EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白1在鼻咽癌中结合磷酸化的TRAFs

 对鼻咽癌中潜伏膜蛋白 1 (LMP1 )是否结合磷酸化的肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子 (tumornecrosis factor receptor- associated factors,TRAFs)信号分子进行探讨 .首先应用 CSA/SP双染色法在 30例鼻咽癌活检组织中发现 1 6例 (52 % ) LMP1与 TRAF1、TRAF2和 TRAF3共表达于癌细胞胞膜及胞浆同一部位 .这提示 EB病毒 LMP1在鼻咽癌中可能结合 TRAF1、TRAF2或TRAF3发挥作用 .进一步以导入载体 p SG5的鼻咽癌细胞系 HNE2 - p SG5为对照 ,建立了稳定表达 LMP1的鼻咽癌细胞系 HNE2 - LMP1 ,利用这两种细胞系 ,以免疫共沉淀 - Western印迹方法 ,证实了 LMP1可与磷酸化的 TRAF1、TRAF2或 TRAF3直接或间接作用形成免疫共沉淀复合物 .     

Requirement for Cell-to-Cell Contact in Epstein-Barr Virus Infection of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells and Keratinocytes

Two nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines and one keratinocyte cell line could be infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) by cocultivation with virus-producing cells but not by cell-free virus. Using porous culture inserts to manipulate the cell-to-cell contact, we demonstrated that contact between EBV donor B cells and EBV recipient epithelial cells was required for the infection. Cell-to-cell contact not only provided a CR2-independent route of infection but also enhanced CR2-mediated infection in a synergistic manner. Activity of two EBV promoters (Cp and Wp) and expression of EBNA2 were detected in the infected population. A small proportion of the infected cells spontaneously entered an EBV lytic state, which could be induced prominently by chemical treatment. This study provides information on how EBV may infect epithelial cells in vivo, such as at the onset of NPC development.     

EB病毒相关胃癌中病毒分型的研究

收集236例胃癌组织标本及135份健康人群咽漱液(throat washings,TWs)标本,采用原位杂交、PCR-Southern blot筛选出17例EB病毒相关胃癌(EBVaGC)(7.2%)和33例EBV阳性的TWs标本(24.4%);应用PCR-RFLP、巢式PCR及DNA测序等方法,检测EBV阳性标本病毒1/2分型、F/f分型、I/i分型及LMP1XhoI(+)/(-)等四种基因变异。EBVaGC及健康对照均为F型变异,未检测到f型变异。EBVaGC中1/2型、I/i型及LMP1XhoI(+)/(-)型的例数及比例分别为:17(100%)/0(0)、1(5.9%)/16(94.1%)及0(0)/15(88.2%);而TWs中上述分型的相应数据为25(75.8%)/8(24.2%)、11(33.3%)/19(57.6%)及12(36.4%)/18(54.5%),各位点两种基因型在EBVaGC和健康人中的分布不同(1/2:P=0.047;I/i:P=0.048;XhoI(+)/(-):P=0.012)。综合分析表明在3种基因多态性均能确定的标本中,EBVaGC均为1/i/XhoI(-)亚型(15/1...     

EB病毒DNA聚合酶基因的表达与纯化及其在鼻咽癌病人诊断中的应用

以Epstein-Barr病毒(EBV)DNA聚合酶为抗原,建立了简便、快速、敏感和特异的鼻咽癌诊断方法.构建原核表达载体pRSET-DNA聚合酶及其亚克隆pRSET-A1和pRSET-A2,在BL21(DE3)中表达的产物,经Western-blot检测其抗原性并用于检测鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma,NPC)病人血清中的抗体.在NPC病人血清中存在抗EB病毒DNA聚合酶的IgG抗体,并证明DNA聚合酶的抗原性主要集中于后2/3片段(A2)上.Western-bolt检测A2/IgG抗体的敏感性和特异性分别为80%和100%.对46份NPC病人血清和46份非NPC头颈癌症病人血清,用ELISA检测A2/IgA,敏感度为89%,特异度为93%.初步建立了ELISA检测NPC病人血清中A2/IgG抗体的方法,获得较高的敏感性和特异性.     

