Description of Fimbriimonas ginsengisoli gen. nov., sp. nov. within the Fimbriimonadia class nov., of the phylum Armatimonadetes

Strain Gsoil 348^T was isolated from a ginseng field soil sample by selecting micro-colonies from one-fifth strength modified R2A agar medium after a long incubation period. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the strain is related to members of the phylum Armatimonadetes (formerly called candidate phylum OP10). Strain Gsoil 348^T is mesophilic, strictly aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped. It only grows in low nutrient media. The major respiratory quinones are menaquinones MK-11 and MK-10, and the main fatty acids are iso-C_15:0, iso-C_17:0, C_16:0 and C_16:1 ω11c. The G+C content is 61.4 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequences in public databases belonging to the phylum Armatimonadetes were clustered here into 6 groups. Five of these groups constituted a coherent cluster distinct from the sequences of other phyla in phylogenetic trees that were constructed using multiple-outgroup sequences from 49 different phyla. On the basis of polyphasic taxonomic analyses, it is proposed that strain Gsoil 348^T (= KACC 14959^T = JCM 17079^T) should be placed in Fimbriimonas ginsengisoli gen. nov., sp. nov., as the cultured representative of the Fimbriimonadia class. nov., corresponding with Group 4 of the phylum Armatimonadetes.     

Rhodospira trueperi gen. nov., spec. nov., a new phototrophic Proteobacterium of the alpha group

A new phototrophic purple bacterium was isolated from a flat, laminated microbial mat in a salt marsh near Woods Hole, Mass., USA. The spiral-shaped bacterium was highly motile and had bipolar tufts of flagella and intracytoplasmic membranes of the vesicular type. The major photosynthetic pigments were identified as the carotenoid tetrahydrospirilloxanthin and bacteriochlorophyll b. The long wavelength in vivo absorption maximum of the bacteriochlorophyll was at 986 nm. The marine bacterium showed optimal growth in the presence of 2% NaCl. It utilized a number of organic substrates as carbon and energy sources and required vitamins and sulfide as a reduced sulfur source for growth. In the presence of sulfide, elemental sulfur globules were formed outside the cells. Elemental sulfur was not further oxidized to sulfate. The new isolate had a unique lipid and fatty acid composition, and according to the 16S rRNA gene sequence, it is most similar to Rhodospirillum rubrum. It is described as a new species and assigned to a new genus with the proposed name Rhodospira trueperi. Received: 16 September 1996 / Accepted: 24 January 1997     

Dasania marina gen. nov., sp. nov., of the order Pseudomonadales, isolated from Arctic marine sediment

An obligately aerobic bacterium, strain KOPRI 20902T, was isolated from a marine sediment in Ny-Arlesund, Spitsbergen Islands, Norway. Cells were irregular rods and motile with polar monotrichous flagellum. The optimum growth temperature was 17-22 degrees . Cells grew best in pH 7.0-10.0 and 3-4% sea salts (corresponding to 2.3-3.1% NaCl). The novel strain required Ca2+ or Mg2+ in addition to NaCl for growth. Sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene revealed that the Arctic isolate is distantly related with established species (<92.4% sequence similarity) and formed a monophyletic group with Cellvibrio, which formed a distinct phylogenetic lineage in the order Pseudomonadales. Predominant cellular fatty acids [C16:1 omega7c/15:0 iso 2OH (45.3%), C16:0 (18.4%), ECL 11.799 (11.2%), C10:0 3OH (10.4%)]; DNA G+C content (37.0 mol%); nitrate reduction to nitrogen; absence of aesculin hydrolysis, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and esterase; no assimilation of arabinose, galactose, glucose, lactose, maltose, and trehalose differentiated the strain from the genus Cellvibrio. Based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics, Dasania marina gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed in the order Pseudomonadales. Strain KOPRI 20902T (=KCTC 12566T=JCM 13441T) is the type strain of Dasania marina.     

Balneomonas flocculans gen. nov., sp. nov., a new cellulose-producing member of the alpha-2 subclass of Proteobacteria

A new bacterial strain capable of producing cellulose was isolated from a hot spring. The isolate was Gram-negative, aerobic, and rod-shaped. The optimum temperature for growth was 40-45 degrees C. Methanol, glucose and other common carbohydrates were not utilized as sole growth substrates. Thiosulfate was not oxidized. The G+C content of the DNA was determined to be 64.0 mol%. Comparative 16S rDNA analysis indicated that Bosea thiooxidans and some strains of the genus Methylobacterium were the nearest relatives. The isolate can be distinguished from these relatives by its defectiveness in methanol utilization and thiosulfate oxidation. On the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogeny, it is proposed that the isolate be designated Balneomonas flocculans gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is TFBT (= JCM 11936T, = KCTC 12101T, = IAM 15034T, = ATCC BAA-817T).     

Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus gen. nov., spec. nov., a new,extreme thermophilic,anaerobic bacterium

Two strains, JW 200 and JW 201, of an extreme thermophilic, non-spore-forming anaerobic bacterium were isolated from alkaline and slightly acidic hot springs located in Yellowstone National Park. Both strains were peritrichously flagellated rods. Cell size varied from 0.5–0.8 by 4–100 m; coccoid-shaped cells of about 1 m in diameter frequently occurred. Division was often unequal. Spheroplast-like forms were visible at the late logarithmic growth phase. The Gram reaction was variable. The DNA base composition of the two strains was between 37 and 39 mol% guanine plus cytosine as determined by buoyant density measurements and approximately 32% by the thermal denaturation method. The main fermentation products from hexoses were ethanol and CO₂. Growth occurred between 37 and 78°C and from pH 4.4 to 9.8. The name Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus gen. nov., spec. nov. was proposed for the two, new isolates. Strain JW 200 was designated as the type strain.A preliminary account of this work was presented at the annual meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, Los Angeles, CA, 1979 (J. Wiegel and L. G. Ljungdahl, Abstr. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol., 1979, 163, p. 105) and at the 27th IUPAC Congress Helsinki, 1979 (L. G. Ljungdahl and J. Wiegel, Abstracts p. 546)     

Echinimonas agarilytica gen. nov., sp. nov., a new gammaproteobacterium isolated from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius

A novel Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic and motile bacterial strain, designated KMM 6351^T, was isolated from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius and examined using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the strain formed a distinct phyletic line in the class Gammaproteobacteria and was most closely related to the genera Aliivibrio, Photobacterium and Vibrio. Strain KMM 6351^T grows at 4–40 °C and with 0.5–12 % NaCl and decomposes aesculin, agar, gelatin, starch, chitin and DNA. The DNA G+C content of the strain was determined to be 46.1 mol%. The prevalent fatty acids were found to be C_16:0, C_18:1 ω7c, C_12:0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (comprising C_16:1 ω7c and/or iso-C_15:0 2-OH fatty acids). The major polar lipids were determined to be diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified aminolipid. The predominant ubiquinone was found to be Q-8. The results of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic analyses clearly indicated that the novel strain should be assigned to a new genus and species within the class γ-Proteobacteria for which the name Echinimonas agarilytica gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KMM 6351^T (=KCTC 22996^T = LMG 25420^T).     

Cetobacterium ceti gen. nov., sp. nov., a new Gram-negative obligate anaerobe from sea mammals

Phenotypic and phylogenetic studies were performed on a Gram-negative obligately anaerobic rod-shaped bacterium isolated from two sea mammals. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis demonstrated the bacterium represents a hitherto unknown line of descent peripherally associated to the fusobacteria and low G + C relatives. Based on the result of the phylogenetic analysis and phenotypic criteria, it is proposed that the bacterium should be assigned to a new genus, Cetobacterium ceti gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of Cetobacterium ceti sp. nov. is NCFB 3026.     

Granulosicoccaceae fam. nov., to include Granulosicoccus antarcticus gen. nov., sp. nov., a non-phototrophic, obligately aerobic chemoheterotroph in the order Chromatiales, isolated from Antarctic seawater

A Gram-negative, motile by tuft flagella, obligately aerobic chemoorganoheterotrophic, sphere-form bacterium, designated IMCC3135(T), was isolated from the Antarctic surface seawater of King George Island, West Antarctica. The strain was mesophilic, neutrophilic, and requiring NaCl for growth, but neither halophilic nor halotolerant. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the strain was most closely related to genera of the order Chromatiales in the class Gammaproteobacteria. The most closely related genera showed less than 90% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and included Thioalkalispira (89.9%), Thioalkalivibrio (88.0%-89.5%), Ectothiorhodospira (87.9%-89.3%), Chromatium (88.3%-88.9%), and Lamprocystis (87.7%-88.9%), which represent three different families of the order Chromatiales. Phylogenetic analyses showed that this Antarctic strain represented a distinct phylogenetic lineage in the order Chromatiales and could not be assigned to any of the defined families in the order. Phenotypic characteristics, including primarily non-phototrophic, non-alkaliphilic, non-halophilic, and obligately aerobic chemoheterotrophic properties, differentiated the strain from other related genera. The very low sequence similarities (<90%) and distant relationships between the strain and members of the order suggested that the strain merited classification as a novel genus within a novel family in the order Chromatiales. On the basis of these taxonomic traits, a novel genus and species is proposed, Granulosicoccus antarcticus gen. nov., sp. nov., in a new family Granulosicoccaceae fam. nov. Strain IMCC3135(T) (=KCCM 42676(T)=NBRC 102684(T)) is the type strain of Granulosicoccus antarcticus.     

