一株稻纵卷叶螟颗粒体病毒的系统发育分析和流行病学调查

稻纵卷叶螟颗粒体病毒（Cnaphalocrocis medinalis granulovirus,CnmeGV）于1979年首次从我国水稻主要害虫稻纵卷叶螟（Cnaphalocrocis medinalis,Guenée）幼虫中分离,能够在宿主种群内传播,具备发展为生物杀虫制剂的潜力。本研究利用从田间采集的稻纵卷叶螟幼虫,在实验室成功增殖了CnmeGV。编码杆状病毒RNA聚合酶两个亚基的基因lef-8、lef-9和包涵体基因granulin在杆状病毒系统演化过程中非常保守。利用PCR扩增得到CnmeGV的上述三基因,并将其核苷酸序列融合。通过该融合序列与GenBank中相应病毒序列的系统发育分析,发现CnmeGV是未被GenBank收录的病毒。流行病学初步调查结果表明,仅在采集自广东省江门市恩平县的稻纵卷叶螟体内发现了CnmeGV,而其他采集地点,包括广州市岑村、惠州市万芦村、惠州市新岗村和湖北省潜江市均未发现。江门市恩平县是CnmeGV的首次发现地,时隔三十多年,仍然存在因感染CnmeGV而死亡的稻纵卷叶螟幼虫,表明该病毒具有田间控制目标害虫的持效性能。     

稻显纹纵卷叶螟的形态特征及其与稻纵卷叶螟的比较

【目的】水稻纵卷叶螟是我国大部分水稻种植区中的一类重要害虫,主要包括稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis和稻显纹纵卷叶螟C.exigua。由于稻显纹纵卷叶螟的研究报道很少,加上形态特征和危害习性相似,稻纵卷叶螟和稻显纹纵卷叶螟常被混淆鉴定。本研究旨在明确快速准确地鉴定稻纵卷叶螟和稻显纹纵卷叶螟的形态特征。【方法】描述了稻显纹纵卷叶螟幼虫、蛹和成虫,以及稻纵卷叶螟幼虫的外部形态特征,解剖了稻显纹纵卷叶螟雌雄成虫的生殖系统,比较了稻显纹纵卷叶螟和稻纵卷叶螟幼虫和成虫的形态差异。【结果】稻显纹纵卷叶螟幼虫淡黄色,前胸、中后胸和腹部分别有骨片2,12和5个,分成1,3和2排;蛹末端有指状突起,其上着生8根毛;成虫前翅淡黄色,条带褐色,前缘横带宽,外缘纵带呈C形,内线和外线平行,中线达翅后缘;雄性睾丸金黄色,射精管和附腺长,贮精囊和输精管短,抱器瓣骨化弱,表面密被长毛,阳茎囊有两根骨刺;雌性卵巢短,侧、中输卵管长度相似,交配囊长。幼虫胸部的骨片颜色和中后胸骨片的排列方式,成虫翅颜色、条带的形状和长度及内线和外线的排列,抱器瓣的骨化程度和结构以及阳茎囊上的骨化物等可分别作为稻纵卷叶螟和稻显纹纵卷叶螟幼虫和成虫准确鉴别的依据。【结论】本研究结果保证了稻纵卷叶螟和稻显纹纵卷叶螟的准确鉴定,为稻纵卷叶螟的精准测报奠定了基础。     

