RNA干扰在植物抗根结线虫病基因工程应用中的研究进展

植物根结线虫病对农业生产的危害连年加重,以轮作和化学农药为主的传统防治难以满足现代农业生产的需要.以常规的抗性育种和表达外源蛋白为主的抗线虫转基因育种主要受限于抗性基因的匮乏.而近来RNA干扰技术的应用为抗线虫基因工程带来新的突破,通过构建RNA干扰载体,在转基因植物中表达寄生线虫重要基因的dsRNA或siRNA,并经口针取食被导入线虫体内,并引发线虫的系统性RNA干扰反应,导致其出现寄生、发育、代谢、运动等障碍甚至致死,从而使转基因植物实现对寄生线虫的抗性.本文综述了RNAi介导的抗根结线虫基因工程方面的研究进展,分析探讨了这种新的策略的特点并展望了它的应用前景.     

大豆胞囊线虫抗性基因定位与克隆研究进展

大豆胞囊线虫(soybean cyst nematode, SCN)是大豆生产上一种危害严重的世界性害虫, 能给大豆生产造成极大损失。大豆抗性品种选育是防治其措施中最经济、有效的方法。大豆SCN抗性的分子遗传学研究是开展大豆SCN抗性分子育种的理论基础, 本文针对SCN抗性基因定位和克隆两个方面的研究现状进行了综述, 并对当前研究中存在的问题及发展前景进行了讨论与展望。     

大豆胞囊线虫抗性基因定位与克隆研究进展

大豆胞囊线虫（soybean cyst nematode,SCN）是大豆生产上一种危害严重的世界性害虫,能给大豆生产造成极大损失。大豆抗性品种选育是防治其措施中最经济、有效的方法。大豆SCN抗性的分子遗传学研究是开展大豆SCN抗性分子育种的理论基础,本文针对SCN抗性基因定位和克隆两个方面的研究现状进行了综述,并对当前研究中存在的问题及发展前景进行了讨论与展望。     

PCR-RAPD分子生物学技术及其在植物抗病性研究中的应用

PCR—RAPD技术是一种高效的基因组DNA多态性分析技术,能够在对生物细胞或组织中DNA遗传多样性、亲缘关系及系统进化分子标记检测的同时进行基因定位与遗传作图。本综述了PCR—RAPD技术的基本原理和应用范围,以及近年来在植物抗感病品种(品系)间亲缘远近关系分析、植物抗病性遗传基因的DNA分子标记与检测、植物抗病基因的标记和定位、植物抗病基因的分离与克隆、植物抗病育种的分子标记辅助选择与检测等植物抗病性分子机制研究方面的应用,并对该技术所存在的问题及应用前景进行了探讨。     

植物CMS/Rf系统的基因克隆及其结构特征

细胞质雄性不育和恢复系统（CMS/Rf）在植物杂种优势利用中已被广泛应用。为阐明恢复基因在这一系统中的作用机理,众多研究者开展了恢复基因的定位和克隆研究。近年来,4个植物恢复基因的成功克隆有力地推动了这一研究领域的发展。本文综述了植物恢复基因的定位、克隆以及育性恢复分子机理的研究进展,并讨论了恢复基因在植物分子育种上的应用。     

海南岛象耳豆根结线虫的种类鉴定及其rDNA-ITS序列分析

【背景】植物根结线虫病是世界性分布的土传病害,常造成农作物的重大经济损失。目前分布于热带亚热带区域的象耳豆根结线虫,由于其致病性和分子特征以及与植物互作关系的独特性,被认为是一种对农作物具有潜在危害性的重要病原根结线虫,因而引起国内外植物寄生线虫学者的广泛关注。【方法】用形态学、同工酶技术和分子生物学技术相结合的方法,对从海南岛农作物上采集到的10个根结线虫纯化种群进行分类鉴定。【结果】象耳豆根结线虫在海南岛大面积栽培的10种农作物和南药植物,包括黄瓜、南瓜、苦瓜、丝瓜、葫芦瓜、辣椒、番石榴、海巴戟、沈香和丁香上均有寄生,其形态学、酯酶表型和mtDNA-PCR扩增产物均有别于常见的根结线虫种类;用引物18S和28S扩增象耳豆根结线虫种群的rDNA-ITS区序列,并对其进行克隆、测序和比对分析,结果表明,象耳豆根结线虫4HBJ种群分别与南方根结线虫、爪哇根结线虫和花生根结线虫的同源性均仅为88%左右。【结论与意义】本文准确鉴定了象耳豆根结线虫,首次阐述其对海南岛多种农作物的致害性;阐释了象耳豆根结线虫的形态和分子特征,并明确了其与3种常见根结线虫的系统发育关系。本研究对今后进一步开展象耳豆根结线虫的基础研究和防治工作具有重要参考价值。     

