体连接,并转化E.coli TB1细胞,在IPTG诱导下,CYP6B7能与载体基因编码的麦芽糖结合蛋白（MBP）在大肠杆菌中融合表达,表达产物经直链淀粉（amylose） 柱亲和层析分离洗脱后,得到SDS-PAGE电泳纯的融合蛋白。     

棉铃虫细胞色素P450 CYP6B6多克隆抗体的制备

利用核酸免疫蛋白加强法制备兔抗棉铃虫CYP6B6的多克隆抗体。构建重组质粒pcDNA3-CYP6B6并测序验证序列的正确性后,采用皮下多点注射法将重组质粒注射到新西兰大白兔体内,免疫3次后,第4次使用融合蛋白MBP-CYP6B6加强免疫。用ELISA法检测抗体的效价,并利用免疫组化法对抗体的特异性进行检测,得到的兔抗CYP6B6血清的效价达到1︰50 000。免疫组化法检测显示此抗血清能与棉铃虫不同组织中存在的CYP6B6蛋白特异性结合,说明利用核酸免疫蛋白加强法制备了高滴度、特异性强的兔抗棉铃虫CYP6B6的多克隆抗体。     

细胞色素P450 2D6酶缺陷等位基因的分析

细胞色素P450 2D6(CYP2D6)第1 795位胸腺嘧啶核苷缺失造成CYP2D6酶活性缺陷,该等位基因被称为CYP2D6T.对该等位基因的测定有助于准确预测CYP2D6表现型.利用等位基因特异扩增法的基本原理,建立了测定CYP2D6T的方法.经396例测定,证明比利用PCR扩增后再酶切的方法更为快捷、更少污染,为该项测定应用于临床奠定基础.     

过氧化氢驱动的细胞色素P450酶研究进展

细胞色素P450酶在自然界中广泛存在,能催化多种类型的氧化反应,在有机合成和生物化工方面具有重要的应用潜力。尽管大多数P450酶通常需要辅酶和复杂的电子传递体系协助活化氧分子,一些P450酶也可以利用过氧化氢作为末端氧化剂,这极大地简化了催化循环,为P450酶的合成应用提供了一条新的简便途径。本文系统地介绍了几类过氧化氢驱动的P450酶催化体系,包括脂肪酸羟化酶P450SPα和P450BSβ、脂肪酸脱羧酶P450OleTJE、人工改造的羟化酶P450BM3和P450cam突变体、以及基于底物误识别策略的P450-H2O2体系。通过分析催化反应机制,本文探讨了P450-H2O2催化体系在目前存在的挑战和可能的解决途径,并对其进一步应用前景进行了展望。     

过氧化氢驱动的细胞色素P450酶研究进展

细胞色素P450酶在自然界中广泛存在,能催化多种类型的氧化反应,在有机合成和生物化工方面具有重要的应用潜力。尽管大多数P450酶通常需要辅酶和复杂的电子传递体系协助活化氧分子,一些P450酶也可以利用过氧化氢作为末端氧化剂,这极大地简化了催化循环,为P450酶的合成应用提供了一条新的简便途径。本文系统地介绍了几类过氧化氢驱动的P450酶催化体系,包括脂肪酸羟化酶P450SPα和P450BSβ、脂肪酸脱羧酶P450OleTJE、人工改造的羟化酶P450BM3和P450cam突变体、以及基于底物误识别策略的P450-H2O2体系。通过分析催化反应机制,本文探讨了P450-H2O2催化体系在目前存在的挑战和可能的解决途径,并对其进一步应用前景进行了展望。     

家蚕细胞色素P450基因CYP6AE21的克隆、表达分析及亚细胞定位

信号失活是嗅觉动态过程的一个重要步骤, 这一过程涉及多样的气味降解酶类。本研究利用RT-PCR方法从家蚕Bombyx mori雄蛾的触角中克隆了一个细胞色素P450基因CYP6AE21。该基因含有一个1 572 bp的开放阅读框（open reading frame, ORF）, 编码523个氨基酸, 预测分子量为60.5 kD, 等电点为8.4, 含有细胞色素P450的特征序列血红素结合位点区域。CYP6AE21和CYP6AE2基因一样在相同位置含有1个内含子序列, 且相应的2个外显子大小相同。两者的核苷酸序列相似性达到94.5%, 且在基因组上以头尾相连的方式成簇排列, 中间由约7.6 kb核苷酸序列隔开。CYP6AE21在幼虫的头部和脂肪体, 以及雄蛾和雌蛾的触角中表达量较高; 在幼虫的其他组织和蛾的多个组织中也有一定的表达。P450酶系的重要组分之一--NADPH细胞色素P450还原酶（cytochrome P450 reductase, CPR）基因也在雌蛾和雄蛾触角中高水平表达, 而在其他组织中表达量相对较低。亚细胞定位分析表明CYP6AE21表达产物定位于细胞质中。推测CYP6AE21和CYP6AE2是由其中一个基因加倍复制形成的; 此P450的功能之一可能是参与内化进细胞的气味分子的降解清除。     