利用小麦苗饲养稻纵卷叶螟的方法

【目的】目前,虽然已有利用玉米苗饲养稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis的成功方法,但仍然存在着玉米苗冬天不易种植、饲养成本较高的问题,因此,本文研究了一种在室内以小麦苗替代玉米苗连续继代饲养稻纵卷叶螟的方法,从而使室内饲养该虫变得更简便和经济。【方法】将稻纵卷叶螟初孵幼虫接至小麦苗上饲养,采用生命表方法测定稻纵卷叶螟第1代及第4~6代的生物学特征,同时将小麦苗和玉米苗饲养的稻纵卷叶螟分别回接至水稻苗上,分别建立其在水稻苗上的生命表。【结果】稻纵卷叶螟可以在室内用小麦苗进行连续继代饲养。稻纵卷叶螟在小麦苗上连续饲养6代后,除蛹重轻于玉米苗上饲养的外,其它生物学特征,如存活率、历期、性比、产卵量、卵孵化率等都与玉米苗上饲养的无显著差异。与玉米苗上饲养的稻纵卷叶螟相同,小麦苗上饲养了6代的稻纵卷叶螟仍能很好地在水稻上生长发育、存活和繁殖。【结论】利用小麦苗饲养的稻纵卷叶螟的生物学特征与玉米苗饲养的相似,可以利用小麦苗进行稻纵卷叶螟的室内保种与大量饲养。     

基于机器视觉和深度学习的稻纵卷叶螟性诱智能监测系统

【目的】为减轻基层测报人员工作量,提高稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis性诱测报的准确率和实时性,实现监测数据可追溯,建立了基于机器视觉的稻纵卷叶螟性诱智能监测系统。【方法】稻纵卷叶螟性诱智能监测系统包括基于机器视觉的智能性诱捕器、基于深度学习的稻纵卷叶螟检测模型、系统Web前端和服务器端。利用工业相机、光源和Android平板搭建了智能性诱捕器的机器视觉系统;建立了基于改进的YOLOv3和DBTNet-101双层网络的稻纵卷叶螟检测模型;利用HTML, CSS, JavaScript和Vue搭建系统Web前端展示稻纵卷叶螟检测与计数结果;使用Django框架搭建服务器端,对来自智能性诱捕器通过4G网络上传的图像进行接收与结果反馈;采用MySQL数据库保存图像和模型检测结果等信息。【结果】基于机器视觉的稻纵卷叶螟性诱智能监测系统利用智能性诱捕器自动定期上传稻纵卷叶螟图像至服务器,部署在服务器上的目标检测模型对稻纵卷叶螟成虫进行实时自动检测,精确率和召回率分别达97.6%和98.6%;用户可通过Web前端查看稻纵卷叶螟检测结果图。【结论】基于机器视觉的稻纵卷叶螟性...     

稻纵卷叶螟海藻糖酶基因的克隆、分子特性和表达分析

【目的】海藻糖酶(trehalase,Tre)是昆虫体内海藻糖代谢的一个关键酶,包括可溶型(Tre1)和膜结合型(Tre2)两种类型,在昆虫发育和能量调节中具有重要作用。本研究旨在克隆稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis海藻糖酶基因(Cm Tre),解析其在稻纵卷叶螟不同发育阶段和不同组织中的表达模式,分析该基因及酶蛋白的分子特征。【方法】通过稻纵卷叶螟转录组数据结合RACE技术,克隆稻纵卷叶螟Cm Tre的全长c DNA序列,并对该基因进行生物信息学分析;采用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-q PCR)解析Cm Tre在稻纵卷叶螟不同发育阶段及成虫不同组织部位的m RNA表达模式。【结果】获得两种类型的稻纵卷叶螟Cm Tre基因,即可溶型海藻糖酶基因Cm Tre1和膜结合型海藻糖酶基因Cm Tre2。Cm Tre1的全长c DNA长度为2 364 bp,开放阅读框长1 704 bp,编码567个氨基酸;Cm Tre2的全长c DNA长度为2 079 bp,开放阅读框长1 923 bp,编码640个氨基酸。生物信息学分析表明,Cm Tre前端有一个信号肽,Cm Tre1无跨膜结构,Cm Tre2有一个跨膜结构。同源性和聚类分析表明,Cm Tre1和Cm Tre2的氨基酸序列与竹蠹螟Omphisa fuscidentalis海藻糖酶Tre1和Tre2氨基酸序列的一致性最高,分别为74%和79%。同源建模预测结果显示,Cm Tre1的三维分子结构包含19个α螺旋和2个β折叠片;Cm Tre2的三维分子结构含有23个α螺旋,没有β折叠片。RT-q PCR结果显示,Cm Tre在稻纵卷叶螟整个发育历期都有表达,在成虫期表达水平最高,在整个幼虫期都有相对稳定的表达;Cm Tre1在蛹期表达水平最低,Cm Tre2在5龄幼虫时期表达水平最低。Cm Tre在所检测的成虫组织(中肠、体壁、马氏管、头、卵巢、脂肪体、肌肉和精巢)中均有表达;Cm Tre1在中肠和体壁中的表达水平较高,Cm Tre2在肌肉和中肠中的表达水平较高。【结论】本研究克隆了稻纵卷叶螟两种类型的海藻糖酶基因,分析了其基因特征和表达模式。研究结果为阐明海藻糖酶基因的功能进而以海藻糖酶基因为靶标防治害虫奠定了基础。     

