狮子山铜尾矿植物对铜的吸收及土壤特性的影响

我国铜矿储藏丰富,铜矿开采带来巨大经济利益的同时,也对生态环境造成极大的破坏,这种恶劣的环境严重阻碍了植物的定居,但是自然界物种繁多,总有一些植物能适应这种环境而生存下来。本文通过对狮子山优势植物吸收和积累铜的分析,发现这些植物均能富集较多的铜,在土壤铜含量很高的情况下,依然生长旺盛,没有出现受害症状,成为尾矿上的优势种,并形成了单优群落或多优小群落。这些植物的存在改变了土壤的理化特性,降低了土壤中的重金属的含量,提高了土壤的全N、全P、全K和有机质含量,一定程度上改善了土壤的不良环境,在尾矿的植被恢复和土壤修复中起着非常重要的作用。     

铜尾矿废弃地土壤动物多样性特征

土壤动物的恢复、群落演替及其多样性对于铜尾矿废弃地的生态重建具有重要意义.为了解铜尾矿废弃地土壤动物群落多样性特征,在铜陵市铜尾矿区设置4个样地23采样点,共捕获土壤动物4622只个体,隶属5门10纲18目29类.结果表明,铜尾矿自然废弃地与其对照组土壤动物多样性差异明显,自然废弃地土壤动物丰富度指数d、大型土壤动物密度、中小型土壤动物密度、多样性指数H'和D·G指数均小于其对照组且存在显著差异.而复垦废弃地中小型土壤动物密度和D·G指数小于其对照组且存在显著差异,多样性指数H'大于其对照组且差异极显著,其他土壤动物群落指标与其对照组均无显著差异.相似系数q表明,外围林地间土壤动物群落相似性最大,其次是复垦废弃地与外围林地间,自然废弃地与其它3个样地间相似性最小.从垂直分层来看,复垦废弃地土壤动物表聚性强于自然废弃地,尾矿废弃地表聚性强于外围林地.灰色关联分析表明,铜尾矿区土壤理化性质与土壤动物群落结构指标关系密切,其中最重要的因素是土壤含水量和总钾含量,重金属全镉含量也不容忽视,植被因素和土壤全铜含量对土壤动物的影响相对较小.由此可见,土壤含水量、土壤基质的优劣、土壤有机质与营养元素的含量等因素限制了铜尾矿废弃地土壤动物的恢复与重建,而这些因素的改善主要归功于尾矿废弃地的土地复垦和作物种植.所以,尾矿废弃地的复垦与利用有利于土壤动物的恢复与重建.     

不同植物群丛下铜尾矿复垦地土壤线虫的分布特征

对铜陵市凤凰山铜尾矿复垦地禾本科(矛叶荩草AL、白茅IC)和豆科(野豌豆GS)等3类典型植物群丛及外围对照禾本科(毛马唐)植物群丛下的土壤线虫群落进行调查.共分离得到1277 条土壤线虫,隶属于51属,平均密度590条·100 g^-1干土.采用多样性指数和土壤食物网结构指数等分析铜尾矿复垦地土壤线虫群落的分布特征.结果表明： 铜尾矿复垦地3类植物群丛下土壤线虫群落的类群总数和Shannon〖KG-*4〗多样性指数明显小于毛马唐对照组.对比铜尾矿复垦地和邻近自然栖息地不同植物群丛下的土壤线虫群落生态指数,发现野豌豆群丛下土壤食物网结构较成熟,土壤有机质分解以细菌分解通道为主;生态系统较不稳定,低度干扰;表明该豆科植物群丛下的土壤食物网具有较大的发展潜力,从而提高铜尾矿复垦地的生态稳定性.白茅与矛叶荩草群丛下土壤食物网处于结构化状态,土壤有机质分解以真菌分解通道为主;生态系统较稳定,无干扰;表明禾本科植物群丛下的土壤食物网处于较低层次的发展状态.     

