Annual variation in soil respiration and its components in a coppice oak forest in Central Italy

In order to investigate the annual variation of soil respiration and its components in relation to seasonal changes in soil temperature and soil moisture in a Mediterranean mixed oak forest ecosystem, we set up a series of experimental treatments in May 1999 where litter (no litter), roots (no roots, by trenching) or both were excluded from plots of 4 m². Subsequently, we measured soil respiration, soil temperature and soil moisture in each plot over a year after the forest was coppiced. The treatments did not significantly affect soil temperature or soil moisture measured over 0–10 cm depth. Soil respiration varied markedly during the year with high rates in spring and autumn and low rates in summer, coinciding with summer drought, and in winter, with the lowest temperatures. Very high respiration rates, however, were observed during the summer immediately after rainfall events. The mean annual rate of soil respiration was 2.9 µ mol m^?2 s^?1, ranging from 1.35 to 7.03 µmol m^?2 s^?1. Soil respiration was highly correlated with temperature during winter and during spring and autumn whenever volumetric soil water content was above 20%. Below this threshold value, there was no correlation between soil respiration and soil temperature, but soil moisture was a good predictor of soil respiration. A simple empirical model that predicted soil respiration during the year, using both soil temperature and soil moisture accounted for more than 91% of the observed annual variation in soil respiration. All the components of soil respiration followed a similar seasonal trend and were affected by summer drought. The Q₁₀ value for soil respiration was 2.32, which is in agreement with other studies in forest ecosystems. However, we found a Q₁₀ value for root respiration of 2.20, which is lower than recent values reported for forest sites. The fact that the seasonal variation in root growth with temperature in Mediterranean ecosystems differs from that in temperate regions may explain this difference. In temperate regions, increases in size of root populations during the growing season, coinciding with high temperatures, may yield higher apparent Q₁₀ values than in Mediterranean regions where root growth is suppressed by summer drought. The decomposition of organic matter and belowground litter were the major components of soil respiration, accounting for almost 55% of the total soil respiration flux. This proportion is higher than has been reported for mature boreal and temperate forest and is probably the result of a short‐term C loss following recent logging at the site. The relationship proposed for soil respiration with soil temperature and soil moisture is useful for understanding and predicting potential changes in Mediterranean forest ecosystems in response to forest management and climate change.     

Inter-annual Variability of Soil Respiration in Wet Shrublands: Do Plants Modulate Its Sensitivity to Climate?

Understanding the response of soil respiration to climate variability is critical to formulate realistic predictions of future carbon (C) fluxes under different climate change scenarios. There is growing evidence that the influence of long-term climate variability in C fluxes from terrestrial ecosystems is modulated by adjustments in the aboveground–belowground links. Here, we studied the inter-annual variability in soil respiration from a wet shrubland going through successional change in North Wales (UK) during 13 years. We hypothesised that the decline in plant productivity observed over a decade would result in a decrease in the apparent sensitivity of soil respiration to soil temperature, and that rainfall variability would explain a significant fraction of the inter-annual variability in plant productivity, and consequently, in soil respiration, due to excess-water constraining nutrient availability for plants. As hypothesised, there were parallel decreases between plant productivity and annual and summer CO₂ emissions over the 13-year period. Soil temperatures did not follow a similar trend, which resulted in a decline in the apparent sensitivity of soil respiration to soil temperature (apparent Q₁₀ values decreased from 9.4 to 2.8). Contrary to our second hypothesis, summer maximum air temperature rather than rainfall was the climate variable with the greatest influence on aboveground biomass and annual cumulative respiration. Since summer air temperature and rainfall were positively associated, the greatest annual respiration values were recorded during years of high rainfall. The results suggest that adjustments in plant productivity might have a critical role in determining the long-term-sensitivity of soil respiration to changing climate conditions.     