EB病毒DNA聚合酶基因的表达与纯化鼻咽癌病人诊断中的应用

以Ｅｐｓｔｅｉｎ－Ｂａｒｒ病毒（ＥＢＶ）ＤＮＡ聚合酶为抗原,建立了简便、快速、敏感和特异的鼻咽癌诊断方法。构建原表达载体ｐＲＳＥＴ－ＤＮＡ聚合酶及其亚克隆ＰＲＳＥＴ－Ａ１和ＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３）中表达的产物,经Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ－ｂｌｏｔ检测其抗原性并用于检测鼻咽癌（ｎａｓｏｐｈａｒｙｎｇｅａｌ ｃａｒｃｉｎｏｍａ,ＮＰＣ）病人血清中的抗体。在ＤＰＣ病人血清中存在抗ＥＢ病毒ＤＮＡ聚合酶的ＩｇＧ抗体,并证明     

Characterization of the Variability of Epstein-Barr Virus Genes in Nasopharyngeal Biopsies: Potential Predictors for Carcinoma Progression

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is a significant factor in the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, especially in the undifferentiated carcinoma of nasopharyngeal type (UCNT, World Health Organization type III), which is the dominant histopathological type in high-risk areas. The major EBV oncogene is latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). LMP1 gene shows variability with different tumorigenic and immunogenic potentials. EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) regulates progression of EBV-related tumors; however, the influence of EBNA1 sequence variability on tumor pathogenesis is controversial. The aims of this study were to characterize polymorphisms of EBV genes in non-endemic nasopharyngeal carcinoma biopsies and to investigate potential sequence patterns that correlate with the clinical presentation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In total, 116 tumor biopsies of undifferentiated carcinoma of nasopharyngeal type (UCNT), collected from 2008 to 2014, were evaluated in this study. The genes EBNA2, LMP1, and EBNA1 were amplified using nested-PCR. EBNA2 genotyping was performed by visualization of PCR products using gel electrophoresis. Investigation of LMP1 and EBNA1 included sequence, phylogenetic, and statistical analyses. The presence of EBV DNA was significantly distributed between TNM stages. LMP1 variability showed six variants, with the detection of the first China1 and North Carolina variants in European nasopharyngeal carcinoma biopsies. Newly discovered variants Srb1 and Srb2 were UCNT-specific LMP1 polymorphisms. The B95-8 and North Carolina variants are possible predictors for favorable TNM stages. In contrast, deletions in LMP1 are possible risk factors for the most disfavorable TNM stage, independent of EBNA2 or EBNA1 variability. A newly discovered EBNA1 subvariant, P-thr-sv-5, could be a potential diagnostic marker, as it represented a UCNT-specific EBNA1 subvariant. A particular combination of EBNA2, LMP1, and EBNA1 polymorphisms, type 1/Med/P-thr was identified as a possible risk factor for TNM stage IVB or progression to the N3 stage.     

鼻咽癌中EB病毒LMP1激活TRAFs的初步研究

在EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白LMP1介导的信号传导通路中,TRAFs作为LMP1活化的第一位信号分子,可能扮演着重要的分子开关角色。令人关注的是,在上皮性肿瘤NPC的发生中,EB病毒LMP1能否激活重要的TRAFs信号分子?究竟激活何种TRAFs信号分子,激活的机制何在?将LMP1cDNA导入LMP1表达阴性的HNE2中,建立稳定表达LMP1的鼻咽癌细胞系HNE2-LMP1。以此为材料,应用差异RT-PCR和Western blotting法证实,无论在RNA水平,还是蛋白水平上,TRAF1在HNE2-LMP1中表达较HNE2强,而TRAF2及TRAF3在HNE2-LMP1与HNE2细胞中表达无明显差异;进一步用免疫共沉淀-Western blotting证实LMP1可使TRAF1、TRAF2、TRAF3磷酸化而被活化。这些结果提示在鼻咽癌中,LMP1可能诱导TRAF1表达,而对TRAF2及TRAF3并不影响,但LMP1可磷酸化TRAF1、TRAF2、TRAF3而使其功能性活化。q     