海南岛象耳豆根结线虫的种类鉴定及其rDNA ITS序列分析

【背景】植物根结线虫病是世界性分布的土传病害,常造成农作物的重大经济损失。目前分布于热带亚热带区域的象耳豆根结线虫,由于其致病性和分子特征以及与植物互作关系的独特性,被认为是一种对农作物具有潜在危害性的重要病原根结线虫,因而引起国内外植物寄生线虫学者的广泛关注。【方法】用形态学、同工酶技术和分子生物学技术相结合的方法,对从海南岛农作物上采集到的10个根结线虫纯化种群进行分类鉴定。【结果】象耳豆根结线虫在海南岛大面积栽培的10种农作物和南药植物,包括黄瓜、南瓜、苦瓜、丝瓜、葫芦瓜、辣椒、番石榴、海巴戟、沈香和丁香上均有寄生,其形态学、酯酶表型和mtDNA PCR扩增产物均有别于常见的根结线虫种类;用引物18S和28S扩增象耳豆根结线虫种群的rDNA ITS区序列,并对其进行克隆、测序和比对分析,结果表明,象耳豆根结线虫4HBJ种群分别与南方根结线虫、爪哇根结线虫和花生根结线虫的同源性均仅为88%左右。【结论与意义】本文准确鉴定了象耳豆根结线虫,首次阐述其对海南岛多种农作物的致害性;阐释了象耳豆根结线虫的形态和分子特征,并明确了其与3种常见根结线虫的系统发育关系。本研究对今后进一步开展象耳豆根结线虫的基础研究和防治工作具有重要参考价值。     

甜瓜属植物抗根结线虫种质资源研究进展

根结线虫是危害甜瓜属栽培作物的重要病害之一,长期以来人们围绕抗根结线虫种质资源进行了多方面研究,本文就甜瓜属植物抗根结线虫种质资源鉴定、创新,抗根结线虫砧木,根结线虫抗性机理以及遗传规律研究进展进行了综述.     

水稻功能基因图位克隆研究进展

图位克隆是建立在植物分子标记图谱之上的一种基因克隆技术。利用分子标记技术对目的基因进行精细定位,用与目的基因紧密连锁的分子标记筛查DNA文库,构建包含目的基因区域的物理图谱,通过染色体步移等方法找到包含目的基因的克隆,再通过遗传转化试验对目的基因进行功能验证。介绍了基因图位克隆的研究技术原理与技术环节,并对近年来水稻功能基因图位克隆研究进展进行了综述。     

植物寄生线虫效应蛋白功能分析方法的研究进展

植物寄生线虫在侵染寄主过程中分泌许多与寄生相关的蛋白,这一类蛋白称为效应蛋白,这些效应蛋白在植物细胞内发挥各种作用,从而有利于线虫侵染、寄生和生长发育。研究这些效应蛋白的功能对于掌握线虫侵染植物的分子机理非常重要,也是寻找新的植物线虫病害防治方法的理论基础。对目前应用于研究植物寄生线虫效应蛋白功能的主要方法进行了概述。     

甜菜胞囊线虫抗性基因及遗传工程改良策略

甜菜胞囊线虫(Heterodera schachtii)是甜菜的重要病害之一,给甜菜生产造成了极大的损失。随着分子生物学和遗传工程技术的发展,采用遗传工程改良策略进行甜菜抗性品种选育是甜菜胞囊线虫防治中最经济、有效的方法。介绍了甜菜胞囊线虫的生育史及抗性机制,综述了甜菜胞囊线虫抗性基因的克隆和鉴定研究进展及甜菜胞囊线虫抗性育种的遗传工程改良策略,并提出今后甜菜胞囊线虫抗性育种的展望。     

花生抗病基因分离克隆研究进展

花生是重要的油料作物和经济作物。近年来多种病害严重威胁着花生产业的发展,筛选花生抗病基因并对其进行研究成为花生抗性育种的新热点。结合抗病基因分离克隆在花生育种工作和遗传研究等领域逐渐显现的广阔前景,我们简要综述了国内外花生抗病基因分离克隆的研究现状,介绍了抗病基因分离克隆的类型及特点,并探讨了今后的研究方向。     

除草剂抗性基因的研究进展

概述了除草剂抗性基因的种类,主要来源以及抗除草剂基因的应用。并对新的抗除草剂基因的发掘、既有的抗除草剂基因的改良、除草剂抗性机理研究以及新的抗除草剂作物的培育等方面的进一步研究进行了探讨。     

Homologues of a single resistance-gene cluster in potato confer resistance to distinct pathogens: a virus and a nematode

