粪产碱杆菌青霉素G酰化酶在枯草芽孢杆菌中的表达、纯化及其性质

利用PCR技术克隆了粪产碱杆菌 (Alcaligenesfaecalis,CICCAS1.76 7)青霉素G酰化酶 (pencillinGacylase ,PGA)基因 (GenBank登录号AF4 5 5 35 6 )。通过构建工程菌E .coli(pETAPGA) ,该酶在大肠杆菌中获得了表达 ,表达产物分泌到周质空间。进一步构建的工程菌B .subtilis (pMAPGA)和B .subtilis(pBAPGA)实现了该酶的胞外分泌表达。分泌表达的最高表达量为 6 5 3u/L ,比野生型A .faecalis表达量高 10 9倍。表达产物经硫酸铵分级沉淀和DEAE SepharoseCL 6B两步纯化 ,纯度提高 86倍 ,活力回收率达到 81% ,纯化后的PGA活力为 1.4 6 9u/mg。研究表明 ,PGA家族成员中只有粪产碱杆菌PGA和巨大芽孢杆菌PGA可以在枯草芽孢杆菌中分泌表达。与巨大芽孢杆菌PGA相比 ,粪产碱杆菌PGA的最适pH值为 8.0 ,最适温度为 6 0°C ,而且在有机溶剂中具有更强的稳定性。该酶在水相中具有较低的头孢氨苄合成活力。本研究为粪产碱杆菌PGA的获得提供了新的途径。     

尖镰孢胞外青霉素V酰化酶的产生

由腐殖土中分离出一株产胞外青霉素Ｖ酰化酶的尖镰孢（Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍｏｘｙｓｐｏｒｕｍ）,编号ＦＰ９４１。研究了该菌在液体培养基中产胞外青霉素Ｖ酰化酶的条件。在以１０％麦麸为碳源的培养基中,添加氮源能促进酶的形成。无机氮源优于有机氮源。（ＮＨ_４）_２ＨＰＯ_４的促进效果最佳,草酸铵次之,用量均为１％。为提高产酶量,培养基中添加诱导物是必要的、苯氧乙酸的诱导效果最佳,用量为０．１％,其次是青霉素Ｖ,用量为０．３％。最适培养条件为：培养     

巨大芽孢杆菌青霉素G酰化酶基因的克隆和表达

我们分离到了一株产生分泌型青霉素G酰化酶的巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megateriumBM1)。用pBR322作载体,将该菌的青霉索G酰化酶基因克隆到大肠杆菌(Escherichia coliMcl061)中,得到含有9．9kb插人片段的重组质粒pBmPA4。分析了该质粒的限制酶酶切图谱,并经体外缺失获得含4．9kb插入片段的质粒pBmPA5。pBmPA4和pBmPA5在E·coliMcl061中均能表达,表达受苯乙酸诱导。     

青霉素G酰化酶操纵子的负调控因子的研究

青霉素G酰化酶(PA)操纵子的调节基因(pacR)存在于青霉素G酰化酶结构基因(pac)内部Dral-Taql一段约500bp的DNA片段内,此片段内含有2个ORF。2个ORF及其突变体分别克隆到pUC18得到一系列重组质粒,用这些重组质粒转化青霉素G酰化酶产生菌E.coliD816,测定克隆片段对PA表达的影响。如果克隆片段含有具功能的pacR,诱导剂苯乙酸(PAA)不能使由高拷贝却pacR表达的阻抑物全部失活,部分阻抑物结合pac操纵基因,阻碍RNA聚合酶对pac的转录,因此PA的表达量降低。结果表明,阻抑物是由pac结构基因内部的ORF2编码的蛋白因子,pacR即ORF2。RNA—DNA杂交实验证实了pacR在转录水平阻抑pac的表达。     