Alpine grassland ecosystem respiration variation under irrigation in Northern Tibet

Grassland ecosystems are important parts of terrestrial ecosystems and play an important role in the global carbon cycle. In recent years, the grasslands in Northern Tibet have experienced warming, and its precipitation has also increased. Alpine grassland irrigation measures could be a reasonable pathway to redistribute and make full use of the increased precipitation. In this study, we measured the soil respiration in alpine grassland in Northern Tibet under sprinkler head irrigation in the growing season to determine the relationships between soil temperature /water and ecosystem/soil respiration, soil moisture and Q₁₀, and soil temperature and Q₁₀. The results showed that after 2 years irrigation, alpine grassland aboveground biomass increased significantly, with 2010 higher than 2009. There was significant annual, seasonal and daily variation of soil respiration. Under irrigation, ecosystem respiration and soil respiration increased 75% and 64% respectively; soil water increase can promote the respiration of ecosystem and its components. In our results, the Q₁₀ value was 2.23–2.81, over the global average. The irrigation can promote ecosystem respiration temperature sensitivity. There was a positive linear correlation between ecosystem respiration and grassland aboveground biomass. The aboveground biomass accounted for 32.8% of ecosystem respiration variation. Soil respiration accounted for more than 70% of ecosystem respiration, indicating that the contribution to carbon emissions of soil respiration is very high. In short, we can project that in grasslands biomass and ecosystem respiration will increase under future precipitation change, which will significantly affect the function of alpine grassland carbon storage.     

Allometric constraints on,and trade‐offs in,belowground carbon allocation and their control of soil respiration across global forest ecosystems

To fully understand how soil respiration is partitioned among its component fluxes and responds to climate, it is essential to relate it to belowground carbon allocation, the ultimate carbon source for soil respiration. This remains one of the largest gaps in knowledge of terrestrial carbon cycling. Here, we synthesize data on gross and net primary production and their components, and soil respiration and its components, from a global forest database, to determine mechanisms governing belowground carbon allocation and their relationship with soil respiration partitioning and soil respiration responses to climatic factors across global forest ecosystems. Our results revealed that there are three independent mechanisms controlling belowground carbon allocation and which influence soil respiration and its partitioning: an allometric constraint; a fine‐root production vs. root respiration trade‐off; and an above‐ vs. belowground trade‐off in plant carbon. Global patterns in soil respiration and its partitioning are constrained primarily by the allometric allocation, which explains some of the previously ambiguous results reported in the literature. Responses of soil respiration and its components to mean annual temperature, precipitation, and nitrogen deposition can be mediated by changes in belowground carbon allocation. Soil respiration responds to mean annual temperature overwhelmingly through an increasing belowground carbon input as a result of extending total day length of growing season, but not by temperature‐driven acceleration of soil carbon decomposition, which argues against the possibility of a strong positive feedback between global warming and soil carbon loss. Different nitrogen loads can trigger distinct belowground carbon allocation mechanisms, which are responsible for different responses of soil respiration to nitrogen addition that have been observed. These results provide new insights into belowground carbon allocation, partitioning of soil respiration, and its responses to climate in forest ecosystems and are, therefore, valuable for terrestrial carbon simulations and projections.     

Soil respiration does not acclimatize to warmer temperatures when modeled over seasonal timescales

Soil warming studies have generally demonstrated an ephemeral response of soil respiration to warming suggesting acclimatization to increased temperatures. Many of these studies depict acclimatization as an empirical temperature-respiration model with data collected from late spring through early autumn. We examined the apparent temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in chronically warmed soils over three different timescales: annually, during the growing season, and seasonally during winter, spring, summer, and fall. Temperature sensitivity was evaluated by fitting exponential and flexible temperature functions as mixed effects models. From model coefficients, we estimated annual, growing season, and season-specific Q ₁₀ values, and assessed the ability of model coefficients to predict daily soil respiration rates over a two-year period. We found that respiration in warmed soils can exhibit characteristics of acclimatized temperature sensitivity depending on the timeframe and the function (exponential or flexible) used. Models using growing season data suggested acclimatization while models using data collected in winter or spring indicated enhanced temperature sensitivity with 5 °C of warming. Differences in temperature sensitivity affected predicted daily soil respiration rates, particularly in winter and spring. Models constructed over longer timescales overestimated daily respiration rates by as much 10–40 % whereas season-specific predictions were generally within 2 % of actual values. Failure to use season-specific models to depict changes in temperature dependence may over- or under-estimate carbon losses due to climate warming, especially during the colder months of the year.     