铜陵狮子山铜尾矿场植被调查与土壤酶活性研究

对安徽铜陵狮子山铜尾矿废弃地进行植被调查,发现当地现今自然定居植物共42种,隶属于13科36属,主要包括禾本科10种,豆科6种,菊科6种,十字花科5种。全部植物中,1～2年生草本植物21种,多年生草本植物20种,形成6种相对稳定的演替群落和单种斑块。尾矿场土壤的5种土壤酶（蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、多。酚氧化酶）活性的高低与植被丰富度和群落分布有一定的对应关系。结合本实验室前期工作,证实某些植物如白茅、狗牙根、白车轴草等已在尾矿场上成功定居且综合优势比较高,可作为铜尾矿治理中优先选用的物种。     

铜尾矿对小麦生长发育和生理功能的影响

通过盆栽实验,分析了铜陵铜尾矿对小麦生长发育和生理功能的影响。结果表明,小麦种子能在铜尾矿上萌发,但发芽率和发芽速率均小于正常土壤中播种的小麦,高比例尾矿抑制小麦的株高,尾矿降低叶绿素含量,但对叶绿素a/b无影响,与对照组相比,尾矿组根系表现为变短变粗,须根数减少,尾矿能增加小麦根和茎叶部分生物量,且能明显提高根冠比,在尾矿胁迫下,小麦叶片的细胞膜透性和游离脯氨酸含量随尾矿比例增加而增大,可作为鉴定植物相对抗性的指标。     

铜陵市狮子山铜尾矿废弃地生态恢复过程中植被演替规律

通过对铜陵市狮子山铜尾矿废弃地植被的实地调查,探讨了该废弃地的植被状况及其植被恢复过程中的植物群落形成与演替的一般规律与特征.结果表明:目前废弃地入侵、定居植物共49种,隶属于15科38属,主要包括菊科(12种)、禾本科(11种)、豆科(8种)等.极端贫瘠和过高的重金属含量(特别是Cu、Cd,平均超出对照土样的20～30倍)是限制植物在废弃地定居的主要因素.全部植物中,一、二年生草本植物26种,多年生草本植物20种.风播种子和果实是废弃地植物繁殖体的主要来源.尾矿废弃地植物群落形成具有先锋植物的入侵、定居、群聚和竞争等过程,共形成了14种相对稳定的小群落,包括单优势种群落、次优势种群落和共优势种群落三种类型.伴随着尾矿废弃地植物群落的形成与演替,群落中物种丰富度增大,多样性指数呈增加趋势,而群落内植物种综合优势比间的差值趋于减小.     

铜官山铜尾矿库植被及土壤酶活性研究

通过野外调查和实验分析,对铜官山铜尾矿库的植被状况和土壤酶活性进行了研究．结果表明,铜宫山铜尾矿库自然定居的高等植物有34种,隶属于16个科33个属,多为1—2年生草本植物,主要隶属于菊科、禾本科和豆科,蔗类植物节节草在尾矿库中也具有较大优势．尾矿库植被形成了节节草+白茅群落、狗牙根+白茅群落及芦苇群落等小群落,但仍以单种植物组成的斑块零散分布为主．对尾矿库土壤酶活性的研究表明,3种土壤酶活性和尾矿库的植被状况具有较强的相关性,且3种酶活性与其相关性表现为脲酶＞蔗糖酶＞过氧化氢酶．建议用脲酶活性作为废弃地复垦的一个指示指标。     

铜陵铜尾矿库植被状况分析

通过野外调查和实验分析 ,铜陵市几个铜尾矿场自然定居的高等植物共有 89种 ,隶属于 30个科 73个属 ,主要包括菊科、禾本科、豆科 ,但蕨类植物节节草在尾矿库中也占据了重要位置。尾矿库植物形成了一些相对稳定的单种斑块和小群落 ,这些小群落组成、结构简单 ,物种多样性水平偏低。狗牙根、白茅、三叶草、天蓝苜蓿、中华胡枝子、节节草等可在铜尾矿库上成功定居 ,并具有较大综合优势比 ,可作为良好的铜尾矿库治理的优先选用物种     