不同饲料对稻纵卷叶螟取食代谢及消化酶活性影响

【目的】研究稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocismedialis对水稻、玉米和人工饲料的取食代谢效应以及取食后幼虫生长发育、物质积累和中肠消化酶活性变化。【方法】在实验室条件下以水稻叶片、玉米叶片及人工饲料饲养稻纵卷叶螟,观察生长发育状况,取特定龄期幼虫测定消化代谢、营养物质积累及中肠消化酶活性。【结果】取食水稻的稻纵卷叶螟蛹重最高、历期最短,与玉米和人工饲料差异显著,取食人工饲料幼虫历期最长。取食不同饲料后单雌产卵量、产卵历期以及成虫寿命之间无显著差异;取食水稻的食物转化率显著高于玉米和人工饲料,取食人工饲料近似消化率最高;取食水稻和玉米的幼虫体内脂肪积累量显著高于人工饲料,取食人工饲料幼虫体内蛋白质和可溶性糖含量明显增加,显著高于水稻和玉米。人工饲料的幼虫体内总蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶三种消化酶活性显著高于水稻和玉米。【结论】不同饲料饲养对稻纵卷叶螟生长发育及营养物质累积均有影响,而稻纵卷叶螟幼虫可能通过调节取食量及消化酶活性的方式保证对食料中营养物质摄取。     

一种重要的虫生真菌——串珠镰刀菌

近年来,在水稻主要病原微生物资源调查中,发现有许多种类的害虫被串珠镰刀菌(Fusarium moniliforme)所寄生,包括三化螟(Tryporyza incertulas)幼虫及蛹,二化螟(Chilo suppressalis)幼虫及蛹,大螟(Sesamia inferens)幼虫及蛹,粘虫(Leucania separata)蛹,稻苞虫(Parnara guttata)蛹,稻纵卷叶螟(Cnaphalocrocis medinais)幼虫及蛹,褐稻虱(Nilaparvata lugens)若虫及成虫,白背飞虱(Sogatella furcifera)若虫及成虫,花稻虱     

水稻和玉米苗上饲养的稻纵卷叶螟对温度的反应

比较了水稻和玉米苗上饲养的稻纵卷叶螟在不同温度下的存活、生长发育与繁殖情况。结果表明,在24℃和27℃下,稻纵卷叶螟在玉米苗上的发育速率要比在水稻上的慢1—3 d;33℃不会抑制水稻上饲养幼虫的生长发育,但玉米苗上饲养的幼虫在30℃时就受到了抑制,且在33℃下不能发育到成虫。水稻上饲养时,稻纵卷叶螟各阶段的存活率在27—33℃间无显著差异,且36℃时死亡率很高,只有部分幼虫可发育到预蛹阶段;但是玉米苗上饲养时,稻纵卷叶螟在33℃下的存活率显著低于21—30℃,36℃下幼虫不能发育到2龄。水稻和玉米苗上饲养的稻纵卷叶螟的产卵量均表现为在24℃和27℃条件下最高;在30℃和33℃条件下,水稻上饲养出的成虫能产少量卵,而玉米苗上饲养出的成虫却不能产卵。水稻和玉米苗上饲养的稻纵卷叶螟卵的孵化率均在27℃下最高,且两寄主间无显著差异;玉米苗上饲养所得的卵在33℃和36℃下均不能孵化,而水稻上的则少量能孵化。水稻上饲养的稻纵卷叶螟相对要比玉米苗上饲养的耐高温。在24—27℃下用玉米苗饲养的稻纵卷叶螟除历期有所延长外,其它生物学特性与用水稻饲养的无显著差异。     