EB病毒疫苗的研究进展

EB病毒是一种感染最广泛的人类γ疱疹病毒,与传染性单核细胞增多症、鼻咽癌、Hodgkin’s淋巴瘤以及Burkitt淋巴瘤等发生密切相关。预防和治疗EB病毒相关疾病一直是研究的热点,预防性疫苗主要以病毒包膜糖蛋白gp350为靶点,刺激机体产生抗体以阻止病毒感染;已有多种疫苗进入临床试验,用于预防传染性单核细胞增多症和器官移植后淋巴增殖性紊乱等疾病,并取得良好的试验结果。治疗性疫苗则以病毒复制感染过程中表达的病毒核抗原(EBNAs)和潜伏膜蛋白(LMP1和LMP2)为免疫治疗靶点,刺激机体产生特异性细胞免疫应答,增强细胞毒性T细胞杀伤肿瘤作用。国内外均已有疫苗进入针对鼻咽癌等肿瘤免疫治疗的临床试验,试验结果表明疫苗兼具良好的安全性和免疫原性。本文还综述EB病毒疫苗研究的最新方法、策略和成果,并探讨其中可借鉴的技术和思路,为EB病毒疫苗的研究提供潜在可行的新途径。     

The Synergistic Effect of Chemical Carcinogens Enhances Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation and Tumor Progression of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells

Seroepidemiological studies imply a correlation between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation and the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). N-nitroso compounds, phorbols, and butyrates are chemicals found in food and herb samples collected from NPC high-risk areas. These chemicals have been reported to be risk factors contributing to the development of NPC, however, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. We have demonstrated previously that low dose N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG, 0.1 µg/ml) had a synergistic effect with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and sodium butyrate (SB) in enhancing EBV reactivation and genome instability in NPC cells harboring EBV. Considering that residents in NPC high-risk areas may contact regularly with these chemical carcinogens, it is vital to elucidate the relation between chemicals and EBV and their contributions to the carcinogenesis of NPC. In this study, we constructed a cell culture model to show that genome instability, alterations of cancer hallmark gene expression, and tumorigenicity were increased after recurrent EBV reactivation in NPC cells following combined treatment of TPA/SB and MNNG. NPC cells latently infected with EBV, NA, and the corresponding EBV-negative cell, NPC-TW01, were periodically treated with MNNG, TPA/SB, or TPA/SB combined with MNNG. With chemically-induced recurrent reactivation of EBV, the degree of genome instability was significantly enhanced in NA cells treated with a combination of TPA/SB and MNNG than those treated individually. The Matrigel invasiveness, as well as the tumorigenicity in mouse, was also enhanced in NA cells after recurrent EBV reactivation. Expression profile analysis by microarray indicates that many carcinogenesis-related genes were altered after recurrent EBV reactivation, and several aberrations observed in cell lines correspond to alterations in NPC lesions. These results indicate that cooperation between chemical carcinogens can enhance the reactivation of EBV and, over recurrent reactivations, lead to alteration of cancer hallmark gene expression with resultant enhancement of tumorigenesis in NPC.     

我国北方地区鼻咽癌患者EB病毒LMP1基因缺失分析

为研究我国北方地区鼻咽癌和非鼻咽癌患者Epstein-Barr病毒(EBV)潜伏膜蛋白1(LMP1)基因C端区缺失状况,探讨其在鼻咽癌发生中所起的作用.收集我国东北地区鼻咽癌石蜡组织22例,非鼻咽癌患者外周血26例,提取DNA后,采用聚合酶链反应技术(PCR)扩增LMP1基因的C末端,对其中有缺失的4例鼻咽癌进行了克隆和序列分析.结果显示:22例鼻咽癌组织标本中,有19例扩增出特异性条带,阳性率为86%.其中8例存在缺失,缺失率42%.取4例缺失样品进行序列分析,并与B95-8原型LMP1做比较,结果显示:4例鼻咽癌样品均存在30个碱基的缺失和某些位点的单点突变,并由此引起所编码的氨基酸改变.26例非鼻咽癌患者LMP1阳性扩增率为92.31%,无一例缺失.此结果表明:与广东、广西鼻咽癌高发区相比,我国北方地区鼻咽癌与非鼻咽癌患者中EB病毒LMP1基因缺失型和原型的分布有明显的地区差异.     

