共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Susan Charnley Rebecca J. McLain Ellen M. Donoghue 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2008,36(5):743-761
This paper examines the relation between public land management policy, amenity migration, and socioeconomic well-being using
the case of the Northwest Forest Plan—a forest management policy that caused 11.6 million acres of federal land in the US
Pacific Northwest to be reallocated from commodity production to biodiversity services. Our analysis focuses on three propositions
implicit in much of the amenity migration literature in the USA: land management policies that reduce commodity production
and/or increase environmental protection (1) improve the natural amenity values of public lands; (2) increase amenity migration
to communities near public lands; and (3) stimulate economic development and increase socioeconomic well-being in these communities.
Our findings indicate that all three propositions are problematic and demonstrate the importance of community-scale analysis
for understanding the relation between land management policies, amenity migration, and community well-being. We discuss the
implications of our findings for public land management and rural community development.
相似文献
Ellen M. DonoghueEmail: |
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We develop a formal framework for the optimal allocation of limited resources that includes and clarifies the interplay between
individual optimization and the resulting effects at the population level. As an example, in regard to the evolution of sexual
recombination, the paradox of the twofold cost of sex is avoided by distinguishing between the evolution of recombination
and the subsequent emergence and stability of different mating types as a result of individual optimization within a population
that benefits from recombination.
相似文献
John PepperEmail: |
4.
We propose a principle of consistency between different hierarchical levels of biological systems. Given a consistency between
molecule replication and cell reproduction, universal statistical laws on cellular chemical abundances are derived and confirmed
experimentally. They include a power law distribution of gene expressions, a lognormal distribution of cellular chemical abundances
over cells, and embedding of the power law into the network connectivity distribution. Second, given a consistency between
genotype and phenotype, a general relationship between phenotype fluctuations by genetic variation and isogenic phenotypic
fluctuation by developmental noise is derived. Third, we discuss the chaos mechanism for stem cell differentiation with autonomous
regulation, resulting from a consistency between cell reproduction and growth of the cell ensemble.
相似文献
Kunihiko KanekoEmail: |
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Sub-Antarctic Marion Island has had a permanent research station for 50 years and the islands Wandering Albatrosses have been intensively studied for 20 years. The reactions of breeding birds to approaches by a human on foot were recorded. Three response variables were calculated: intensity of vocal reaction (IVR), intensity of non-vocal reaction (INR) and overall response index (ORI). At 5 m from the nest, twice as many birds stood and/or vocalised as at 15 m. Nearest neighbour distance, age and gender did not explain individual variability of responses. Study colony birds had higher IVR scores than non-study colony birds; birds at colonies closest to the station had the highest ORI scores. A better breeding record was associated with lower IVR and ORI scores, but a causative relationship remains to be demonstrated. A minimum viewing distance of 25 m is recommended for breeding Wandering Albatrosses.
相似文献
Marienne S. de VilliersEmail: Fax: +27-21-6503434 |
John CooperEmail: |
Peter G. RyanEmail: |
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Literature on the mobility of pastoralists and resource access is widely available, but conceptualization and understanding
of the socioeconomic processes expected to affect the outcome are inconsistent. In this article, drawing on research conducted
in the Yerer and Daketa Valleys, eastern Ethiopia, we use the notion of entitlements to examine how, under increasing pressure
for resource access, various agro-pastoral households manage conflicting interests in common grazing resources. We observed
that in times of drought and resource scarcity incumbent agro-pastoralists find peaceful sharing arrangements with intruding
pastoralists. Asset-poor agro-pastoralists enter into mutually beneficial arrangements with pastoralists, trading their resource
endowments to grazing land for other assets from the pastoralists, whereas wealthier households prefer a reciprocal risk-management
strategy. These multiple arrangements have distributional effects because asset-poor agro-pastoralist households can stabilize
or enhance their household assets and their capabilities in times of drought, and thus benefit from assisting pastoralist
migrants to the common grazing land.
相似文献
Ayalneh BogaleEmail: |
10.
The challenge for those responsible for funding, brokering and assessing the merit of proposed Indigenous research is to identify and then work co-operatively with appropriate representatives of Indigenous interests in order to increase the flow of benefits from research to Indigenous peoples. Experience in Australia has shown that this is not a straightforward process. In this paper we indicate some reasons why it is important for the research community to broker research with representative Indigenous organisations and to involve Indigenous peoples in the ethical assessment and conduct of research. We then identify some barriers to the achievement of these objectives and outline recently developed interventions from the field of health research that aim to promote a more effective working relationship between Indigenous peoples and members of the research community.
相似文献
Terry DunbarEmail: |
11.
In the Indian state of Goa, communally owned agricultural land has persisted through indigenous state rule, colonial occupation
and postcolonial liberation. We show that in Goa, and indeed elsewhere in the world, communally owned land provides protection
against scarcity, risk, and state revenue demands in wet rice agriculture. When wet rice agriculture is the primary agricultural
activity, communally owned land is an effective way to utilize resources. These findings add to the literature that challenges
the inevitability of the tragedy of commonly owned resources.
相似文献
Paul AxelrodEmail: |
12.
Brad E. Erisman Jorge A. Rosales-Casián Philip A. Hastings 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》2008,82(1):23-33
The sexual pattern and sexual development of the leopard grouper, Mycteroperca rosacea, were investigated from 483 specimens collected from the Gulf of California, Mexico. Histological and population data indicated
a gonochoric sexual pattern. Some juveniles passed through an immature bisexual phase of gonadal development, but no evidence
of post-maturational sex change was found. The immature bisexual phase is believed to be associated only with male development.