利用玉米苗饲养稻纵卷叶螟的方法

稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Guenée)的饲养一直是个难题,目前还没有很好的人工饲料可供利用。本文研究了一种利用玉米苗进行室内大量饲养稻纵卷叶螟的方法。试验证实,该方法可达到连续多代次饲养稻纵卷叶螟的目的。与水稻苗饲养法相比,玉米苗法不仅具有食料种植简单、周期短的优点,而且稻纵卷叶螟的化蛹率、羽化率、卵孵化率和每雌产卵量均高于或相当于水稻苗法,可以利用玉米苗进行室内大批量饲养稻纵卷叶螟。本文还研究出了一套有效的稻纵卷叶螟成虫交配与产卵的装置。     

稻纵卷叶螟氨肽酶N基因的克隆及时空表达分析

【目的】昆虫中肠氨肽酶N(Aminopeptidase N,APN)是Bt杀虫蛋白的重要受体之一,与Bt蛋白的杀虫机制及昆虫对Bt蛋白的抗性密切相关。为阐明稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Guenee)APN基因的功能及明确Bt蛋白对稻纵卷叶螟的毒力机制,本研究系统开展了稻纵卷叶螟中肠APN基因的克隆及时空表达分析。【方法】通过简并引物PCR结合RACE技术克隆并获得4条稻纵卷叶螟APN基因的cDNA序列全长,采用实时定量PCR技术研究了APN基因在稻纵卷叶螟不同虫态及幼虫不同组织中的时空表达情况。【结果】经NCBI同源比对分析,认为这4个基因分属于。4PN基因家族的不同类别,分别将其命名为CmAPN1(GenBank登录号:HQ853294)、CmAPN2(GenBank登录号:HQ853295)、CmAPN3(GenBank登录号:KJ143755)、CmAPN4(GenBank登录号:HQ853296)。序列分析表明,CmAPN1-4 cDNA序列全长分别为:3 698、3 478、3 150和3 149 bp,开放阅读框分别为:3 045、2 877、3 045和2 862 bp,分别编码965、958、1 014和952个氨基酸。其推导的氨基酸序列具有鳞翅目昆虫氨肽酶N的典型结构特征,即含有糖基化位点、N-末端信号肽序列、谷氨酸锌化氨肽酶保守结构GAMEN、锌结合位点HEX_2HX_(18)E、C-末端糖基磷脂酰肌醇(GPI)锚信号肽。实时定量研究表明,CmAPNs在幼虫中的表达量显著高于卵、蛹和成虫;在幼虫中,CmAPN7的表达水平明显低于CmAPN22-4,且其在不同龄期中的表达差异显著;CmAPN2-4的表达量随幼虫龄期的增加而增加;CmAPNs在幼虫肠道组织中的表达量显著高于其它组织器官,且CmAPN1和CmAPN2分别在中肠和后肠中呈现高水平表达,CmAPN3在前、中肠内均高水平表达;但CmAPN4在各个组织器官中的表达均保持较低水平。【结论】CmAPNs基因在稻纵卷叶螟的不同虫态和不同组织中呈现了差异显著的时空表达,采用RNA干扰方法进行CmAPNs基因功能研究时,要选择适宜的虫态和虫龄进行干扰。     

