中华稻蝗不同地理种群杂交子代的滞育率

为弄清中华稻蝗Oxya chinensis Thunberg卵滞育的遗传特征,调查中华稻蝗济宁、泗洪及株洲3个地理种群卵滞育的地理变异及亲本对杂交子代滞育的影响。结果表明:南方的株洲种群仅部分卵进入滞育,滞育率较低,而纬度较高的济宁、泗洪种群的卵滞育率达100%。说明不同地理种群的中华稻蝗卵滞育率存在着地理变异。将完全滞育的济宁、泗洪种群与滞育率较低的株洲种群的雌雄成虫进行正反杂交,济宁与株洲种群、泗洪与株洲种群的子代均有部分卵为非滞育卵,与株洲种群的滞育特征相似。但不管是以株洲种群为父本,还是为母本,杂交子代的滞育率均显著高于株洲种群,而与完全滞育的济宁、泗洪种群更为接近,说明中华稻蝗卵滞育的发生受雌雄基因的共同作用,但滞育程度与滞育率高的亲本的关联性更大。     

中华稻蝗的胚胎发育及卵滞育发生的胚胎发育阶段

为弄清中华稻蝗Oxya chinensis(Thunberg)卵滞育发生的胚胎发育阶段,观察了其胚胎发育过程,检测了中华稻蝗铁岭、济南、长沙及儋州种群产卵后卵粒含水量的变化规律和胚胎发育的停滞时期.根据胚胎形态,自原头与原颚胸折叠的胚胎发育阶段开始,将中华稻蝗的胚胎发育过程划分为11个阶段.在25℃的温度条件下,4个地...     

棉铃虫发育历期的地理变异

为探明棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera Hübner不同地理种群发育历期及其地理变异,通过对棉铃虫不同地理种群在不同温度和光周期下幼虫和蛹发育历期的研究,本论文系统比较了来自中国的4个地理种群,广东广州(23.08°N,113.14°E)、江西永修(29.04°N,115.82°E)、山东泰安(36.15°N,116.59°E)、辽宁喀佐(41.34°N,120.27°E)在20℃、22℃、25℃和28℃恒温下的幼虫、非滞育蛹和滞育蛹发育历期及其与栖息地纬度的关系。结果表明,棉铃虫幼虫发育历期随栖息地纬度的升高而缩短,在25℃下,与地理纬度存在明显的负相关关系,其它温度下呈不显著的负相关关系,雌雄幼虫发育历期相似,差异不显著;在20℃下,蛹历期(包括滞育蛹和非滞育蛹)与栖息地纬度呈显著负相关,其它温度下的蛹历期与栖息地纬度呈正相关,雄蛹历期均要略长于雌蛹历期,但差异不显著。棉铃虫幼虫和蛹发育历期随着纬度的变化呈现一种渐变的趋势,存在地理变异;北方种群的幼虫发育历期较南方种群的短;适温(22℃-28℃)范围内,北方种群的非滞育蛹发育历期比南方种群的更长些;不同地理种群间滞育蛹的历期亦存在较大的差别。这些结果进一步揭示了即使在同一种类昆虫中,不同实验条件,其各个虫态发育历期的地理变异也可能不同。     

