Gm2052基因在小鼠胚胎发育中表达的初步研究

目的:研究预测的编码蛋白基因Gm2052在小鼠胚胎发育阶段的表达模式,为进一步了解该基因的功能奠定基础。方法:通过全胚胎原位杂交技术、组织切片原位杂交技术及半定量RT-PCR方法,对预测的Gm2052基因在小鼠胚胎发育中后期及在新生小鼠中的表达情况进行初步分析。结果:全胚胎原位杂交显示,在E10.5小鼠胚胎中,Gm2052仅在脑中表达;当小鼠胚胎发育至E13.5时,Gm2052在脑、舌、肺、肝脏、胰腺等组织中均有表达。半定量RT-PCR结果显示,在小鼠胚胎中后期(E15.5和E18.5)及新生小鼠(出生后第9 d)中,Gm2052呈动态表达模式。结论:预测基因Gm2052与小鼠脑的发育密切相关,并可能参与小鼠肺、肝脏及胰腺等主要脏器胚期的发育。     

雷帕霉素靶在小鼠受精卵早期发育中的作用研究

哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶(mTOR)是细胞生长的中心调控因子,应用RT-PCR、免疫印迹、放射性同位素体外测定酶活性等方法,研究mTOR在小鼠受精卵第一次有丝分裂过程中在卵中的表达、活性变化以及对卵裂的影响.研究发现mTOR在小鼠卵母细胞和受精卵中都有表达,在mRNA水平,mTOR从G2期开始降解,在蛋白水平,则各期没有明显变化;mTOR的激酶活性在受精后明显升高,并且在整个1-细胞期保持较高活性;mTOR的特异性抑制剂雷帕霉素能抑制卵裂,并且能抑制成熟促进因子MPF的调节亚基cyclin B的表达,从而抑制了MPF的活性.结果表明mTOR可能通过促进MPF的激活而促进小鼠受精卵的分裂.     

Analysis of Allele-Specific Expression in Mouse Liver by RNA-Seq: A Comparison With Cis-eQTL Identified Using Genetic Linkage

We report an analysis of allele-specific expression (ASE) and parent-of-origin expression in adult mouse liver using next generation sequencing (RNA-Seq) of reciprocal crosses of heterozygous F₁ mice from the parental strains C57BL/6J and DBA/2J. We found a 60% overlap between genes exhibiting ASE and putative cis-acting expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTL) identified in an intercross between the same strains. We discuss the various biological and technical factors that contribute to the differences. We also identify genes exhibiting parental imprinting and complex expression patterns. Our study demonstrates the importance of biological replicates to limit the number of false positives with RNA-Seq data.     

Ypel3基因在小鼠胚胎发育中的表达与调控

目的:探讨小鼠胚胎发育过程中Ypel3基因的时空特异性表达与调控,为后续功能研究奠定基础。方法:选取胎龄(E)10.5、12.5、14.5、16.5和18.5 d的小鼠胚胎,利用荧光定量RT-PCR技术研究Ypel3基因mRNA的时序性动态表达谱;采用原位杂交技术观察Ypel3基因mRNA在胚胎发育E11.5和E15.5的空间表达谱;应用定量RT-PCR技术检测表观遗传学修饰对Ypel3基因mRNA表达丰度的影响。结果:定量RT-PCR表明该基因从胚胎发育的早中期开始表达,到出生前表达量呈逐渐升高趋势;原位杂交显示E11.5信号出现在脑和心脏中,E15.5信号在脑、舌、心、肺、胸腺、肝、肾等主要脏器中均有表达;甲基化转移酶抑制剂5-氮胞苷(5-Aza)处理的Neuro-2a(N2a)细胞中,Ypel3的表达水平未产生显著变化,而去乙酰化酶抑制剂4-苯丁酸(4-PBA)处理后该基因表达显著升高,5-Aza和4-PBA联合处理后表达水平进一步升高。结论:Ypel3基因在小鼠胚胎发育各阶段有广泛的表达,提示其具有重要作用,且该基因的表达可能受到组蛋白乙酰化的调控。     

小鼠早期胚胎发育过程中细胞凋亡及凋亡基因表达的检测

小鼠早期胚胎发育过程中凋亡现象大量存在,细胞凋亡与凋亡基因表达有关。应用彗星电泳法检测小鼠早期胚胎凋亡情况;应用巢式RT-PCR、免疫组化的方法检测了Bcl-2家族成员(Bax、Bcl-2、Bak、Bcl-xl)的表达变化情况。结果显示:随着胚胎细胞数目的增加,凋亡比率逐渐增大;Bax表达量在整个过程中基本不变,Bcl-2表达量逐渐上调,Bak、Bcl-xl的表达量逐渐降低。对小鼠早期胚胎发育过程中的基因表达研究对于揭示早期胚胎发育的机制有重大的意义。     