苹果树腐烂病菌细胞色素P450基因Vmcyp5的功能

【目的】研究表明,细胞色素P450(CYP)在死体营养型真菌的毒素合成代谢中发挥重要作用,预测可能与病原菌致病相关。论文对苹果树腐烂病菌(Valsa mali)毒素合成基因簇中的1个上调表达的CYP基因Vmcyp5进行生物学功能研究,明确CYP基因对病原菌致病力影响,为细胞色素P450基因家族对苹果树腐烂病菌致病机理的进一步研究提供依据。【方法】通过Double-joint PCR和PEG介导的原生质体转化技术获得具有G418抗性的突变体,并对突变体进行PCR检测及Southern blotting验证得到单拷贝敲除突变体。将目的基因片段重新导入敲除突变体,筛选获得互补突变体。最终对野生型菌株及敲除突变体、互补突变体进行菌落、产孢及致病力观察,利用SPSS软件对数据进行差异显著性分析,并利用q RT-PCR技术分析突变体黑色素基因簇的表达水平。【结果】通过基因敲除技术获得1个Vmcyp5基因的敲除突变体。与野生型菌株相比,Vmcyp5基因的敲除突变体菌落呈白色,产孢量减少51.3%。q RT-PCR分析发现敲除突变体黑色素基因簇基因表达量降低。重要的是,敲除突变体致病力较野生型菌株降低24.5%。互补突变体菌落颜色、产孢及致病力近似恢复至野生型菌株水平。【结论】Vmcyp5基因与病原菌黑色素合成、子实体的产生和致病力相关。     

Designing a whole-cell biotransformation system in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis> using cytochrome P450 from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Streptomyces peucetius</Emphasis>

A biotransformation system was designed to co-express CYP107P3 (CSP4), cytochrome P450, from Streptomyces peuceticus, along with CamA (putidaredoxin reductase) and CamB (putidaredoxin) from Pseudomonas putida, the necessary reducing equivalents, in a class I type electron-transfer system in E. coli BL21 (DE3). This was carried out using two plasmids with different selection markers and compatible origins of replication. The study results showed that this biotransformation system was able to mediate the O-dealkylation of 7-ethoxycumarin.     

Hydroxylation of long chain fatty acids by CYP147F1, a new cytochrome P450 subfamily protein from Streptomyces peucetius

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 147F1 from Streptomyces peucetius is a new CYP subfamily of that has been identified as ω-fatty acid hydroxylase. We describe the identification of CYP147F1 as a fatty acid hydroxylase by screening for the substrate using a substrate binding assay. Screening of substrates resulted in the identification of fatty acid groups of compounds as potential hits for CYP147F1 substrates. Fatty acids from C_10:0 to C_18:0 all showed type I shift spectra indicating their potential as substrates. Among several fatty acids tested, lauric acid, myrsitic acid, and palmitic acid were used to characterize CYP147F1. CYP147F1 activity was reconstituted using putidaredoxin reductase and putidaredoxin from Pseudomonas putida as surrogate electron transfer partners. Kinetic parameters, including the dissociation constant, K_m, NADH consumption assay, production formation rate, and coupling efficiency for CYP147F1 were also determined.     

Eicosapentaenoic acid metabolism by cytochrome P450 enzymes of the CYP2C subfamily

CYP2C enzymes epoxidize arachidonic acid (AA) to metabolites involved in the regulation of vascular and renal function. We tested the hypothesis that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, may serve as an alternative substrate. Human CYP2C8 and CYP2C9, as well as rat CYP2C11 and CYP2C23, were co-expressed with NADPH-CYP reductase in a baculovirus/insect cell system. The recombinant enzymes showed high EPA and AA epoxygenase activities and the catalytic efficiencies were almost equal comparing the two substrates. The 17,18-double bond was the preferred site of EPA epoxidation by CYPs 2C8, 2C11, and 2C23. 17(R),18(S)-Epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid was produced with an optical purity of about 70% by CYPs 2C9, 2C11, and 2C23 whereas CYP2C8 showed the opposite enantioselectivity. These results demonstrate that EPA is an efficient substrate of CYP2C enzymes and suggest that n-3 PUFA-rich diets may shift the CYP2C-dependent generation of physiologically active eicosanoids from AA- to EPA-derived metabolites.     