中华稻蝗长沙种群的生活史及其卵滞育的进化意义

中华稻蝗Oxya chinensis为重要的水稻害虫,在我国除青海、西藏、新疆、内蒙古等未见报道外,南起海南北至东北均有分布,在许多的分布区域1年发生1代。为探索中华稻蝗长沙种群的生活史及其季节适应特征,通过野外和实验室的研究,调查了其发生代数、孵化率和卵滞育率的季节变化及越冬卵的存活率。结果显示,中华稻蝗长沙种群为1年2代和1年1代混合发生:第1代卵产卵后大部分孵化为若虫而1年完成2代,但亦有19.4% -4.1%的卵不孵化而1年只能完成1世代。第1代成虫于6月上旬至8月上旬羽化,6月下旬至8月中旬产卵;第2代若虫于7月初开始孵化,9-10月羽化为成虫,10月上旬至11月下旬产卵。在室外自然条件下,中华稻蝗长沙种群6-8月(第1代)和10-11月(第2代)所产卵块均为部分滞育,滞育率为30%左右,皆无显著差异。然而,其卵滞育率在12月以后显著降低,仅为6.6%或以下,卵滞育快速地得以解除。因此,包括非滞育卵和滞育解除卵,中华稻蝗长沙种群的越冬卵皆以非滞育状态度过其后的寒冷季节。即使是遭遇长江流域2007年末至 2008年初异常寒冷的冬季,在长沙地区越冬后其卵的存活率亦在98%以上。非滞育状态的中华稻蝗长沙种群越冬卵完全能安全地越冬,其滞育的发生并非是为了提高其耐寒性而安全度过不适环境。并探讨了中华稻蝗长沙种群卵滞育的进化意义。     

光周期对飞蝗三个地理种群胚胎滞育和生殖的影响(英文)

本文研究了光周期对飞蝗三个地理种群胚胎滞育和生殖的影响。结果表明飞蝗不同地理种群胚胎滞有特性存在显著差异。新疆和硕飞蝗种群无论在长光照还是短光照下均产滞育卵,属于专性滞育;天津北大港和新疆哈密飞蝗种群的胚胎滞育随光周期的不同而变化,长光照和短光照下分别产非滞有卵和滞育卵,属于不同类型的兼性滞育。在纬度等条件差别不大的情况下,海拔高度对滞有特性的影响可能起主导作用。长光照延长哈密和北大港飞蝗种群的产卵前期、降低其产卵频率及产卵量;但对和硕飞蝗种群的这些特性无明显影响。和硕飞蝗种群胚胎打破滞育所需的低温处理时间较哈密和北大港飞蝗种群所需时间长。     

棉铃虫发育起点温度和有效积温的地理变异

为探明棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera不同地理种群发育起点温度和有效积温及其地理变异,推测该虫在不同地区可能发生的代数、为预测其发育发生期的差异提供依据,从而更有效地进行该虫的综合治理。以采集自中国的4个地理种群(广东广州(23.08°N,113.14°E)、江西永修(29.04°N,115.82°E)、山东泰安(36.15°N,116.59°E)、辽宁喀佐(41.34°N,120.27°E)的幼虫在室内饲养繁育1代后为试材,采用在获得其在20℃、22℃、25℃和28℃恒温、L16∶D8的光周期条件下饲养的发育历期的基础上,比较研究这4个地理种群的幼虫、非滞育蛹和滞育蛹的发育起点温度和有效积温及其与栖息地纬度的关系。结果表明:在实验室人工饲料饲养的条件下,棉铃虫幼虫、非滞育蛹和滞育蛹发育起点温度分别为10.18℃-12.19℃、10.60℃-13.50℃、15.56℃-17.96℃,有效积温分别为254.91-300.89日度、126.21-204.43日度、181.03-363.39日度,滞育蛹的发育起点温度比非滞育蛹高3.39℃-5.50℃,其有效积温比非滞育蛹高35.56-165.89日度。这些说明棉铃虫发育起点温度和有效积温均存在明显地理变异,随栖息地纬度的升高,幼虫、非滞育蛹和滞育蛹的发育起点温度呈现逐渐下降趋势,幼虫的发育起点温度与栖息地纬度呈显著负相关关系(P0.05),其余呈不显著负相关(P0.05),而有效积温则相反,呈现上升趋势,滞育蛹有效积温与栖息地纬度升高呈显著正相关(P0.05),其余呈不显著正相关(P0.05)。     