Release of secondary sporidia ofNeovossia indica from inoculated wheat spikes

Wheat-spikes inoculated withN. indica at the boot-leaf stage produced secondary sporidia when later incubated (intact/detached) under moist conditions in the laboratory. Sporidia were also released from inoculated spikes in the field where sporidial release exhibited diurnal periodicity. More sporidia were trapped between 5–6 o'clock than during the later parts of the day but no sporidia were trapped between 14–18 o'clock. However, they could be trapped at any time of the day from the detached spikes incubated under moist conditions in the laboratory. Sporidia trapped in different experiments were invariably of the allantoid type and they proved viable and infective. Maximum sporidia developed on the outer glumes of florets, and this observation was supported by scanning electron microcope studies. Sporidia developed at 15 and 20°C but not at 30°C. These findings indicated that repeated cycles of sporidial production in spikes provided more inoculum than expected from soil-borne teliospores ofN. indica.     

多年生植物欧夏至草集合繁殖体特性

欧夏至草(Marrubium vulgare)为唇形科多年生植物,其扩散单元主要由集合繁殖体和种子组成,该研究以单萼筒集合繁殖体为研究材料,比较其和种子在形态特征、扩散行为及萌发特性上的差异,探讨附属物的生态功能及对可变环境的适应对策。结果表明:(1)欧夏至草集合繁殖体是具萼筒的种子,其质量远大于种子;附属物能保护种子免受机械损伤或逃避捕食者。(2)在自然生境中,欧夏至草集合繁殖体易借风力扩散到较大范围,室内扩散实验表明,静止空气中集合繁殖体比种子降落所需的时间更长、扩散能力更强;集合繁殖体是种子延迟扩散的一种适应策略,其附属物的存在与否直接导致了种子扩散能力与扩散距离的差异,支持"Alternate假说"。(3)欧夏至草集合繁殖体和种子在活力、萌发率及萌发速率方面均不存在显著差异,而吸水率远大于种子,附属物的存在是影响种子承载更多水分并更长期保留水分的重要原因;集合繁殖体内种子的萌发属随机萌发,不具有位置效应,在当季只萌发部分种子,符合间歇性萌发特性,能有效避免种群覆灭。研究表明,多年生植物其扩散单元的形态特征和萌发行为对于种群的生存重要性相对低,母株可以长期占据原有生境,保持种群个体数量,附属物的作用主要用于种群扩散。     

外来入侵植物黄顶菊在我国的地理分布格局及其时空动态

【目的】黄顶菊是20世纪90年代入侵我国的恶性外来杂草,近年来呈快速扩散蔓延趋势。全面解析黄顶菊在我国的扩散动态对制定早期监测预警等管理措施具有重要意义。【方法】通过查阅文献和标本记录及实地调查等途径重建了黄顶菊在我国扩散的历史过程,分析了其地理分布格局及其主要扩散路线,以及最早入侵地与传入途径。【结果】黄顶菊最早入侵河北省南部的邯郸、衡水,其后主要沿公路扩散蔓延,71%的分布点在距入侵地国道等主要公路2 km的范围内。目前,该杂草已从最初的入侵地向北扩散到天津市,向东扩散到山东省东营市,向西扩散到了山西省黎城市,向南扩散到了河南省开封市。黄顶菊向4个方向扩散的直线距离不等(100～350 km),这种差异与自然屏障和扩散通道相关。太行山脉是黄顶菊向西扩散的地理屏障,但这个屏障已逐渐被突破。至今,黄顶菊已入侵华北地区5个省市(河北、山东、天津、河南和山西)的100余个县。【结论】黄顶菊在我国仍处于快速扩散阶段,未来应该会继续沿公路向南和向西蔓延。因此,亟需在扩散的前沿地带开展监测预警工作,以抑制其在我国的进一步扩散。     

Vegetation changes and development of agriculture at „Kerfontaine“ (Sérent,Massif Armoricain,France)