薇甘菊颈盲蝽细胞色素P450 PmCYP4基因克隆及表达分析

【目的】薇甘菊颈盲蝽是入侵植物薇甘菊的天敌昆虫。CYP4家族基因在专食性昆虫与宿主植物的相互作用中发挥着极其重要的作用,探明其在不同部位的表达情况,可为薇甘菊生物控制提供科学依据。【方法】采用RACE技术克隆薇甘菊颈盲蝽CYP基因,实时荧光定量PCR检测其在不同部位的表达情况。【结果】PmCYP4C1基因全长1713 bp,其中ORF长1500 bp,共编码500个氨基酸,理论分子质量为57.44 ku,无信号肽;与其他昆虫CYP4家族基因的同源性大于40%,与温带臭虫CYP的亲缘关系最近。该基因在雌、雄虫各部位均有表达,且都是足部的表达量明显地高于其他部位;雌、雄虫的表达差异在于雄虫翅膀中的表达量明显地高于触角和残体,但在雌虫中这3个部位的表达量无显著差异,且雄虫翅膀中的表达量显著地高于雌虫,是其2.37倍。【结论】薇甘菊颈盲蝽PmCYP4基因除参与代谢有毒物质外,其主要功能可能是编码与薇甘菊颈盲蝽运动相关的酶。     

A novel cytochrome P450 mono‐oxygenase from Streptomyces platensis resembles activities of human drug metabolizing P450s

Cytochrome P450 mono‐oxygenases (P450) are versatile enzymes which play essential roles in C‐source assimilation, secondary metabolism, and in degradations of endo‐ and exogenous xenobiotics. In humans, several P450 isoforms constitute the largest part of phase I metabolizing enzymes and catalyze oxidation reactions which convert lipophilic xenobiotics, including drugs, to more water soluble species. Recombinant human P450s and microorganisms are applied in the pharmaceutical industry for the synthesis of drug metabolites for pharmacokinetics and toxicity studies. Compared to the membrane‐bound eukaryotic P450s, prokaryotic ones exhibit some advantageous features, such as high stability and generally easier heterologous expression. Here, we describe a novel P450 from Streptomyces platensis DSM 40041 classified as CYP107L that efficiently converts several commercial drugs of various size and properties. This P450 was identified by screening of actinobacterial strains for amodiaquine and ritonavir metabolizing activities, followed by genome sequencing and expression of the annotated S. platensis P450s in Escherichia coli. Performance of CYP107L in biotransformations of amodiaquine, ritonavir, amitriptyline, and thioridazine resembles activities of the main human metabolizing P450s, namely CYPs 3A4, 2C8, 2C19, and 2D6. For application in the pharmaceutical industry, an E. coli whole‐cell biocatalyst expressing CYP107L was developed and evaluated for preparative amodiaquine metabolite production.     

The interaction of microsomal cytochrome P450 2B4 with its redox partners, cytochrome P450 reductase and cytochrome b(5)

Cytochrome P450 2B4 is a microsomal protein with a multi-step reaction cycle similar to that observed in the majority of other cytochromes P450. The cytochrome P450 2B4-substrate complex is reduced from the ferric to the ferrous form by cytochrome P450 reductase. After binding oxygen, the oxyferrous protein accepts a second electron which is provided by either cytochrome P450 reductase or cytochrome b₅. In both instances, product formation occurs. When the second electron is donated by cytochrome b₅, catalysis (product formation) is ∼10- to 100-fold faster than in the presence of cytochrome P450 reductase. This allows less time for side product formation (hydrogen peroxide and superoxide) and improves by ∼15% the coupling of NADPH consumption to product formation. Cytochrome b₅ has also been shown to compete with cytochrome P450 reductase for a binding site on the proximal surface of cytochrome P450 2B4. These two different effects of cytochrome b₅ on cytochrome P450 2B4 reactivity can explain how cytochrome b₅ is able to stimulate, inhibit, or have no effect on cytochrome P450 2B4 activity. At low molar ratios (<1) of cytochrome b₅ to cytochrome P450 reductase, the more rapid catalysis results in enhanced substrate metabolism. In contrast, at high molar ratios (>1) of cytochrome b₅ to cytochrome P450 reductase, cytochrome b₅ inhibits activity by binding to the proximal surface of cytochrome P450 and preventing the reductase from reducing ferric cytochrome P450 to the ferrous protein, thereby aborting the catalytic reaction cycle. When the stimulatory and inhibitory effects of cytochrome b₅ are equal, it will appear to have no effect on the enzymatic activity. It is hypothesized that cytochrome b₅ stimulates catalysis by causing a conformational change in the active site, which allows the active oxidizing oxyferryl species of cytochrome P450 to be formed more rapidly than in the presence of reductase.