中国亚洲玉米螟发育历期的地理变异

广布种昆虫可调节其生活史以适应栖息地的条件变化,如可以通过调节自身的生长发育和繁殖期,使其发生与栖息地的物候(如食料、气温和降雨等)同步,这对昆虫在栖息地的繁衍具有十分重要的意义。亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis为玉米主要害虫,在中国从南到北都有分布,栖息地气候也不同,不同地理种群生活史发生了分化,如化性、临界光周期、滞育后羽化时间、体重和体型、繁殖力和抗寒力等均不同。然而该虫发育历期的地理变异尚未见系统报道。为此,详细比较了来自5个亚洲玉米螟不同地理种群即广西阳朔(YS)、江西南昌(NC)、山东泰安(TA)、河北廊坊(LF)和黑龙江哈尔滨(HEB)在20—31℃下卵、幼虫、蛹发育历期及其与栖息地纬度的关系。结果表明:不同温度下的不同地理种群的卵期不存在显著差异,在20、22和25℃下,卵期从南到北稍有延长,卵期与其栖息地纬度呈正相关;但在28℃下,不同地理种群的卵期基本相等,与纬度相关性不显著。在31℃下,不同地理种群的幼虫期不存在显著差异,而在其他温度下,不同地理种群的幼虫期存在显著差异;在22、25和28℃下,幼虫期与其栖息地纬度呈正相关,而在20和31℃下,幼虫期与其栖息地纬度呈负相关,在20、22和25℃下,最北的哈尔滨种群的幼虫期变幅不大,而其他4个种群的幼虫期随着温度的升高明显缩短。各地理种群20℃下的雌蛹、28℃下的雄蛹和31℃下的雌雄蛹期差异均不显著,其他雌或雄蛹期差异显著;各温度下的雌雄蛹期与其栖息地纬度存在正相关关系。这些研究结果揭示了广布种昆虫可以调节其自身发育历期以适应栖息地环境条件。     

中华稻蝗不同地理种群遗传多样性的AFLP分析

为研究中华稻蝗种群遗传多样性和遗传结构, 文章对我国7省市的7个中华稻蝗种群进行AFLP分析。选取7对引物扩增128个个体, 共产生336条带, 多态性条带292条, 占86.90%。结果表明: 中华稻蝗种群具有较高的遗传多样性水平, 其中海南万宁种群的遗传多样性高于其他各种群。Mantel检验(r=0.27, P=0.89)表明中华稻蝗各种群遗传距离与地理距离间没有显著相关性。种群间具有明显的遗传分化现象。UPGMA(Unweighted pair group method average)聚类分析显示, 7个中华稻蝗种群按地理距离分为3支: 北方北京昌平、山西太原和山东济宁为一支; 南方陕西汉中、湖南长沙和广西来宾为一支; 海南万宁单独为一支。上述结果以及PCA(Principal component analysis)分析均表明由于地理隔离中华稻蝗种群显示出明显的南北分化和岛屿大陆种群遗传分化现象。     

不同地理种群短额负蝗对环境温度的适应性

【目的】本研究旨在探明短额负蝗Atractomorpha sinensis不同地理种群对环境温度响应的适应性差异。【方法】以大豆叶片为食物饲养,在恒温16, 20, 24, 28和32℃, 相对湿度70%,光周期16L∶8D条件下,系统观测陕西延安、河南郑州、四川成都、云南曲靖和广东广州5个短额负蝗地理种群的生长发育过程,比较不同地理种群各虫态的发育历期、发育速率及发育起点温度和有效积温的差异性,分析种群生物学指标与栖息地环境温度的相关性。【结果】不同种群短额负蝗发育速率均随着温度升高而加快,但在16℃下成都和广州种群不能完成世代发育。随着不同种群栖息地纬度和海拔升高,其     