极端嗜热菌海栖热袍菌α-葡萄糖醛酸酶的高效表达和重组酶的纯化

α-葡萄糖醛酸酶作为木聚糖降解的限速酶之一,在木聚糖类半纤维素的生物转化中起着重要的作用。海栖热袍菌Thermotoga maritima是一个嗜极端高温的厌氧细菌,其产生的极耐热性酶类具有非常可观的工业应用前景。但热袍菌属Thermotoga的基因在大肠杆菌中的表达一般较困难。研究了T. maritima中的极耐热性α葡萄糖醛酸酶基因在大肠杆菌不同菌株中的表达水平及纯化技术。结果表明,稀有密码子AGA、AGG和AUA限制了该基因在大肠杆菌中的表达,在大肠杆菌BL21-CodonPlus(DE3)RIL可得到高效表达,重组蛋白表达量达20%,比酶活比野生菌株提高5倍;重组蛋白经热处理和金属Ni²⁺的亲和层析提纯后,达到了电泳纯,提纯倍数为5.1倍,收率为55.1%。对重组菌诱导表达条件的研究表明,营养丰富的TB培养基有助于重组菌的生长, 重组菌生长至OD₆₀₀为0.7～0.8时添加IPTG诱导5h后重组蛋白的表达量最高。     

细菌超低温冻结保藏的研究

本文报道10属19种19株细菌超低温冻结保藏试验的结果。从细胞存活率看,冻结保藏8个月,10％甘油、10%二甲基亚砜保护剂保藏效果优于蒸馏水作保护剂,少数菌株三种保护剂保藏效果相近。快速冻结与慢速冻结对细咆存活率影响不显著。恶臭醋杆菌混浊变种(Acelobacter rancens var. turbidans) AS 1.41,产氨短杆菌 (Brevibacterium ammoniagenes) AS1．844,细胞悬液浓度大,细胞存活率有增高趋势。电镜观查,超低温冻结细胞死亡率高的产气气杆菌(Aerobacter aerogenes) AS 1.489有胞壁破裂、胞质溢出现象,是细胞死亡原因之一。冻结融化后直接测定,植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum) AS 1.557乳酸生成力下降3．4—13.8％,溶壁小球菌(Micrococcus lysodeikticus) AS 1.634对溶菌酶敏感性下降14—23％。冻结融化后移接2代测定,钝齿棒杆菌(Corynebactertum crenatum) AS 1.998 产 L-异亮氨酸,大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli) AS 1.76产青霉素酰化酶酶活力,铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa) AS 1．647产2-酮基-L-古龙酸,植物乳杆菌产乳酸均与冻结前相近。     

固定化巨大芽孢杆菌青霉素G酰化酶酶促合成头孢氨苄的研究

β—内酰胺系列抗菌素抗菌谱广、疗效高、毒副作用小,国际上研究与应用日渐广泛深入。头孢氨苄(Cephalexin)是重要的半合成抗菌素之一,由头孢霉素母核7—氨基脱乙酰氧基头孢烷酸(简称7-ADCA)和侧链结构物苯甘氨酸或其甲酯(PGME)经酰化而生成。酰化有化学法和酶法两种。采用青霉素G酰化酶或a—氨基酸酯酶或,a—氨酰转移酶的酶法,具有工艺操作简单、无需基团保护、环境污染轻等优点。继日本人于70年代初试验成功酶法之后,80年代初我们开展了这方面研究。制备方面,胞外酶优于胞内酶;使用方面,固定化酶优于固定化细胞。在用具有青霉素G酰化酶活性的固定化大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)细胞合成头孢氨苄的基础上,又研究了用固定化巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)BP931胞外青霉素G酰化酶酰化合成头孢氨苄的条件。本文报道这一研究结果。     

青霉素G酰化酶调节基因的定位

为了定位青霉素G酰化酶的调节基因,从质粒Ppa6克隆了一系列青霉索G酰化酶基因(pac)的片段,将这些重组质粒转化E.coli D816,测定克隆片段对pac表达的影响。如果克隆片段含有完整的调节基因(pacR)。诱导剂不能使由高拷贝pacR表达的阻抑物失活,部分阻抑物结合pac操纵基困,阻碍RNA聚合酶对加pac的转录,因此pac的表达量降低。发酵结果表明,阻抑物可能是由pac结构基因内部的ORFⅡ编码的蛋白因子。     