Increased high‐latitude photosynthetic carbon gain offset by respiration carbon loss during an anomalous warm winter to spring transition

Arctic and boreal ecosystems play an important role in the global carbon (C) budget, and whether they act as a future net C sink or source depends on climate and environmental change. Here, we used complementary in situ measurements, model simulations, and satellite observations to investigate the net carbon dioxide (CO₂) seasonal cycle and its climatic and environmental controls across Alaska and northwestern Canada during the anomalously warm winter to spring conditions of 2015 and 2016 (relative to 2010–2014). In the warm spring, we found that photosynthesis was enhanced more than respiration, leading to greater CO₂ uptake. However, photosynthetic enhancement from spring warming was partially offset by greater ecosystem respiration during the preceding anomalously warm winter, resulting in nearly neutral effects on the annual net CO₂ balance. Eddy covariance CO₂ flux measurements showed that air temperature has a primary influence on net CO₂ exchange in winter and spring, while soil moisture has a primary control on net CO₂ exchange in the fall. The net CO₂ exchange was generally more moisture limited in the boreal region than in the Arctic tundra. Our analysis indicates complex seasonal interactions of underlying C cycle processes in response to changing climate and hydrology that may not manifest in changes in net annual CO₂ exchange. Therefore, a better understanding of the seasonal response of C cycle processes may provide important insights for predicting future carbon–climate feedbacks and their consequences on atmospheric CO₂ dynamics in the northern high latitudes.     

施肥方式对紫色土土壤异养呼吸的影响

采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法于2010年12月至2011年10月对不同施肥方式下的紫色土土壤呼吸进行了研究,以揭示施肥方式对紫色土异养呼吸的影响。结果表明:施肥可对土壤异养呼吸产生激发效应。施肥后第5天出现峰值,猪厩肥处理的异养呼吸峰值为2356.8 mg CO2m-2h-1,显著高于秸秆配施氮磷钾(970.1 mgCO2m-2h-1)和常规氮磷钾处理(406.8 mgCO2m-2h-1)(P0.01);小麦季常规氮磷钾、猪厩肥和秸秆配施氮磷钾处理的平均土壤异养呼吸速率为212.9、285.8和305.8mgCO2m-2h-1,CO2排放量为255.1、342.3和369.5 gC/m2,玉米季为408.2、642.8和446.4 mgCO2m-2h-1,CO2排放量为344.7、542.8和376.9 gC/m2,玉米季土壤异养呼吸平均速率及CO2排放量均高于小麦季。全年平均土壤异养呼吸速率分别为310.6、446.3和377.4 mg CO2m-2h-1,CO2排放总量分别为599.8、885.1和746.4 gC/m2。猪厩肥对土壤异养呼吸速率和CO2排放量的影响最大,秸秆配施氮磷钾肥次之,氮磷钾肥最小,说明有机物料的投入是紫色土土壤异养呼吸速率的主要调控措施,低碳氮比的有机物料能促进土壤异养呼吸和CO2的排放。猪厩肥和秸秆配施氮磷钾肥处理相应地表和地下5 cm温度的Q10值分别为2.64、1.88和2.77、1.99,表明低碳氮比的有机物料还能增加土壤异养呼吸Q10值,使土壤异养呼吸速率对温度的敏感性加强。     