光周期和温度对亚洲玉米螟滞育诱导的影响

亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)属兼性滞育昆虫, 其滞育特性与种群利用适生境的最大化和季节性活动密切相关。解析季节性因素如光周期和温度对其滞育的诱导作用可为预测种群发生动态提供科学依据。本实验在HPS 500型和HPG-320H型自动控制环境气候箱中, 测定了RH 80%下温度20℃, 27℃和30℃与11个光周期组合对吉林农安（NA）、 河北衡水（HS）、 广东惠州（HZ）和海南海口（HK）等4个地理种群的滞育诱导作用。结果表明： 光周期、 温度及其交互作用均对亚洲玉米螟滞育诱导具有重要影响, 其中光周期在滞育诱导中起主导作用。在20℃条件下, 其光周期反应曲线属典型的长日照反应型, 临界光周期随种群分布的地理纬度降低而缩短, 4个地理种群NA, HS, HZ和HK的临界日昼长依次为14 h 3 min, 13 h 59 min, 13 h 32 min和13 h 7 min, 最有效的滞育诱导光周期是日昼长12 h。另一方面, 随种群分布纬度升高, 其对光周期诱导滞育的敏感性降低。温度为27℃时, 其光周期反应曲线为短日照 长日照反应型, 各种群有两个临界光周期, 临界日昼长依次为12 h 50 min和13 h 32 min, 11 h 35 min和13 h 8 min, 12 h 58 min和13 h 1 min, 以及11 h 50 min和12 h 26 min, 且最有效的滞育诱导光周期范围的滞育率明显低于20℃。一定温度范围内（20℃～27℃）, 随温度升高, 临界光周期缩短; 温度达到30℃时则滞育显著被抑制, 滞育率仅为4.3%或更低。这些结果说明温度对亚洲玉米螟滞育的光周期诱导具有很强的补偿作用。因此, 在自然界亚洲玉米螟的滞育属具有温度补偿作用的长日照反应型昆虫, 临界光周期随地理纬度北移而增长; 种群滞育的短日照 长日照反应型特性可能是产生局部世代种群的重要内因。     

Geographic variation in embryonic diapause,cold‐hardiness and life cycles in the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in China

To investigate geographic adaptation of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria in China, locusts were collected from six localities, ranging from 47.4°N to 19.2°N. Using offspring from the various populations, we compared embryonic diapause, reproductive traits, cold‐hardiness and adult body size. The incidence of embryonic diapause was influenced by the genetic makeup, parental photoperiod, and incubation temperature of the eggs. The northern strain (47.4°N) produced diapause eggs under all photoperiodic conditions, whereas the other strains produced a higher proportion of diapause eggs when exposed to a short photoperiod. The incubation temperature greatly influenced diapause induction. At a low temperature, all eggs entered diapause, even some of those from a tropical strain (19.2°N) in which no diapause was induced at high temperatures. Photoperiodic changes during the parental generation affected the incidence of embryonic diapause. Diapause intensity decreased with decreasing original latitude. Cold hardiness was compared by exposing eggs in diapause to either ?10 or ?20°C for various periods; the northern strain was more cold‐hardy than the southern strain, although some eggs in the tropical strain were probably not in a state of diapause. Adult body size and head width showed a complicated pattern of variation along the latitudinal gradient, whereas egg pod size (egg pod width and egg number) and hatchling weight tended to decrease with decreasing latitude. These results reveal that L. migratoria has adapted to local environments and that the latitudinal gradient appears to play an important role in shaping L. migratoria life cycle and development.     

Reversible change in embryonic diapause intensity by mild temperature in the Chinese rice grasshopper, Oxya chinensis

The effects of temperature on maintenance and termination of embryonic diapause were investigated in Jining (35.4°N, 116.6°E) and Sihong (33.5°N, 118.2°E) strains of the Chinese rice grasshopper, Oxya chinensis Thunberg (Orthoptera: Catantopidae). Eggs of both strains entered diapause when incubated at 30, 25, or 20 °C. Chilling at 8 °C had an evident effect on diapause termination and almost all eggs chilled for 60 days ended diapause development. Chilling of eggs at 8 °C for only 20 days failed to result in any hatching at 20 °C, suggesting that such level of chilling was not enough to induce diapause termination. However, the treatment combining incubation of eggs at 30 °C for varying lengths of time with subsequent incubation to 20 °C had a distinct effect on the completion of diapause of the eggs. The results indicate that there were two temperature optima, that is, low temperature (chilling) and high temperature, for diapause development in this grasshopper species. Incubation of chilled eggs at 20 °C for 5–15 days followed by further incubation at 25 °C reduced termination of diapause significantly compared with the eggs only chilled at 8 °C. Exposure of eggs chilled at 8 °C to a pulse of 25 °C from 1 to 7 days, separated by a 20-day interval at 8 °C, resulted in a decrease in the percentage of successfully hatched eggs as the length of the pulse of 25 °C increased. The results suggest that diapause intensity may be restored at moderately high temperatures. This reversible change in diapause intensity would play an important role in maintaining diapause before winter.     