肺癌相关基因甲基化谱研究进展

近年来,细胞基因组的表观遗传学(epigenetics)改变在肿瘤发生发展中的作用日益受到国内外学者的关注。基因启动子区域CpG岛的甲基化导致的基因表达的失活是表观遗传学改变的重要方式之一。大量的研究表明,肺癌中存在多种抑癌基因或促凋亡基因启动子甲基化,并证实这些基因的甲基化与肺癌的发生、发展相关。这些研究为原发性肺癌的早期诊断和疾病监测找到了新的分子标志物。现对与肺癌发生相关基因甲基化的研究现状作一综述。     

高浓度葡萄糖对昆明小鼠早期胚胎发育的影响

建立昆明小鼠受孕模型,分离并体外培养胚胎细胞.检测了各培养浓度下的细胞增殖、分化与凋亡.胚胎细胞在0.2mmol/L和5.56mmol/L葡萄糖浓度的KSOM培养基中能正常发育和孵化;而在浓度为15.56mmol/L和25.56mmol/L葡萄糖培养基中胚胎发育和孵化均受到损害(P<0.005),且总细胞数和内细胞团细胞数也明显减少(P<0.01),但其细胞凋亡率与0.2mmol/L和5.56mmol/L葡萄糖浓度下胚胎细胞凋亡率无显著性差异(P>0.05).随着葡萄糖浓度的增高,胚泡总的表面积无明显变化,但胚胎细胞密度呈增加趋势.高血糖对早期胚胎的发育具有毒性作用,提示高糖可能导致妊娠合并糖尿病患者的流产和胎儿畸形率升高.     

3110009F21Rik基因在小鼠胚胎发育中的表达研究

目的:探讨小鼠胚胎发育过程中3110009F21Rik基因的时空特异性表达模式,为后续功能研究奠定基础。方法:对E15.5小鼠胚胎脑组织进行印记分析,检测基因的印记表达状态;应用全胚胎和组织原位杂交技术检测3110009F21Rik基因在E9.5~E15.5小鼠胚胎中的特异性时空表达模式。结果:印记分析显示3110009F21Rik基因在E15.5脑组织中为父母本等位基因双表达;原位杂交结果显示3110009F21Rik基因在E9.5~E15.5脑组织中持续表达,在E9.5~E11.5主要脏器中未检测到,但自E12.5开始在主要脏器中持续表达,随着发育进程进行,目的基因在胚胎骨骼中的相对表达水平逐步升高,至E15.5阶段大部分骨骼中都检测到目的基因表达。结论:3110009F21Rik基因在脑组织中的持续表达和表达模式的动态变化提示其可能参与胚胎发育过程中大脑神经网络的构建,其在软骨原基和软骨中的相对表达逐渐增强表明其可能参与了小鼠胚胎过程中骨的发育和形成及软骨分化。     

巢式甲基化特异性PCR检测不同类型组织标本中WIF-1基因启动子异常甲基化

目的:采用一种高灵敏度的DNA甲基化分析方法,即巢式甲基化特异性PCR法(nested-MSP,nMSP),检测外科手术切除新鲜组织、石蜡包埋组织及纤维支气管镜活检组织中WIF-1基因启动子的异常甲基化状态。方法:将基因组DNA变性成为单链,用亚硫酸氢盐修饰单链DNA,所有未甲基化的胞嘧啶被转变为尿嘧啶,而甲基化的胞嘧啶则不变。设计针对甲基化和非甲基化等位基因的特异引物,进行巢式PCR扩增,最后经凝胶电泳检测目的片段。结果:在3种类型的原发性非小细胞肺癌标本中都检测出了WIF-1基因启动子的异常甲基化。结论:巢式甲基化特异性PCR是一种灵敏度高、特异性强的甲基化检测方法,可广泛应用于不同类型标本基因启动子甲基化的分析。     