On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm

This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods that separate net ecosystem exchange (NEE) into its major components, gross ecosystem carbon uptake (GEP) and ecosystem respiration (R_eco). In particular, we analyse the effect of the extrapolation of night‐time values of ecosystem respiration into the daytime; this is usually done with a temperature response function that is derived from long‐term data sets. For this analysis, we used 16 one‐year‐long data sets of carbon dioxide exchange measurements from European and US‐American eddy covariance networks. These sites span from the boreal to Mediterranean climates, and include deciduous and evergreen forest, scrubland and crop ecosystems. We show that the temperature sensitivity of R_eco, derived from long‐term (annual) data sets, does not reflect the short‐term temperature sensitivity that is effective when extrapolating from night‐ to daytime. Specifically, in summer active ecosystems the long‐term temperature sensitivity exceeds the short‐term sensitivity. Thus, in those ecosystems, the application of a long‐term temperature sensitivity to the extrapolation of respiration from night to day leads to a systematic overestimation of ecosystem respiration from half‐hourly to annual time‐scales, which can reach >25% for an annual budget and which consequently affects estimates of GEP. Conversely, in summer passive (Mediterranean) ecosystems, the long‐term temperature sensitivity is lower than the short‐term temperature sensitivity resulting in underestimation of annual sums of respiration. We introduce a new generic algorithm that derives a short‐term temperature sensitivity of R_eco from eddy covariance data that applies this to the extrapolation from night‐ to daytime, and that further performs a filling of data gaps that exploits both, the covariance between fluxes and meteorological drivers and the temporal structure of the fluxes. While this algorithm should give less biased estimates of GEP and R_eco, we discuss the remaining biases and recommend that eddy covariance measurements are still backed by ancillary flux measurements that can reduce the uncertainties inherent in the eddy covariance data.     

内蒙古草甸草原与典型草原地下生物量与生产力季节动态及其碳库潜力

地下根系是草原生态系统的重要组成部分,其生物量及其净生产力对地下碳库具有直接与间接作用,分析地下生物量季节动态与周转对深入揭示草原生态系统碳库动态及其固碳速率与潜力具有重要意义。应用钻土芯法对不同利用方式或管理措施下内蒙古草甸草原、典型草原地下生物量动态及其与温度、降水的相关性研究表明:草甸草原和典型草原地上生物量季节动态均为单峰型曲线,与上月降水显著正相关(P0.05),但地下生物量季节动态表现为草甸草原呈"S"型曲线,典型草原则是双峰型曲线,与温度、降水相关性均不显著(P0.05);两种草原根冠比和地下生物量垂直分布均为指数函数曲线,根茎型草原地下生物量集中在土壤0—5 cm,丛生型草原地下生物量集中于土壤5—10 cm,根冠比值在生长旺季(7—8月份)最小。草甸草原地下净生产力及碳储量范围分别为2167—2953 g m-2a-1和975—1329 gC m-2a-1,典型草原为2342—3333 g m-2a-1和1054—1450 gC m-2a-1,地下净生产力及其碳储量约为地上净生产力及其碳储量的10倍,具有较大的年固碳能力,且相对稳定;地下净生产力与地上净生产力呈显著负相关性(P0.05);地下生物量碳库是地上生物量碳库的10倍左右,适度放牧可增加地下生产力,但长期过度放牧显著降低其地下生物量与生产力,并使其垂直分布趋向于浅层化。     

The dependence of respiration on photosynthetic substrate supply and temperature: integrating leaf, soil and ecosystem measurements