Biotechnological Approach to a new Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Vaccine

Abstract

The 2A region of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) encodes a short sequence that mediates self-processing by a novel translational effect. Translation elongation arrest leads to release of the nascent polypeptide and re-initiation at the next in-frame codon. In this way discrete translation products are derived from a single open read-size of 2A peptides compared to internal promoters or IRES sequences makes them ideal candidates for use in size-restricted viral and nonviral vectors. Additionally, the diversity of the 2A sequence minimizes the chances for homologous recombination which is an important consideration when using retroviral or lentiviral systems. One outstanding question is the effect of the 2A “tag” attached to the C-terminus of the upstream protein. This may interfere with function, or more importantly may present a new epitope that could be subject to immunological surveillance. However, the attachment of extra amino acids is a routine method for labelling transgene products while leaving their function intact (e.g. tags such as the His tag and Myc tag). To our knowledge, the 2A tag does not impair activity and expression - proteins that require authentic termini, or are N-/C- terminally modified, can be introduced as the first or final polyprotein domain, respectively. In any event, strategies have now been devised that allow removal of the 2A linker (see François et al., 2004; Fang et al., 2005). The “unwanted” tag may however stick – antibodies directed against 2A can be used to detect the gene cloned upstream (Ryan and Drew, 1994; de Felipe et al., 2003, 2006). Lastly, the presence of a proline residue at the N-terminus of the downstream protein, as a relict of the 2A self-cleaving process, does not normally interfere with function – it does, however, confer high protein stability (Varshavsky, 1992).

Aware of the factors that influence expression levels it is important to empirically design any co-expression cassette to ensure the polyprotein is the most suitable arrangement in respect to desired function. As a form of control of protein biogenesis, 2A sequences are much more wide-spread than was first suspected. To appease different and opposing sensibilities, 2A variants that are not found in mammalian viruses can be used just as effectively for the production of multiple protein products. Although a relative new-kid-on-the-block in terms of co-expression studies, 2A can safely be considered an “established” player. It is clear that assorted 2A-derived proteins with diverse and distinct localized functions may be stably expressed in several different cell types demonstrating the applicability of this technology in biomedicine and biotechnology. The biotechnological applications of 2A are continually updated on www.st-andrews.ac.uk/ryanlab/Index.htm We envisage that 2A technology will become one of the predominant strategies for multigene delivery in the coming years.     

EB病毒白介素-10基因在广东地区人群中的变异特征及与鼻咽癌的相关性

EB病毒（Epstein-Barr virus,EBV）基因变异与EBV相关疾病发生的关系尚无明确结论,本研究旨在了解广东地区人群中EBV白介素-10基因（viral interleukin-10,vIL-10）基因变异特征,探讨其变异与鼻咽癌（nasopharyngeal carcinoma,NPC）发生的关系。采用PCR和DNA测序检测NPC组织和健康成年人咽漱液中vIL-10序列。50例NPC和70例健康人群完成序列测定,其中42例（84.0%）NPC和60例（85.7%）健康人群与EBV标准株B95-8氨基酸序列一致,被分类为B95-8型;剩余8例（16.0%）NPC和10例（14.3%）健康人群在信号肽区域出现氨基酸突变,被分类为SPM变异型。2种型别及4处共有突变在2种人群中的分布无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结果表明,广东地区NPC和健康人群中EBV vIL-10高度保守,均以B95-8型为主,而SPM变异型的地域性分布及与鼻咽癌的确切关系有待进一步研究。     

The Effect of Adding Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy to Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy in Patients with Locoregionally Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma and Undetectable Pretreatment Epstein-Barr Virus DNA