As part of a new research programme, studies of peat bogs in Brittany are being carried out to trace the changes that have occurred in the course of time, and to determine the different regional stages related to the human activities of land clearance and agriculture. In this context, a palynological study of the Kerfontaine peat bog was undertaken to consider changes in local and regional vegetation dating from after about 7800 B.P. Local vegetation history from Neolithic times until the Middle Ages involved a succession of twelve pollen zones clearly related to variations in water level resulting from natural or anthropogenic influences. The dominant vegetation was alder carr, bog-myrtle mire and birch woods. Heath vegetation, which appeared at the end of the Iron Age, developed during the Gallo-Roman period, finally invading the entire bog in the Middle Ages. Regional vegetation history was characterised, among other things, by the presence of beech woods which developed after 3000 B.P. and then declined during the Middle Ages in conjunction with an increase of cultivation between the 8th and 11th centuries A.D., an indication of great activity during the Carolingian period. Human activity reached its peak around 1800 A.D. at the time of the first pine plantations.     

Invasion Pattern of Herb Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) in High Quality Forests

The invasion of non-indigenous plant species poses a severe threat to native plant communities. Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) is a naturalized European biennial herb that has spread rapidly through the eastern US and adjacent Canada. To determine garlic mustard rate of spread, eleven permanent plots (50×25 m) were located in seven high quality (relatively undisturbed) forests in the early stages of invasion. Garlic mustard presence was recorded within six 50×2 m permanent belt transects, and density and percent cover by age class were recorded in 36 permanent 1 m² quadrats, between 1989 and 1992, and again in 1997. Garlic mustard spread at an average rate of 5.4 m per year between 1989 and 1992, in all plots combined. Within individual plots rate of spread varied substantially, with location of the front increasing up to 36 m and decreasing as much as 18 m between years. While the front alternately advanced and retreated, over time garlic mustard consistently advanced through all forests. Rate of spread was influenced by establishment of satellite populations, and disturbance (wind-throw and flooding). The pattern of spread within plots was one of a ragged advancing front, supplemented by establishment of satellite populations 6–40 m distant from the front, which then coalesced with the main population. Garlic mustard presence between 1989 and 1997 increased significantly within all plots, and in each age class within each plot. The greatest increases occurred in plots where this plant was initially rarest. Garlic mustard cover and density varied nonsignificantly during the same time period. These results indicate that after garlic mustard invades a forest it becomes a permanent part of the community, annually increasing in presence but fluctuating in cover and density. Garlic mustard maintains a low profile under low disturbance conditions, but increases rapidly with periodic disturbance. This study monitored garlic mustard invasion in high quality relatively undisturbed forests, and may underestimate the rate of spread in low quality highly disturbed forests.     

蝶形花植物猪屎豆自花传粉机制研究

猪屎豆( Crotalaria pallida)为典型的蝶形花植物,分布极广,是路边或遭破坏生境中最常见的先锋种之一,野外观察未发现其有营养生殖的现象,主要为种子繁殖。该研究通过对自然生境中猪屎豆开花物候、访花昆虫及繁育系统的研究,旨在从繁殖的角度阐述其快速扩张的能力。结果表明：尽管猪屎豆的主要访花昆虫是蜜蜂,但蜜蜂的访花频率极低[(1.73±1.30)次/花序·h-1],且在整个花期内花药和柱头均被龙骨瓣包裹,蜜蜂访花时未成功接触柱头和花粉,不能实现传粉,因此蜜蜂不是猪屎豆有效的传粉昆虫,这与假说“蝶形花普遍是对膜翅目昆虫,尤其是对蜜蜂传粉的适应”不一致。人工授粉结果显示,猪屎豆为自交亲和种,不存在无融合生殖现象,其繁殖主要通过主动自交生产种子来实现,且在自交过程中长短花药都参与主动自交。这种自交方式不同于其他蝶形花植物的主动自交仅由短花药实现。对猪屎豆而言,长短花药均参与自交能够增加柱头的授粉几率,保证其在不利的生境中成功结籽,是其成功扩张的关键因素之一。     