Halorussus rarus gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Halobacteriaceae isolated from a marine solar saltern

Two halophilic archaeal strains TBN4^T and TBN5 were isolated from Taibei marine solar saltern in Jiangsu, China. Both strains showed light red-pigmented colonies and their cells were rod, motile and Gram-stain-negative. They were able to grow at 25–50°C (optimum 37°C), at 1.4–4.3 M NaCl (optimum 2.1 M NaCl), at 0–1.0 M MgCl₂ (optimum 0.005 M MgCl₂) and at pH 6.0–9.0 (optimum pH 7.0). Their cells lyse in distilled water and minimal NaCl concentration to prevent cell lysis is 8% (w/v). The major polar lipids of the two strains were PG (phosphatidylglycerol), PGP-Me (phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester), PGS (phosphatidylglycerol sulfate) and five glycolipids chromatographically identical to S-TGD-1 (sulfated galactosyl mannosyl glucosyl diether), S-DGD-1 (sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether), TGD-1 (galactosyl mannosyl glucosyl diether), DGD-1 (mannosyl glucosyl diether) and DGD-2 (an unknown diglycosyl diether). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that TBN4^T and strain TBN5 formed a distinct clade with genus Haladaptatus (showing 90.0–90.9% 16S rRNA gene similarities). The DNA G + C content of strain TBN4^T and strain TBN5 are 66.1 and 65.4 mol%, respectively. The DNA–DNA hybridization value between strain TBN4^T and strain TBN5 was 94.3%. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties suggest that strain TBN4^T and strain TBN5 represent a novel species in a new genus within the family Halobacteriaceae, for which the name Halorussus rarus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TBN4^T (=CGMCC 1.10122^T = JCM 16429^T).     

Sediminihabitans luteus gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Cellulomonadaceae isolated from sea sediment

Two novel Gram-positive actinobacteria, designated H97-3^T and H83-5, were isolated from marine sediment samples and their taxonomic positions were investigated by a polyphasic approach. Both strains formed vegetative hyphae in the early phase of growth but the hyphae eventually fragmented into coccoid cells. The peptidoglycan type was found to be A4α. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H₄), and the major fatty acids were anteiso-C_15:0, anteiso-C_17:0 and C_16:0. The DNA G+C content was 74.0–74.9 mol %. 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis revealed that strains H97-3^T and H83-5 represented novel members of the family Cellulomonadaceae. Their nearest phylogenetic neighbours were the members of the genus Oerskovia, with a similarity of 98.3–98.4 %. However, strains H97-3^T and H83-5 were distinguishable from the members of the genus Oerskovia and the other genera of the family Cellulomonadaceae in terms of chemotaxonomic characteristics and phylogenetic relationship. The result of the DNA–DNA hybridization indicated that strains H97-3^T and H83-5 belonged to the same species. Therefore, strains H97-3^T and H83-5 represent a novel genus and species of the family Cellulomonadaceae, for which the name Sediminihabitans luteus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of S. lutes is H97-3^T (=NBRC 108568^T = DSM 25478^T).     

Alexandriicola marinus gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Rhodobacteraceae isolated from marine phycosphere

Two yellow-pigmented bacterial strains, LZ-14 ^T and ABI-LZ29, were isolated from the cultivable phycosphere microbiota of the highly toxic marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella LZT09 and demonstrated obvious microalgae growth-promoting potentials toward the algal host. To elucidate the taxonomic status of the two bioactive bacterial strains, they were subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic characterization. Both strains were found to be Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and motile; to contain Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone; summed feature 8, C_16:0, C_18:1 ω7c 11-methyl and summed feature 3 as the major fatty acids; and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified phospholipids as the predominant polar lipids. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, phylogenomic inferences and phenotypic characteristics, the strains could be clearly distinguished from phylogenetically closely related species and formed a distinct monophyletic lineage in the family Rhodobacteraceae. The size of the draft genome of strain LZ-14 ^T is 4.615 Mb, with a DNA G?+?C content of 63.3 mol%. It contains ten predicted secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters and core genes for bacterial exopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Therefore, strain LZ-14 ^T (= CCTCC AB 2017230 ^T?=?KCTC 62342 ^T) represents a novel species of a new genus, for which the name Alexandriicola marinus gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed.