Interactions between photosynthetic substrate supply and temperature in determining the rate of three respiration components (leaf, belowground and ecosystem respiration) were investigated within three environmentally controlled, Populus deltoides forest bays at Biosphere 2, Arizona. Over 2 months, the atmospheric CO₂ concentration and air temperature were manipulated to test the following hypotheses: (1) the responses of the three respiration components to changes in the rate of photosynthesis would differ both in speed and magnitude; (2) the temperature sensitivity of leaf and belowground respiration would increase in response to a rise in substrate availability; and, (3) at the ecosystem level, the ratio of respiration to photosynthesis would be conserved despite week‐to‐week changes in temperature. All three respiration rates responded to the CO₂ concentration‐induced changes in photosynthesis. However, the proportional change in the rate of leaf respiration was more than twice that of belowground respiration and, when photosynthesis was reduced, was also more rapid. The results suggest that aboveground respiration plays a key role in the overall response of ecosystem respiration to short‐term changes in canopy photosynthesis. The short‐term temperature sensitivity of leaf respiration, measured within a single night, was found to be affected more by developmental conditions than photosynthetic substrate availability, as the Q₁₀ was lower in leaves that developed at high CO₂, irrespective of substrate availability. However, the temperature sensitivity of belowground respiration, calculated between periods of differing air temperature, appeared to be positively correlated with photosynthetic substrate availability. At the ecosystem level, respiration and photosynthesis were positively correlated but the relationship was affected by temperature; for a given rate of daytime photosynthesis, the rate of respiration the following night was greater at 25 than 20°C. This result suggests that net ecosystem exchange did not acclimate to temperature changes lasting up to 3 weeks. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that the three respiration terms differ in their dependence on photosynthesis and that, short‐ and medium‐term changes in temperature may affect net carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems.     

Spatially explicit patterns in a dryland's soil respiration and relationships with climate,whole plant photosynthesis and soil fertility

Arid and semiarid ecosystems play a significant role in regulating global carbon cycling, yet our understanding of the controls over the dominant pathways of dryland CO₂ exchange remains poor. Substantial amounts of dryland soil are not covered by vascular plants and this patchiness in cover has important implications for spatial patterns and controls of carbon cycling. Spatial variation in soil respiration has been attributed to variation in soil moisture, temperature, nutrients and rhizodeposition, while seasonal patterns have been attributed to changes in moisture, temperature and photosynthetic inputs belowground. To characterize how controls over respiration vary spatially and temporally in a dryland ecosystem and to concurrently explore multiple potential controls, we estimated whole plant net photosynthesis (A_net) and soil respiration at four distances from the plant base, as well as corresponding fine root biomass and soil carbon and nitrogen pools, four times during a growing season. To determine if the controls vary between different plant functional types for Colorado Plateau species, measurements were made on the C₄ shrub, Atriplex confertifolia, and C₃ grass, Achnatherum hymenoides. Soil respiration declined throughout the growing season and diminished with distance from the plant base, though variations in both were much smaller than expected. The strongest relationship was between soil respiration and soil moisture. Soil respiration was correlated with whole plant A_net, although the relationship varied between species and distance from plant base. In the especially dry year of this study we did not observe any consistent correlations between soil respiration and soil carbon or nitrogen pools. Our findings suggest that abiotic factors, especially soil moisture, strongly regulate the response of soil respiration to biotic factors and soil carbon and nitrogen pools in dryland communities and, at least in dry years, may override expected spatial and seasonal patterns.     

Process-level controls on CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> fluxes from a seasonally snow-covered subalpine meadow soil,Niwot Ridge,Colorado

Fluxes of CO₂ during the snow-covered season contribute to annual carbon budgets, but our understanding of the mechanisms controlling the seasonal pattern and magnitude of carbon emissions in seasonally snow-covered areas is still developing. In a subalpine meadow on Niwot Ridge, Colorado, soil CO₂ fluxes were quantified with the gradient method through the snowpack in winter 2006 and 2007 and with chamber measurements during summer 2007. The CO₂ fluxes of 0.71 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in 2006 and 0.86 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in 2007 are among the highest reported for snow-covered ecosystems in the literature. These fluxes resulted in 156 and 189 g C m⁻² emitted over the winter, ~30% of the annual soil CO₂ efflux at this site. In general, the CO₂ flux increased during the winter as soil moisture increased. A conceptual model was developed with distinct snow cover zones to describe this as well as the three other reported temporal patterns in CO₂ flux from seasonally snow-covered soils. As snow depth and duration increase, the factor controlling the CO₂ flux shifts from freeze–thaw cycles (zone I) to soil temperature (zone II) to soil moisture (zone III) to carbon availability (zone IV). The temporal pattern in CO₂ flux in each zone changes from periodic pulses of CO₂ during thaw events (zone I), to CO₂ fluxes reaching a minimum when soil temperatures are lowest in mid-winter (zone II), to CO₂ fluxes increasing gradually as soil moisture increases (zone III), to CO₂ fluxes decreasing as available carbon is consumed. This model predicts that interannual variability in snow cover or directional shifts in climate may result in dramatically different seasonal patterns of CO₂ flux from seasonally snow-covered soils.     