mED2-一个小鼠胚胎发育的新基因

克隆参与胚胎发育的新基因并研究其表达规律和功能是揭示胚胎发育的基因调控机理的重要途径。囊胚形成和原肠形成是哺乳动物胚胎发育过程中的两个关键阶段。囊胚阶段发生了胚胎的第一次分化,是细胞多能性和分化的一个转折点。此时涉及的基因活动,既有维持胚胎干细胞全能性或多能性的基因活动,又有按照预定发育模式参与胚胎定向分化的基因活动。原肠期是胚胎发育过程中的第二个关键转折点,涉及到3个胚层的形成和细胞命运决定等多种变化。在这个时期胚胎获得了胎儿原基的所有信息,新组织的产生和细胞迁移的再生组织与形态发生、细胞增殖、细胞分化、模式形成等存在着非常复杂而相互协调的关联。大多数细胞正由原来的多潜能逐渐向寡潜能发展,控制组织器官形态建成的基因正逐渐开启。这两个时期的基因表达图式、特征和种类会有很大的差异和变化,因此研究这两个时期的新基因的表达规律和功能,将是了解胚胎发育的基因调控机理的重要途径。文章以这两个时期胚胎为原始材料,利用减法杂交方法克隆到一新的小鼠胚胎基因mED2,对其进行了表达规律和生物学功能的初步分析。RT-PCR-Southern和原位杂交实验表明,mED2基因转录水平具有发育阶段的依赖性;随着发育过程的进行,其表达主要在胚神经系统和中胚层衍生的组织表达。mED2基因活性的knockdown对于合子的卵裂和植入前早期胚胎发育均有抑制作用。亚细胞定位实验表明,mED2基因编码的蛋白基本定位于细胞核膜及其临近的内膜细胞器（粗糙内质网和高尔基体）。根据生物信息学分析,mED2蛋白可能为一跨膜蛋白且与含有硫氧还蛋白结构域的蛋白有部分匹配。由此推测mED2基因参与了小鼠植入前早期胚胎发育,其基因产物可能通过蛋白之间的相互作用,即对蛋白进行后期修饰、折叠及行使分子伴侣等作用来活化或抑制其靶蛋白的活性,进而参与小鼠的早期胚胎发育。     

FHIT基因在宫颈癌细胞中的表达及其甲基化调控

目的：分析FHIT基因在宫颈癌细胞中表达情况以及甲基化的调控情况。方法：对RJC-1、SiHa、CS1213以及C4-1细胞进行培养,提取这些细胞的DNA并经过亚硫酸氢盐修饰,进行PCR反应和产物的检测。分析FHIT基因在宫颈癌细胞中表达情况以及甲基化的调控情况。结果：RJC-1、CS1213细胞仅有甲基化引物扩增出了目的条带,为完全甲基化状态。其他细胞则是甲基特异性引物与非甲基特异性引物共同扩增出73bp的目的条带,其状态为甲基化杂合性。通过5-aza-CdR处理细胞后,通过实时定量PCR检测FHIT mRNA的表达,显示处理后各种细胞中的FHIT mRNA的表达升高。结论：FHIT基因的甲基化是其表达下调的重要机制之一,是临床研究宫颈癌细胞的重要方向之一。     

组蛋白精氨酸甲基化与斑马鱼早期发育

发育是由基因的特定时空表达模式来调控的,其表观遗传机制已越来越受到关注。组蛋白精氨酸甲基化是一种重要的翻译后修饰,由蛋白质精氨酸甲基化酶催化产生,对染色体的结构与功能具有重要调控作用。不同位点的精氨酸甲基化与其相邻位点的翻译后修饰具有复杂的对话机制,并可招募或阻碍相关效应分子的结合,进而导致转录激活或抑制。斑马鱼作为一种重要的发育生物学研究模式动物,已为蛋白质精氨酸甲基化酶在早期发育过程中的生理功能的研究提供了大量资料。该文对组蛋白精氨酸甲基化的产生、对话调控机制及其对斑马鱼早期发育调控功能的研究进行综述。     

microRNA转基因小鼠在心脏发育研究中的应用

microRNA（miRNA）参与调控胚胎心脏的发育,在心脏形态发生、心肌细胞生长及分化过程中发挥着极其重要的作用。通过转基因技术可以实现特异miRNA在心肌组织的过表达与敲除,据此建立的心肌特异性miRNA转基因小鼠模型可以在整体水平揭示miRNA心脏方面的功能。近年,以miRNA为研究对象的心肌特异性转基因小鼠模型数量不断增加。     

Bisulfite Genomic Sequencing-Derived Methylation Profile of theXistGene throughout Early Mouse Development

Differential epigenetic modification by methylation of CpG dinucleotides is a candidate mechanism that may identify the alleles of imprinted genes and result in monoallelic expression of either the maternal or the paternal allele. Determination of the allelic methylation status of imprinted genes in the gametes and during early development is constrained by the limiting quantities of genomic DNA available from these early developmental stages. To circumvent this problem we have used bisulfite genomic sequencing to determine the allelic methylation status of the minimal promoter and a 1-kb region within theXistgene during preimplantation development. We find that the parentalXistalleles are not differentially methylated in these regions. Our findings are discussed in the context of previous conflicting data obtained using methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme digestion followed by PCR amplification to assay for methylation.     