Bergmann's rule in the ant lion Myrmeleon immaculatus DeGeer (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae): geographic variation in body size and heterozygosity

Aim Geographic variation in body size and heterozygosity were surveyed for discrete populations of the ant lion, Myrmeleon immaculatus DeGeer, collected from the central and northeastern United States. Location Collection sites were located in the central and eastern United States ranging from western Oklahoma to northern New York. Methods We collected 872 M. immaculatus larvae from thirty-four collecting sites. At each site, we randomly sampled ant lion pits and collected between fifteen and fifty-two larvae in total. Larvae were preserved in 95% ETOH for morphological analysis and frozen in a ?80°C freezer for protein electrophoresis. We measured the body size of eighty-five preserved adult M. immaculatus obtained from museum collections using head width as an indicator of body size. Five enzymes [GPI (glucose phosphate isomerase), MDH (malate dehydrogenase), PEP (peptidase), DIA (diaphorase) and SOD (superoxide dismutase)] were used in the heterozygosity analyses. Results Larval and adult body size increased with latitude, but decreased with elevation. Average heterozygosity, measured at five polymorphic loci, also increased significantly with latitude. Minimum temperature variance was the best predictor of body size, whereas precipitation and maximum temperature were the best predictors of heterozygosity. Populations were genetically differentiated from one another and showed a pattern of isolation by distance, as measured by Wright's F_st values and Nei's genetic distances. Main conclusions Sampling artifacts, heat conservation, character displacement, cell-size variation, density-dependent mortality, and differential dispersal probably cannot account for latitudinal variation in ant lion body size. Our results implicate the importance of diurnal photoperiod, which varies with latitude, but not with elevation. Because photoperiod often controls growth, diapause, and metamorphosis, it may be an important determinant of latitudinal clines in body size and life history of insects.     

Geographic variation in diapause induction and termination of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Overwintering diapause in Helicoverpa armigera, a multivoltine species, is controlled by response to photoperiod and temperature. Photoperiodic responses from 5 different geographical populations showed that the variation in critical photoperiod for diapause induction was positively related to the latitudinal origin of the populations at 20, 22 and 25 °C. Diapause response to photoperiod and temperature was quite different between northern and southern populations, being highly sensitive to photoperiod in northern populations and temperature dependence in southern populations. Diapause pupae from southern population showed a significantly shorter diapause duration than from northern-most populations when they were cultured at 20, 22, 25, 28 and 31 °C; by contrast, overwintering pupae from southern populations emerged significantly later than from northern populations when they were maintained in natural conditions, showing a clinal latitudinal variation in diapause termination. Diapause-inducing temperature had a significant effect on diapause duration, but with a significant difference between southern and northern populations. The higher rearing temperature of 22 °C evoked a more intense diapause than did 20 °C in northern populations; but a less intense diapause in southern population. Cold exposure (chilling) is not necessary to break the pupal diapause. The higher the temperature, the quicker the diapause terminated. Response of diapause termination to chilling showed that northern populations were more sensitive to chilling than southern population.     