土壤有效态铜参数的探讨

土壤铜污染对环境生态的破坏已引起国内外的广泛重视.在制订土壤铜的环境卫生标准时,常涉及土壤有效态铜的参数问题.一般估计土壤有效态铜的方法是通过盆栽试验程序、检测萃取剂从土壤中萃取的铜与植物铜的相关性,但是其结果却因各个研究的试验条件及土样理化性质的不同而有较大差异.在自然条件下,萃取铜是否能有效地反映作物可食部分的铜含量,仍是一个有争议的问题.近年Mathur等根据土壤基本特性对土壤铜有效性的影响,提出了以土壤总铜与土壤阳离子交换量的比值为土壤铜参数,在反映     

自然演替过程中铜尾矿土壤酶活性的变化

铜陵矿区堆放了大量不同时期的铜尾矿,形成大量铜尾矿废弃地,其中的大部分铜尾矿废弃地处于自然生态恢复状态。并形成典型的原生演替系列。为探讨废弃地自然生态恢复中不同演替阶段植物群落变化与土壤酶活性变化的关系,对铜陵3处不同时期弃置的尾矿废弃地进行了调查。随着自然生态系统演替的进行,尾矿中土壤酶活性逐步提高,维管植物群落下尾矿中土壤酶活性〉隐花植物结皮下尾矿中土壤酶活性〉裸地处土壤酶活性;位于植物群落下的尾矿废弃地中脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶的活性从表层至下层逐渐降低。不同植物群落对尾矿中土壤酶活性影响有很大差异,位于木贼群落下的尾矿中几种土壤酶的活性高于位于白茅群落和中华结缕草群落下的尾矿中酶的活性。相关分析表明,土壤酶活性与有机质、总N表现出显著的正相关。     

Transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants expressing a fungal copper transporter gene show enhanced acquisition of copper

The diets of two-thirds of the world’s population are deficient in one or more essential elements and one of the approaches to enhance the levels of mineral elements in food crops is by developing plants with ability to accumulate them in edible parts. Besides conventional methods, transgenic technology can be used for enhancing metal acquisition in plants. Copper is an essential element, which is often deficient in human diet. With the objective of developing plants with improved copper acquisition, a high-affinity copper transporter gene (tcu-1) was cloned from fungus Neurospora crassa and introduced into a model plant (Nicotiana tabacum). Integration of the transgene was confirmed by Southern blot hybridization. Transgenic tobacco plants (T₀ and T₁) expressing tcu-1, when grown in hydroponic medium spiked with different concentrations of copper, showed higher acquisition of copper (up to 3.1 times) compared with control plants. Transgenic plants grown in soil spiked with copper could also take up more copper compared with wild-type plants. Supplementation of other divalent cations such as Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺ did not alter uptake of Cu by transgenic plants. The present study has shown that expression of a heterologous copper transporter in tobacco could enhance acquisition of copper.     

Metal concentrations and mycorrhizal status of plants colonizing copper mine tailings: potential for revegetation

A field survey of metal concentrations and mycorrhizal status of plants growing on copper mine tailings was conducted in Anhui Province, China. Available phosphorus and organic matter in the tailings were very low. High concentrations of Pb, Zn, As and Cd as well as Cu were observed on some sites. The dominant plants growing on mine tailings belonged to the families Gramineae and Compositae, and the most widely distributed plant species were Imperata cylindrica, Cynodon dactylon and Paspalum distichum. Coreopsis drummondii also grew well on the arid sites but not on wet sites. Very low or zero arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonization was observed in most of the plants, but extensive mycorrhizal colonization was recorded in the roots of C. drummondii and C. dactylon. Metal concentrations in plant tissues indicated that l.cylindrica and P. distichum utilized avoidance mechanisms to survive at high metal concentrations. The investigation suggests that remediation and revegetation of heavy metal contaminated sites might be facilitated by selection of tolerant plant species. Isolation of tolerant AM fungi may also be warranted.     