     

Rhodoflexus caldus gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the phylum Bacteroidota isolated from a hot spring sediment

A thermophilic bacterium, designated strain SYSU G04325^T, was isolated from a hot spring sediment in Yunnan, China. Polyphasic taxonomic analyses and whole-genome sequencing were used to determine the taxonomic position of the strain. Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain SYSU G04325^T shows high sequence similarity to Thermoflexibacter ruber NBRC 16677^T (86.2%). The strain can be differentiated from other species of the family Thermoflexibacteraceae by its distinct phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Cells of the strain SYSU G04325^T were observed to be aerobic, Gram-stain negative and filamentous. Growth was found to occur optimally at 45 ºC and pH 7.0. In addition, the respiratory quinone was identified as menaquinone-7, while the major fatty acids (>?10%) were identified as iso-C_15:0, iso-C_17:0 and Summed Feature 9 (iso-C_17:1ω9c). The polar lipids detected included phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified phospholipids, one unidentified glycolipid, five unidentified aminolipids and four unidentified polar lipids. The G?+?C content of the genomic DNA was determined to be 47.6% based on the draft genome sequence. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, strain SYSU G04325^T is concluded to represent a novel species of a novel genus in the family Thermoflexibacteraceae, for which the name Rhodoflexus caldus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Rhodoflexus caldus is SYSU G04325^T (=?MCCC 1K06127^T?=?KCTC 82848^T).

     

Rubritepida flocculans gen. nov., sp. nov., a new slightly thermophilic member of the alpha-1 subclass of the Proteobacteria

A bacterial isolate, with an optimum growth temperature of about 50 degrees C, was recovered from the hot spring at Egerszalók in Hungary. Phylogenetic analyses using the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain H-8T indicated that the new organism represented a new genus and species of alpha-1 subclass of the Proteobacteria. The major fatty acids of strain H-8T are 16:0, 18:1 omega7c; the rare fatty acid 19:0 20H cyclo 11,12 is also present. Ubiquinone 9 is the major respiratory quinone, the polar lipids are phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol in addition to two unidentified aminolipids. The new isolate forms red-colored colonies, flocculates in liquid media, is heterotrophic and strictly aerobic. Thiosulfate is oxidized to sulfate, but an increase in biomass could not be measured because of the flocculating behavior. Bacteriochloropyll a was detected by direct spectrophotometric analysis when the organism was grown at 30 degrees C, but could not be detected after growth at 50 degrees C. pufL and pufM genes were present. Heterotrophic growth of strain H-8T occurs on a few carbohydrates, amino acids and organic acids. On the basis of the phylogenetic analyses, physiological and biochemical characteristics, we propose that strain H-8T represents a new genus and a new species most closely related to Roseococcus thiosulfatophilus for which we propose the name Rubritepida flocculans.     

Zymobacter palmae gen. nov., sp. nov., a new ethanol-fermenting peritrichous bacterium isolated from palm sap

Zymobacter palmae gen. nov., sp. nov. was proposed for a new ethanol-fermenting bacterium that was isolated from palm sap in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. The bacterium is gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, nonspore-forming and peritrichously flagellated. It requires nicotinic acid for growth. It ferments hexoses, -linked di- and tri-saccarides, and sugar alcohols (fructose, galactose, glucose, mannose, maltose, melibiose, saccharose, raffinose, mannitol and sorbitol). Fifteen percent of maltose in broth medium is effectively fermented, whereas glucose with a concentration higher than 10% delayed growth initiation and decreased growth rates. Maltose is fermented to produce ethanol and CO₂ with a trace amount of acids. Approximately 2 mol of ethanol are produced from 1 mol moiety of hexose of maltose. The organism possesses ubiquinone-9. The G+C content of the DNA is 55.8+-0.4 mol%. Major cellular fatty acids were palmitic and oleic acids and cyclopropanic acid of C_19:0. Characteristic hydroxylated acid was 3-hydroxy dodecanoic acid. The bacterium is distinct from other ethanol-fermenting bacteria belonging to the genera Zymomonas Kluyver and van Niel 1936 and Saccharobacter Yaping et al. 1990 with respect to chemotaxonomic and other phenotypic characters to warrant to compose a new genus and a new species. The type strain is strain T109 (= IAM 14233).Abbreviation IAM IAM Culture Collection, Institute of Applied Microbiology. The University of Tokyo     

Holophaga foetida gen. nov., sp. nov., a new,homoacetogenic bacterium degrading methoxylated aromatic compounds

A polyphasic approach was used in which genotypic and phenotypic properties of a gram-negative, obligately anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium isolated from a black anoxic freshwater mud sample were determined. Based on these results, the name Holophaga foetida gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. This microorganism produced dimethylsulfide and methanethiol during growth on trimethoxybenzoate or syringate. The only other compounds utilized were pyruvate and trihydroxybenzenes such as gallate, phloroglucinol, or pyrogallol. The aromatic compounds were degraded to acetate. Although comparison of the signature nucleotide pattern of the five established subclasses of Proteobacteria with the 16S rDNA sequence of Holophaga foetida revealed a relationship to members of the -subclass, the phylogenetic position within the radiation of this class is so deep and dependent upon the number and selection of reference sequences that its affiliation to the Proteobacteria must be considered tentative. The type strain is H. foetida strain TMBS4 (DSM 6591).F. Bak died on 27 December 1992. A very promising and productive career thus ended much too early