Life‐history traits related to diapause in univoltine and bivoltine populations of Ypthima multistriata (Lepidoptera: Satyridae) inhabiting similar latitudes

In most temperate insects, diapause strategies and voltinism generally exhibit latitudinal clines, supporting the concept that they represent adaptations to climate. In contrast, in the satyrine butterfly Ypthima multistriata Butler, local populations with different voltinism patterns are geographically intermingled, suggesting that life‐history traits related to diapause may differ even between geographically and phylogenetically close populations. In this study, we experimentally examined the critical photoperiod for diapause induction and the larval developmental period in two univoltine and two bivoltine populations of Y. multistriata, all of which inhabit virtually the same latitude (34.652–34.750°N). We found that the critical photoperiod for diapause induction was longer in the univoltine populations than in the bivoltine populations. Moreover, the larval period under the long day length treatment was different among populations in both sexes, although significant differences were also detected between populations with the same voltinism. These results indicate that in Y. multistriata, life‐history traits related to diapause can not be attributed merely to climatic conditions such as temperature or day length, which depend largely on latitude. Therefore, we suggest that biotic elements, such as leaf toughness, as well as abiotic elements should be taken into account in attempts to explain the enigmatic pattern of geographic variation in the diapause strategies of Y. multistriata.     

针叶小爪螨的滞育研究

本文研究针叶小爪螨Oligonychus ununguis(Jacobi)滞育卯出现的规律,分析了光照、温度、寄主营养等环境因素与滞育的关系和滞育卵解除的条件。结果表明,针叶小爪螨以滞育卵在枝条上越冬,其产出盛期在8月上、中旬。光周期感应螨态为幼螨至第二若螨的连续两个螨态;其临界光照时间为13h/d。在相同条件下,低温(20℃)促进滞育。长日照下,螨口密度大,寄主营养恶化,亦能促进滞育的形成。滞育卵在0℃下放置1 20天,5℃-10℃下放置100天后解除滞育。     

光温条件明显影响棉铃虫的滞育强度

为了探明不同地理种群棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera滞育强度的地理变异, 本研究系统地比较了光温条件（光照时数 11～16 h, 恒温20, 22, 25, 28和31℃及变温）对来自中国的4个地理种群（广东广州、 江西永修、 山东泰安和辽宁喀佐）棉铃虫滞育强度的影响。结果表明： 滞育诱导的光周期对继后棉铃虫的滞育强度有明显影响。在光照时数11～14 h范围内, 各地理种群的滞育持续期均随着光照时数的增加而延长。滞育强度也受到滞育诱导的温周期影响, 当光期温度相同时, 低纬度的GZ种群温周期比恒温有更强的诱导效应; 中纬度的YX种群温周期与恒温具有相同的滞育诱导强度; 高纬度的KZ和TA种群温周期所诱导的滞育强度一般低于恒温。滞育解除过程中的温度也显著影响到滞育的解除, 在20~31℃下, 温度愈高滞育解除愈快; 滞育持续期同时受到滞育诱导温度的影响, 对于北方的泰安种群和喀佐种群, 较高的滞育诱导温度能诱导更强的滞育。     

Geographic variation in critical photoperiod for diapause induction and its temperature dependence in Hyphantria cunea Drury (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)

The fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea Drury (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), was introduced from North America to Japan half a century ago. The critical photoperiod for diapause induction and its temperature dependence, as defined by the difference in the critical photoperiod between 20 and 25°C, were investigated in order to understand the mechanisms behind a shift from bi- to trivoltine life cycles. The critical photoperiod for diapause induction was shorter in the southern trivoltine populations than in the northern bivoltine populations, and this was more marked at 25°C than at 20°C. Although the critical photoperiod showed a positive correlation with the original latitude, the correlation was relatively low at both temperatures. Conversely, temperature dependence of the critical photoperiod for diapause induction correlated negatively with the original latitude. The trivoltine populations showed greater temperature sensitivity than the bivoltine populations. These results suggest that an increase in temperature sensitivity of the diapause response to photoperiods was involved in the shift to a trivoltine life cycle. The crossing experiments suggested that the photoperiodic control of diapause induction and its temperature dependence are under polygenic control without sex-linkage. Received: 29 October 1996 / Accepted: 26 February 1997