Metal concentrations and mycorrhizal status of plants colonizing copper mine tailings: potential for revegetation

A field survey of metal concentrations and mycorrhizal status of plants growing on copper mine tailings was conducted in Anhui Province, China. Available phosphorus and organic matter in the tailings were very low. High concentrations of Pb, Zn, As and Cd as well as Cu were observed on some sites. The dominant plants growing on mine tailings belonged to the families Gramineae and Compositae, and the most widely distributed plant species were Imperata cylin-drica, Cynodon dactylon and Paspalum distichum. Coreopsis drummondii also grew well on the arid sites but not on wet sites. Very low or zero arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonization was observed in most of the plants, but extensive mycorrhizal colonization was recorded in the roots of C. drummondii and C. dactylon. Metal concentrations in plant tissues indicated that /. cylindrica and P. distichum utilized avoidance mechanisms to survive at high metal concentrations. The investigation suggests that remediation and revegetation of heavy metal con     

Heavy metal impact on bacterial biomass based on DNA analyses and uptake by wild plants in the abandoned copper mine soils

The metals contamination in surface soils and their accumulation in wild plants from the abandoned Burra and Kapunda copper mines located in South Australia were assessed, and the predominant bacterial diversity in the contaminated surface soils from these two abandoned copper mine sites were evaluated through polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analysis. The results showed the average concentration of Cu in soils was 3821.59 mg/kg while wild plants accumulated up to 173.44 mg/kg. The concentration of Cu in shoots of spear grass (Stipa uitida) and berry saltbush (Afriplex semibaccata) was higher than that of roots. The concentration of total and extractable As, Cd, Cu and Pb in soils slightly correlated with of these elements in the corresponding wild plants. The toxicity of Cu in heavily contaminated soils impacted on the quantities of specific microbial populations and no significant change in the microbial diversity of highly contaminated soils.     

植物铜转运相关蛋白研究进展

环境中过量的铜会损害植物细胞的功能、降低酶的活性并且破坏蛋白质的结构。植物中有一个复杂的金属转运网络,对维持植物体内铜的动态平衡发挥着重要作用。综述了重金属铜对植物的毒害,详细介绍了铜转运相关蛋白及其对铜的转运和调控机制。     

湖北铜绿山古铜矿遗址区木本植物对重金属富集能力的分析

对湖北铜绿山古铜矿遗址区的木本植物种类组成及生长概况进行了调查,并采用原子吸收光谱法测定了木本植物地上部和地下部及其根际土壤中重金属含量;在此基础上,分析了各树种对Cu、Cd和Pb的富集作用,并对木本植物的生态修复意义进行了初步评价。结果表明:在该古铜矿遗址区共有木本植物13科14属14种,其中乔木13种、灌木1种;木本植物的树龄4~25 a、株高3.7~22.6 m、胸径5.3~29.0 cm,长势均较好。木本植物根际土壤中Cu、Cd、Pb、Cr、Mn和Zn的平均含量分别为3 166.73、3.66、137.06、31.32、1 774.43和208.32 mg·kg-1,其中,土壤中Cu、Cd和Pb的含量达到重度污染等级。各树种地上部和地下部的Cu、Cd和Pb的含量差异明显,且均为Cu含量最高、Cd含量最低;各树种的地上部和地下部对Cu、Cd和Pb的富集系数及综合富集系数也均有明显差异,但对Cd的富集系数均最大。法国冬青〔Viburnum odoratissimum var.awabuki(K.Koch)Zabel ex Rumpl.〕、梧桐〔Firmiana platanifolia(Linn.f.)Marsili〕、桂花〔Osmanthus fragrans(Thunb.)Lour.〕和刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia Linn.)地上部的综合富集系数较高,苦楝(Melia azedarach Linn.)、女贞(Ligustrum lucidum Ait.)、法国冬青和樟树〔Cinnamomum camphora(Linn.)Presl〕地下部的综合富集系数较高;总体上看,法国冬青、苦楝、女贞、梧桐和桂花对Cu、Cd和Pb的平均综合富集系数均大于1,具有较高的重金属富集能力。根据研究结果,建议在Pb污染区域可选择栽植二球悬铃木〔Platanus×acerifolia(Ait.)Willd.〕和构树〔Broussonetia papyrifera(Linn.)L’Hert.ex Vent.〕等树种,在Cd污染区域可选择栽植法国冬青、梧桐、刺槐和苦楝等树种,而在Cu-Cd-Pb复合污染区域应栽植法国冬青、苦楝、女贞、梧桐、桂花和刺槐等树种。     

Phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil potential by woody plants on Tonglushan ancient copper spoil heap in China

Fast-growing metal-accumulating woody plants are considered potential candidates for phytoremediation of metals. Tonglushan mining, one of the biggest Cu production bases in China, presents an important source of the pollution of environment. The sample was collected at Tonglushan ancient copper spoil heap. The aims were to measure the content of heavy metal in the soil and woody plants and to elucidate the phytoremediation potential of the plants. The result showed that soil Cu, Cd and Pb were the main contamination, the mean contents of which were 3166.73 mg/kg, 3.66 mg/kg and 137.06 mg/kg respectively, which belonged to severe contamination. Fourteen species from 14 genera of 13 families were collected and investigated; except for Ligutrum lucidum, the other 13 woody plants species were newly recorded in this area. In addition, to assess the ability of metal accumulation of these trees, we proposed accumulation index. Data suggested that Platanus × acerilolia, Broussonetia papyrifera, Ligutrum lucidum, Viburnum awabuki, Firmiana simplex, Robina pseudoacacia, Melia azedarach and Osmanthus fragrans exhibited high accumulated capacity and strong tolerance to heavy metals. Therefore, Platanus × acerilolia and Broussonetia papyrifera can be planted in Pb contaminated areas; Viburnum awabuki, Firmiana simplex, Robina pseudoacacia and Melia azedarach are the suitable trees for Cd contaminated areas; Viburnum awabuki, Melia azedarach, Ligutrum lucidum, Firmiana simplex, Osmanthus fragrans and Robina pseudoacacia are appropriate to Cu, Pb and Cd multi-metal contaminated areas.     

Isolation of highly copper‐tolerant fungi from the smelter of the Naganobori copper mine,an historic mine in Japan

Aims: Copper is a critical metal of modern industry, and is the most widespread heavy metal contaminant in wastewater. Therefore, isolation of copper‐tolerant microbes having the potential as biosorbent is fascinating not only from an environmental microbiology, but also from a biotechnology view point. In this study, we attempted to isolate highly copper‐tolerant microbes from soil samples of the Nabanobori copper mine, the oldest mine in Japan. Methods and Results: As a result of an enrichment culture, two fungal strains were isolated from soil of the smelter remains. The isolates could grow in a maximum of 200 mmol l^?l Cu²⁺, and grew under a wide pH range. The Cu²⁺‐binding capacity of nontreated biomass of the isolates was around 35 mg Cu²⁺ g^?1‐biomass. Analysis of 18S rDNA suggested that the isolates belong to the Aspergillus/Penicillium clade, but they represented a distinct lineage against known neighbours. Conclusion: The isolates were highly copper‐tolerant, and their Cu²⁺‐binding capacity was comparable to well‐studied fungal sorbents. The isolates were implied as novel species. Soil of the historic old mine under weather‐beaten conditions might be a suitable source for metal‐tolerant microbes. Significance and Impact of the Study: The present results advance our understanding of metal‐tolerant microbes, and offer a new tool for both environmental control and metal recovery operations.     

生物结皮对铜尾矿废弃地土壤微生物量及酶活性的影响

生物结皮是铜尾矿废弃地自然原生演替的最初阶段.本研究以铜陵杨山冲铜尾矿库和铜官山新铜尾矿库为对象,采用熏蒸浸提和化学分析法研究了两尾矿库不同类型生物结皮下土壤微生物量C、N及脱氢酶、过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶和脲酶活性.结果表明：铜尾矿废弃地上的生物结皮能够显著提高表层尾矿中的微生物量和土壤酶活性,其中藻类结皮对土壤微生物量C、N的影响高于藓-藻混合结皮,藓类结皮的影响最小;随着土壤生物结皮类型的变化,土壤微生物区系也随之变化;各类生物结皮下表层尾矿中土壤酶活性无显著差异.相关分析表明,碱性磷酸酶活性与土壤微生物量、脱氢酶和脲酶活性呈显著正相关,但与土壤pH呈显著负相关.此外,藓类植物假根能够显著提高藓类结皮假根层的微生物量和酶活性.