Deriving a new phenological indicator of interannual net carbon exchange in contrasting boreal deciduous and evergreen forests

Phenology is an important variable affecting the annual net ecosystem production (NEP) of terrestrial ecosystems. A new phenological indicator was proposed based on the ratio of respiration season length and growing season length (respiration–growth length ratio, RGR). Validation of this new phenological indicator was conducted using continuous flux measurements at contrasting boreal deciduous and evergreen forests in Canada. Analyses based on yearly anomalies of both annual NEP and phenological indicators indicated that the RGR can explain more proportion of interannual NEP variability compared to existing phenological metrics, including the carbon uptake period and the autumn lag. A multivariate regression model was used to predict the respiration–growth length ratio anomaly using anomalies of spring air temperature, autumn radiation and soil water content (SWC), which serves as a prerequisite for this indicator being scaled up for regional applications where flux data were unavailable. By normalization growing season length, interannual NEP showed comparable sensitivity to RGR variations of different plant functional types, which is a great advantage over other phenological indicators. The high potential of RGR in explaining interannual NEP variability may highlight the importance of respiration process in controlling annual NEP, which has probably been overlooked or underestimated in existing phenological studies. The comparable sensitivity of RGR to annual NEP observed at different plant functional types would favor its application in tracking interannual variability of NEP regionally and complementary to existing indices to promote our understanding of carbon sequestration with future climate change.     

降雨量改变对黄河三角洲滨海湿地土壤呼吸的影响

全球变化背景下,降雨模式变化造成土壤水分波动是引起土壤呼吸动态变化的重要驱动力。但滨海湿地如何响应降雨模式变化,进而引起生态系统蓝碳功能改变的机制尚不清楚。依托黄河三角洲滨海湿地增减雨野外控制试验平台,采用土壤碳通量观测系统(LI—8100)对湿地土壤呼吸速率进行监测,探究了2017年黄河三角洲滨海湿地土壤呼吸及环境、生物因子对减雨60%、减雨40%、对照60%、对照40%、增雨40%、增雨60%等变化的响应及机制。结果表明:1)随着降雨量增加,湿地土壤温度逐渐降低;同时增雨和减雨处理均显著提高了湿地土壤湿度(P0.05)。(2)降雨量变化显著影响湿地植被物种组成、地上和地下生物量分配以及植被根冠比(P0.05)。增雨40%和增雨60%均显著提高了湿地植物种类和植被根冠比,但同时显著降低了湿地植被地上生物量。此外,增雨40%和减雨60%处理均显著提高了湿地植被地下生物量。(3)降雨量变化对2017年湿地季节土壤呼吸无显著影响,但在湿地非淹水期,增雨60%和增雨40%均显著提高了湿地土壤呼吸速率(P0.05)。(4)2017年湿地不同降雨处理的土壤呼吸与土壤湿度均呈二次曲线关系(P0.05),相关系数随降雨量增加而降低;同时在非淹水期不同降雨处理的土壤呼吸与土壤温度均指数相关(P0.05),土壤呼吸温度敏感性(Q_(10))随降雨量增加而增大。在淹水期不同降雨处理土壤呼吸与土壤温度无显著相关关系。(5)淹水期土壤呼吸速率与地表水位呈指数负相关(P0.001)。     