The isolation of the nematode-resistance gene Gpa2 in potato is described, and it is demonstrated that highly homologous resistance genes of a single resistance-gene cluster can confer resistance to distinct pathogen species. Molecular analysis of the Gpa2 locus resulted in the identification of an R-gene cluster of four highly homologous genes in a region of approximately 115 kb. At least two of these genes are active: one corresponds to the previously isolated Rx1 gene that confers resistance to potato virus X, while the other corresponds to the Gpa2 gene that confers resistance to the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida. The proteins encoded by the Gpa2 and the Rx1 genes share an overall homology of over 88% (amino-acid identity) and belong to the leucine-zipper, nucleotide-binding site, leucine-rich repeat (LZ-NBS-LRR)-containing class of plant resistance genes. From the sequence conservation between Gpa2 and Rx1 it is clear that there is a direct evolutionary relationship between the two proteins. Sequence diversity is concentrated in the LRR region and in the C-terminus. The putative effector domains are more conserved suggesting that, at least in this case, nematode and virus resistance cascades could share common components. These findings underline the potential of protein breeding for engineering new resistance specificities against plant pathogens in vitro.     

Genetics of Soybean-Heterodera glycines Interactions

The soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, is one of the most economically important pathogens of soybean. Effective management of the nematode is often dependent on the planting of resistant soybean cultivars. During the past 40 years, more than 60 soybean genotypes and plant introductions (PI) have been reported as resistant to H. glycines. About 130 modern soybean cultivars registered in the United States are resistant to certain races of H. glycines. Several resistance genes have been identified and genetically mapped; however, resistance levels in many soybean cultivars are not durable. Some older cultivars are no longer resistant to certain H. glycines populations in many production areas, especially if a soybean monoculture has been practiced. Past soybean registration reports show that all resistant cultivars developed in public institutions from the mid-1960s to the present have been derived from five PIs. This narrow genetic background is fragile. To further complicate the issue, soybean-H. glycines genetic interactions are complex and poorly understood. Studies to identify soybean resistance genes sometimes have overlapped, and the same genes may have been reported several times and designated by different names. Nevertheless, many potential resistance genes in existing germplasm resources have not yet been characterized. Clearly, it is necessary to identify new resistance genes, develop more precise selection methods, and integrate these resistance genes into new cultivars. Rational deployment of resistant cultivars is critical to future sustained soybean production.     

Differential expression of root-knot nematode resistance genes in tomato and pepper: evidence with Meloidogyne incognita virulent and avirulent near-isogenic lineages

Reproduction of artificially selected near isogenic Meloidogyne incognita lineages virulent and avirulent against the Mi resistance gene of tomato was assessed on host and resistant lines and cultivars of pepper. Egg mass production following inoculation of individual potted seedlings with second-stage juveniles was studied in experiments conducted in controlled environment. Artificially selected Mi-virulent nematode populations were unable to develop on resistant pepper lines PM 217 and PM 687. This suggests that the genetic systems governing resistance to root-knot nematodes are differently expressed in tomato and pepper, in spite of the very close phylogenetic relationships and structural genomic homologies occurring between these two vegetable crops. Moreover, these artificially selected nematode populations were also found unable to develop on the susceptible pepper cultivars California Wonder and Doux Long des Landes, while their pathogenicity was not significantly affected on susceptible tomatoes. Due to the existence of naturally virulent Meloidogyne populations, these results enhance the need for a better understanding of the mechanisms involved, in order to develop new forms of management of plant resistance to root-knot nematodes.     

Influence of Heterodera avenae on winter wheat in France: experiments with resistant and susceptible varieties

A succession of oat crops resistant or susceptible to Heterodera avenue produced plots lightly or moderately infested with the pest with little risk of interaction with other soil pathogens in succeeding cereal crops. Using these plots, the effects of the nematode on growth and yield of winter wheat were studied. The nematode affected the crop throughout its development, with a marked effect on yield. The effects of H. avenue are similar to those of water stress and are accentuated to a greater or lesser extent by climatic conditions. In the field the efficacy and durability of resistant genes incorporated in wheat and oats were checked. After four-years' cultivation of oats (cv. Panema), no resistance-breaking pathotypes were detected. Some advanced wheat lines with nematode resistance were also tolerant of nematode attack.     

植物抗虫基因工程研究进展

植物抗虫基因工程为防治农业害虫提供了一条崭新途径。本文对植物抗虫基因工程近年来所取得的某些研究进展,包括目前已发现和利用的抗虫基因、提高抗虫基因在植物体内表达的方法以及防止或延缓害虫产生抗性的策略等方面进行了综合评述,并对植物抗虫基因工程中有待解决的问题和发展前景提出了自己的看法。