The size distribution and size at sexual maturity were similar for both males and females. In accordance with predictions
of the size-advantage model, the gonochoric sexual pattern of M. rosacea is likely influenced by its group-spawning mating system.
相似文献
Brad E. ErismanEmail: |
13.
Causal Explanation of Indonesian Forest Fires: Concepts, Applications, and Research Priorities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Andrew P. Vayda 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2006,34(5):615-635
Problems with studies, claims, and assumptions that have been made about the causes of fires in Indonesia's tropical moist forests are identified, and the kinds of concepts, methods, prioritizing, and data needed to resolve the problems are discussed. Separate sections are devoted to studying ignitions, studying fire susceptibility and fire behavior, and using the goal of causal explanation to guide interdisciplinary research.
相似文献
Andrew P. VaydaEmail: |
14.
In this paper, we explore the role of reciprocity in the employment of restrictive measures in contexts of contagion. Reciprocity
should be understood as a substantive value that governs the use, level and extent of restrictive measures. We also argue
that independent of the role reciprocity plays in the legitimisation the use of restrictive measures, reciprocity can also
motivate support and compliance with legitimate restrictive measures. The importance of reciprocity has implications for how
restrictive measures should be undertaken when preparing and evaluating public health responses to contagion.
相似文献
A. M. ViensEmail: |
15.
The recent contribution by Jarmila Kukalová-Peck on Hennigian phylogenetics and hexapod limb evolution is critically evaluated.
相似文献
Michael S. Engel (Corresponding author)Email: |
16.
Terry Harmer 《Cluster computing》2007,10(3):277-285
Gridcast is an R&D project investigating grid ideas and technologies in the broadcasting technical infrastructure. In this
paper I discuss the business and technical issues in building infrastructures to support broadcasters and outline the structure
of the Gridcast grid-based service oriented architecture for broadcasting playout support.
相似文献
Terry HarmerEmail: |
17.
Peter McHugh Phaedra Budy Gary Thiede Erin VanDyke 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》2008,81(1):63-75
Nonnative trout invasions have caused the widespread decline of cutthroat trout populations in western North America. In contrast
to other nonnative salmonids, the role of nonnative brown trout in native cutthroat trout decline is poorly understood. Specifically,
the level of ecological similarity that occurs between these species and the importance of other trophic mechanisms (e.g.,
predation) in their interactions are key uncertainties. We evaluated the trophic relationships of brown trout and cutthroat
trout in a northern Utah river using a combination of diet and stable isotope analyses. We compared the dietary habits of
these two species using multiple and complementary measures. Based on both stomach contents and δ13C signatures, we found that these species consumed a similar and opportunistic diet (i.e., they were nonselective in their
foraging patterns). However, at most sizes, brown trout ingested larger prey—including fishes—and occupied a higher relative
trophic position (i.e., δ15N) than cutthroat trout. Overall, these results demonstrate a high degree of dietary similarity and therefore strengthen earlier
conclusions regarding interspecific competition between these two species. Our study, when considered alongside the work of
others, suggests there is potential for predatory interactions between these species (i.e., brown trout preying on small cutthroat
trout). We believe that future research on brown trout–cutthroat trout interactions should consider predatory effects in greater
detail.
相似文献
Peter McHughEmail: |
18.
This paper is an attempt to combine the results and conclusions of two independently designed research projects, in order
to achieve a more complete understanding of the degree of exploitation of living marine resources by a small Tongan coastal
fishing community. Results of a socioeconomic resource-driven survey and an anthropological study adopting a commons dilemma
approach, agree substantially on the impact of tradition and changes, but disagree with regard to the driving forces. The
socioeconomic study argues that dynamics between traditional and modern economic values best explain the state of the community’s
coastal fisheries; while the anthropological study argues that social values and obligations still determine to a great extent
the goals people pursue with their economic activities. Current fishing pressure, the marine tenure system, and present and
future marketing potentials are all factors which may result in conflict between the traditional Tongan system and the modern
cash-based, remittance sustained system. These will ultimately affect the current and future status of coastal resources and
the social cohesion of the community.
相似文献
Andrea BenderEmail: |
19.
We examine the relationship between birth order and reproductive behaviors in a sample of Australian residents, accounting
for personality, personal achievements, and family structure. Using generalized linear models and survival analyses we build
predictive models for each reproductive measure and test those models on an independent data subset. Compared with functional
firstborns (middle-borns more than 5 years younger than their next older sibling), male middle-borns and last-born females
had younger ages of first sexual intercourse, and middle-born females had a younger age at first pregnancy. There was no difference
in females’ age at first birth. Male middle-borns tended to have an older average age at first birth. Controlling for age,
both male and female middle-borns had fewer children. Overall, middle-borns differ more from functional firstborns than do
last-borns. Given the significant but small effect sizes demonstrated in this study, we suggest that developmental characteristics
that may facilitate middle-borns’ success within the natal family carry slight fitness costs during the reproductive years.
相似文献
Fritha MilneEmail: |
20.
Albert Pèlachs Jordi Nadal Joan Manuel Soriano David Molina Raquel Cunill 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》2009,18(5):403-416
This research is based on the discovery of a large number of charcoal kiln sites and abandoned iron mines in Vallferrera (Axial
Pyrenees, northeastern Spain). The study reveals that this region has been affected by the metal mining and smelting industry
for at least 2,000 years, with maximum intensity in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, followed by abandonment of the
activity. The region’s woodland dendrochronology and historical records indicate that exploitation of wood charcoal for metalworking
affected the past vegetation in the area and impeded the development of mature woodland. Our findings suggest that the greatest
changes in vegetation and landscape history occurred at times of particular specialization in socioeconomic activities.
相似文献
Albert PèlachsEmail: |