The dynamic response of soil respiration to land‐use changes in subtropical China

Assessing the impact of land‐use changes on soil respiration (R_S) is of vital significance to understand the interactions between belowground metabolism and regional carbon budgets. In this study, the monthly in situ R_S was examined between 09:00 and 12:00 hours over a 3‐year period within a representative land‐use sequence in the subtropical region of China. The land‐use sequence contained natural forest (control treatment), secondary forest, two plantations, citrus orchard and sloping tillage land. Results showed that the R_S exhibited a distinct seasonal pattern, and it was dominantly controlled by the soil temperature. After the land‐use conversion, the apparent temperature sensitivity of R_S (Q₁₀) was increased from 2.10 in natural forest to 2.71 in sloping tillage land except for an abnormal decrease to 1.66 in citrus orchard. Contrarily, the annual R_S was reduced by 32% following the conversion of natural forest to secondary forest, 46–48% to plantations, 63% to citrus orchard and 50% to sloping tillage land, with the average reduction of 48%. Such reduction of annual R_S could be explained by the decrease of topsoil organic carbon and light‐fraction organic carbon storages, live biomass of fine root (<2 mm) and annual litter input, which indirectly/directly correlated with plant productivity. Our results suggest that substrate availability (e.g., soil organic carbon and nutrients) and soil carbon input (e.g., fine root turnover and litterfall) through plant productivity may drive the R_S both in natural and managed ecosystems following strong disturbance events.     

毛白杨树干呼吸及其温度敏感性季节变化特征

树干呼吸(E_s)是森林生态系统碳循环过程的重要组成部分,深入理解树干呼吸过程对未来气候变暖的响应及反馈机制有助于更加精确地估算森林生态系统碳储量。为揭示毛白杨树干呼吸及其温度敏感性的昼夜变化和季节动态规律,利用Li-Cor6400便携式光合作用测定系统及其配套使用的土壤呼吸测量气室(LI-6400-09)对冀南平原区毛白杨的树干呼吸和树干温度实施为期1年的连续监测。结果表明:(1)在生长季,毛白杨树干呼吸与树干温度之间在晚上呈现正相关的关系(R~2=0.88);相反,两者在白天为负相关的关系(R~2=0.96)。(2)整个观测期内,毛白杨树干呼吸和树干温度均呈现"钟形"的变化曲线,树干呼吸与树干温度之间存在着较好的指数函数关系(R~2=0.93),且树干呼吸的温度敏感性系数(Q_(10))为2.62;不同季节毛白杨树干呼吸的Q_(10)存在差异,生长季的Q_(10)(1.95)明显低于非生长季(3.00),表明生长呼吸和维持呼吸对温度的响应也并不相同。(3)温度矫正后的毛白杨树干呼吸(R_(15))在昼夜和季节尺度上均存在明显的变异,即夜晚的R_(15)显著高于白天(P0.01),生长季的R_(15)明显高于非生长季(P0.05);树干可溶性糖含量与生长季的R_(15)存在较好的相关性(R~2=0.52),而非生长季的R_(15)却主要受到树干淀粉含量的影响。研究结果表明,在生长季,毛白杨树干呼吸的在日变化主要受到温度的影响,而在季节尺度上Q_(10)的变异则与树干呼吸中维持呼吸所占比例及树干中非结构性碳水化合物(可溶性糖和淀粉)的含量及类型紧密相关。     

Comparison of carbon dioxide fluxes over three boreal black spruce forests in Canada