印记基因Dlk1在小鼠胚胎发育中的表达分析

目的:研究印记基因Dlk1在小鼠胚胎发育过程中的动态表达模式,以揭示Dlk1与胚胎发育的关系。方法:通过半定量PCR和定量PCR分析Dlk1在小鼠胚胎发育E8.5～E19.5的基因表达模式,并选取Dlk1表达量最高的时期进行胚胎切片原位杂交和组织定量PCR分析。结果:在小鼠胚胎发育E8.5～E15.5时,Dlk1的表达逐渐升高,在E15.5时表达量达到最高;E15.5～E19.5时,Dlk1表达有所下降,但仍然维持较高水平。E15.5切片原位杂交显示,垂体、肺脏、软骨、舌和背侧肌肉组织中Dlk1表达较高,组织定量PCR实验进一步证实了原文杂交的结果。结论:Dlk1在小鼠胚胎发育中后期持续表达,并呈现一定的组织特异性,对胚胎发育可能起重要的调节作用。     

Epigenetic Modulation of Intestinal Cholesterol Transporter Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) Gene Expression by DNA Methylation

Intestinal NPC1L1 transporter is essential for cholesterol absorption and the maintenance of cholesterol homeostasis in the body. NPC1L1 is differentially expressed along the gastrointestinal tract with very low levels in the colon as compared with the small intestine. This study was undertaken to examine whether DNA methylation was responsible for segment-specific expression of NPC1L1. Treatment of mice with 5-azacytidine (i.p.) resulted in a significant dose-dependent increase in NPC1L1 mRNA expression in the colon. The lack of expression of NPC1L1 in the normal colon was associated with high levels of methylation in the area flanking the 3-kb fragment upstream of the initiation site of the mouse NPC1L1 gene in mouse colon as analyzed by EpiTYPER® MassARRAY®. The high level of methylation in the colon was observed in specific CpG dinucleotides and was significantly decreased in response to 5-azacytidine. Similar to mouse NPC1L1, 5-azacytidine treatment also increased the level of human NPC1L1 mRNA expression in the intestinal HuTu-80 cell line in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Silencing the expression of DNA methyltransferase DNMT1, -2, -3A, and -3B alone by siRNA did not affect NPC1L1 expression in HuTu-80 cells. However, the simultaneous attenuation of DNMT1 and -3B expression caused a significant increase in NPC1L1 mRNA expression as compared with control. Also, in vitro methylation of the human NPC1L1 promoter significantly decreased NPC1L1 promoter activity in human intestinal Caco2 cells. In conclusion, our data demonstrated for the first time that DNA methylation in the promoter region of the NPC1L1 gene appears to be a major mechanism underlying differential expression of NPC1L1 along the length of the gastrointestinal tract.     

Dynamics of DNA Methylation during Early Development of the Preimplantation Bovine Embryo

There is species divergence in control of DNA methylation during preimplantation development. The exact pattern of methylation in the bovine embryo has not been established nor has its regulation by gender or maternal signals that regulate development such as colony stimulating factor 2 (CSF2). Using immunofluorescent labeling with anti-5-methylcytosine and embryos produced with X-chromosome sorted sperm, it was demonstrated that methylation decreased from the 2-cell stage to the 6–8 cell stage and then increased thereafter up to the blastocyst stage. In a second experiment, embryos of specific genders were produced by fertilization with X- or Y-sorted sperm. The developmental pattern was similar to the first experiment, but there was stage × gender interaction. Methylation was greater for females at the 8-cell stage but greater for males at the blastocyst stage. Treatment with CSF2 had no effect on labeling for DNA methylation in blastocysts. Methylation was lower for inner cell mass cells (i.e., cells that did not label with anti-CDX2) than for trophectoderm (CDX2-positive). The possible role for DNMT3B in developmental changes in methylation was evaluated by determining gene expression and degree of methylation. Steady-state mRNA for DNMT3B decreased from the 2-cell stage to a nadir for D 5 embryos >16 cells and then increased at the blastocyst stage. High resolution melting analysis was used to assess methylation of a CpG rich region in an intronic region of DNMT3B. Methylation percent decreased between the 6–8 cell and the blastocyst stage but there was no difference in methylation between ICM and TE. Results indicate that DNA methylation undergoes dynamic changes during the preimplantation period in a manner that is dependent upon gender and cell lineage. Developmental changes in expression of DNMT3B are indicative of a possible role in changes in methylation. Moreover, DNMT3B itself appears to be under epigenetic control by methylation.