PURPOSE: To assess the effect of adding neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) to concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and undetectable pretreatment Epstein-Barr virus (pEBV) DNA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We enrolled 639 NPC patients with stage II to IVB and undetectable pEBV DNA to receive CCRT with or without NACT. Radiotherapy was 2.0 to 2.27 Gy per fraction with five daily fractions per week for 6 to 7 weeks to the primary tumor and 62 to 70 Gy to the involved neck area. NACT was cisplatin (80-100 mg/m² day 1) and 5-fluorouracil (800-1000 mg/m², 120-hour continuous intravenous infusion) every 3 weeks for two or three cycles. CCRT was cisplatin (80-100 mg/m² day 1) every 3 weeks for three cycles. RESULTS: For all patients, the 5-year overall survival (OS), locoregional relapse-free survival (LRFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), and progression-free survival (PFS) rates were 91.9%, 92.2%, 95.0%, and 86.4%, respectively. There was no significant difference in OS (5-year OS 90.8% [NACT + CCRT group] vs 92.7% [CCRT alone]; hazard ratio [HR] 1.24; P = .486), LRFS (HR 1.13, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.59-2.14, P = .715), DMFS (HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.34-1.78, P = .554), or PFS (HR 1.21, 95% CI 0.75-1.95, P = .472). CONCLUSION: CCRT with or without NACT produced a good treatment outcome in patients with locoregionally advanced NPC and undetectable pEBV DNA, but NACT before CCRT did not significantly improve survival rates.     

Immunoinformatics Approach to Design T-cell Epitope-Based Vaccine Against Hendra Virus

Screening of HLA class II epitope-based peptides as potential vaccine candidates is one of the most rational approach for vaccine development against Hendra virus (HeV) infection, for which currently there is no successful vaccine in practice. In this study, screening of epitopes from HeV proteins viz matrix, glycoprotein, nucleocapsid, fusion, C protein, V protein, W protein and polymerase, followed by highest binding affinity & molecular dynamic simulation of selected T-cell epitopes with their corresponding HLA class II alleles has been done. The server ProPred facilitates the binding prediction of HLA class II allele specific epitopes from the antigenic protein sequences of HeV. PEPstrMOD server was used for PDB structure modeling of the screened epitopes and MODELLER was used for HLA alleles modeling. We docked the selected T-cell epitopes with their corresponding HLA allele structures using the AutoDock 4.2 tool. Further the selected docked complex structures were optimized by NAnoscale Molecular Dynamics program (NAMD) at 5 ps, with the CHARMM-22 force field parameter incorporated in Visual Molecular Dynamics (VMD 1.9.2) and complex structure stability was evaluated by calculating RMSD values. Epitopes IRIFVPATN (Nucleocapsid), MRNLLSQSL (Nucleocapsid), VRRAGKYYS (Matrix) and VRLKCLLCG (Fusion) proteins have shown considerable binding with DRB1*0806, DRB1*1304, DRB1*0701 and DRB1*0301 HLA class II allele respectively. Toxicity, antigenicity and population coverage of epitopes IRIFVPATN, MRNLLSQSL, VRRAGKYYS and VRLKCLLCG were analyzed by Toxin Pred, Vexijen and IEDB tool, respectively. The potential T-cell epitopes can be utilized in designing comprehensive epitope-based vaccines and diagnostic kits against Hendra virus after further in-vivo studies.

     

EB病毒LMP1在鼻咽癌细胞中调控核转录因子κB活性研究

为了探讨ＥＢ病毒潜伏膜蛋白１（ＬＭＰ１）的致瘤机制,对鼻咽癌细胞中ＬＭＰ１通过核转录因子ｋＢ（ＮＦｋＢ）介导的信号传导途径在鼻咽癌变中的意义进行了研究。利用ＬＭＰ１受四环素衍生物强力霉素诱导表达的鼻咽癌细胞Ｔｅｔ－ｏｎ－ＬＭＰ１ＨＮＥ２,通过ＮＦｋＢ报道基因分析法、凝胶迁移率分析（ＥＭＳＡ）及细胞集落形成率等方法,结合硫代磷酸反义寡核苷酸阻断技术,证实ＬＭＰ１增强鼻咽癌细胞ＮＦｋＢ的ＤＮＡ结合活性