Although mature black spruce forests are a dominant cover type in the boreal forest of North America, it is not clear how their carbon (C) budgets vary across the continent. The installation of an eddy covariance flux tower on an Old Black Spruce (OBS) site in eastern Canada (EOBS, Québec) provided a first opportunity to compare and contrast its annual (2004) and seasonal C exchange with two other pre-existing OBS flux sites from different climatic regions located in Saskatchewan [Southern OBS (SOBS)] and Manitoba [Northern OBS (NOBS)]. Although there was a relatively uniform seasonal pattern of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) among sites, EOBS had a lower total annual NEP than the other two sites. This was primarily because warmer soil under a thicker snowpack at EOBS appeared to increase winter C losses and low light suppressed both NEP and gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) in June. Across sites, greater total annual GEP and ecosystem respiration ( R ) were associated with greater mean annual air temperatures and an earlier beginning of the growing season. Also, GEP at all three sites showed a stronger relationship with air temperature in spring and early summer compared with later in the growing season, highlighting the importance of springtime conditions to the C budget of these boreal ecosystems. The three sites had different parameter estimates describing the responses of R and GEP at the half hour time scale to near surface temperature and light, respectively. On the other hand, the responses of both R and GEP to temperature at the monthly scale did not differ among sites. These results suggest that a general parameterization could be sufficient at coarse time resolutions to model the response of C exchange to environmental factors of mature black spruce forests from different climatic regions.     

Large seasonal changes in Q10 of soil respiration in a beech forest

We analyzed one year of continuous soil respiration measurements to assess variations in the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration at a Danish beech forest. A single temperature function derived from all measurements across the year (Q₁₀ = 4.2) was adequate for estimating the total annual soil respiration and its seasonal evolution. However, Q₁₀'s derived from weekly datasets ranged between three in summer (at a mean soil temperature of 14 °C) and 23 in winter (at 2 °C), indicating that the annual temperature function underestimated the synoptic variations in soil respiration during winter. These results highlight that empirical models should be parameterized at a time resolution similar to that required by the output of the model. If the objective of the model is to simulate the total annual soil respiration rate, annual parameterization suffices. If however, soil respiration needs to be simulated over time periods from days to weeks, as is the case when soil respiration is compared to total ecosystem respiration during synoptic weather patterns, more short‐term parameterization is required. Despite the higher wintertime Q₁₀'s, the absolute response of soil respiration to temperature was smaller in winter than in summer. This is mainly because in absolute numbers, the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration depends not only on Q₁₀, but also on the rate of soil respiration, which is highly reduced in winter. Nonetheless, the Q₁₀ of soil respiration in winter was larger than can be explained by the decreasing respiration rate only. Because the seasonal changes in Q₁₀ were negatively correlated with temperature and positively correlated with soil moisture, they could also be related to changing temperature and/or soil moisture conditions.     

川西北高寒草甸不同放牧模式对土壤呼吸的影响

采用土壤二氧化碳(CO_2)通量自动测量系统,对不同放牧模式(全年禁牧、夏季放牧、冬季放牧和自由放牧)下川西北高寒草甸的土壤呼吸进行监测,比较了不同放牧模式下土壤呼吸的季节动态和温度敏感性。研究发现:1)放牧模式可以改变高寒草甸土壤呼吸的季节动态变化。禁牧、夏季放牧以及自由放牧样地的土壤呼吸在季节上的变化趋势基本相似,而冬季放牧样地的土壤呼吸最大值与前者相比明显向后推迟;2)放牧模式并不改变高寒草甸年平均土壤呼吸速率,但对不同季节土壤呼吸速率的影响不同;3)不同放牧模式可以改变土壤呼吸对温度的敏感性(Q_(10))。不同放牧模式下土壤呼吸Q_(10)值大小依次为:禁牧1a(8.13)冬季放牧(7.49)禁牧3a(5.46)夏季放牧(5.20)自由放牧(4.53)。该地区土壤呼吸的Q_(10)值均明显高于热带和其它温带草地土壤呼吸的Q_(10)值。结果表明,放牧模式是影响高寒草甸土壤碳排放的一个重要因素。此外,在未来全球气候变暖背景下,在生长季节无放牧干扰的高寒草甸可能比放牧干扰的高寒草甸释放出更多的CO_2到大气中。