The spread of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Abies</Emphasis> throughout Europe since the last glacial period: combined macrofossil and pollen data

In this paper we reconstruct the location of the last glacial refugia and postglacial spread of Abies throughout Europe based on combined pollen and macrofossil data. More than 208 pollen sequences available in the European Pollen Database (EPD) and 38 macrofossil sites are used to produce distribution maps encompassing a time span between 38000 and 5500 years B.P. The investigation excludes more recent periods, because these could be strongly influenced by human impact. The pollen data presented here confirm long-lasting refugial areas such as southern Italy and Greece already described in previous studies. The combined pollen/macrofossil dataset identifies the Pyrenees as a further important refugium. In addition the pollen data indicate potential refugia in south-east France and north-west Italy. Possible migration tracks of Abies are discussed by comparing the palaeobotanical evidence with isozyme studies on gene markers of recent fir populations.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00334-004-0049-4.     

The uniqueness of wave solutions for the deterministic non-reducible n-type epidemic

In a recent paper, [8], we investigated the existence of wave solutions for a model of the deterministic non-reducible n-type epidemic. In this paper we first prove two properties left as an open question in that paper. The uniqueness of the wave solutions at all speeds for which a wave solution exists is then established. Only an exceptional case is not covered.     

Spatial Characteristics of the Invasion of Acer platanoides on a Temperate Forested Island

We examined the spatial pattern of an introduced population of Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) on a temperate forested island in order to quantify the influence of landscape context on invasion pattern. The spatial location of every Norway maple tree and sapling (≥0.5 m tall) that had invaded the island forest (n = 4496) was mapped using a global positioning system. The influence of landscape context was examined with the aid of a geographic information system and indices of spatial association. We found that the coniferous forest type was the most heavily invaded (71.9% of all Norway maple stems) when compared to either the hardwood or mixed conifer–hardwood forest types (5.4% and 19.3%, respectively). Across all forest types (excluding urban trees), the population was highly aggregated around roads and other Norway maple trees. For example, 90% of the population was within 40.8 m of a road with an average distance from road of 21.02 ± 0.40 m. This association around roads was significantly greater than would be predicted by chance alone (P < 0.001). Similarly, nearest neighbor distances averaged 4.5 ± 0.2 m with 90% of individuals within 8.3 m of another Norway maple. Measures of spatial association indicated that the invasion was significantly aggregated at both the stand and island scale. Nevertheless, a comparatively small but potentially influential set of individuals were observed at relatively long distances from the main invasion front. Ramifications of these disjunct establishments and other observed patterns are discussed in the context of current spread pattern theory, invasive species monitoring, and control efforts.     

海南典型有害植物的入侵扩散机理研究进展

有害植物成灾会对农林业生态系统、经济和环境造成巨大影响。本文对海南典型入侵植物薇甘菊、假臭草及土著灾变植物金钟藤的成灾扩散机理研究做一综述,以期为海南有害植物的研究和管理提供依据。自然及人为干扰造成的薇甘菊匍匐茎克隆片段有较高的再生能力,其再生能力和生长与储存在节间和叶子中的资源呈正相关。假臭草随土壤养分条件的改善比本地种获利更多,说明农田施肥等干扰因素可能促进假臭草相对于本地种的种群优势。金钟藤已扩散至海南五指山有旅游活动的自然林;调查和移栽试验发现,其可能是先在受干扰严重的林缘和旅游小径边定植,之后通过匍匐和攀爬生长扩散至附近的自然林。这些结果强调了人类活动、高养分条件及物种自身性状等在有害植物成灾中的作用。未来仍需系统、深入地研究有害植物成灾扩散的机理及其控制对策,为减弱有害植物的扩散和危害提供参考,并为海南国际旅游岛的建设提供安全保证。