组成型表达粪产碱杆菌青霉素G酰化酶重组大肠杆菌发酵条件研究

目的:对重组大肠杆菌组成型表达粪产碱杆菌青霉素G酰化酶(AfPGA)进行了发酵条件研究。方法:在摇瓶和5L发酵罐中研究了(NH4)2SO4和葡萄糖浓度对质粒的分离稳定性及青霉素G酰化酶表达的影响。结果:该工程菌质粒具有分离不稳定性,培养基中无(NH4)2SO4时发酵过程中pH和糊精水解生成葡萄糖的浓度变化较小,细胞前期(0h-12h)的生长速率降低,质粒分离稳定性和青霉素G酰化酶的表达水平提高。发酵过程中维持低葡萄糖水平可以限制细胞的生长速率,提高质粒稳定性和促进青霉素G酰化酶的合成。采用混合碳源发酵,发酵培养基含糊精2g/L,12h后以1g/L.h恒速流加葡萄糖至35h,控制流加过程葡萄糖浓度0.1g/L左右,平均比生长速率为0.06h-1,发酵结束时质粒稳定性为86%,青霉素G酰化酶的表达水平达23 000U/L。结论:重组大肠杆菌组成型表达青霉素G酰化酶的研究对工业生产有一定指导意义。     

黑曲霉葡萄糖氧化酶基因的克隆及其在酵母中的高效表达

将黑曲霉葡萄糖氧化酶(GOD)基因重组进大肠杆菌酵母穿梭质粒Ppic9,转化甲基营养酵母Pichia pastoris GS115,构建出GOD的高产酵母工程菌株。在酵母αFactor及AOX1基因启动子和终止信号的调控下,黑曲霉GOD在甲基酵母中大量表达并分泌至胞外,经甲醇诱导3～4d,发酵液中的GOD活力可达30～40u/mL。SDS-PAGE证实GOD在培养物上清中的含量显著高于其它杂蛋白,约占胞外蛋白总量的60%～70%,经Q SepharoseTMFast Flow离子交换柱一步纯化即达电泳纯。重组酵母GOD比活达426.63u/mg蛋白,是商品黑曲霉GOD的1.6倍。动力学性质分析表明,重组酵母GOD的K_m和K_cat分别为38.25mmol/L和3492.66s-1,与商品黑曲霉GOD相比,具有更高的催化效率。重组酵母GOD的高活力特性可有效提高葡萄糖传感器的线性检测范围。     

Two-step purification of Bacillus circulans chitinase A1 expressed in Escherichia coli periplasm

A protein purification procedure was developed to efficiently and effectively purify the target enzyme, chitinase A1 of Bacillus circulans WL-12, from Escherichia coli DH5alpha carrying the chiA gene with its natural promoter in the plasmid pNTU110. Chitinase A1 was purified to apparent homogeneity from E. coli periplasm with a final recovery of 90.6%. Two main steps were included in this protein purification procedure, ammonium sulfate precipitation (40% saturation) and anion-exchange chromatography at pH 6.0 using Q Ceramic HyperD column. The yield of chitinase A1 was estimated at 95 microg/L. A polyclonal antibody against chitinase A1 was raised by immunizing BALB/c mice with chitinase A1 purified from E. coli DH5alpha(pNTU110). As indicated by Western blot analysis, a 3000-fold diluted antibody detected purified chitinase A1 from E. coli DH5alpha(pNTU110) in an amount of at least 1 ng and specifically detected chitinase A1 produced by B. circulans WL-12.     

DegP-coexpression minimizes inclusion-body formation upon overproduction of recombinant penicillin acylase in Escherichia coli

We demonstrated the enhancement of recombinant penicillin acylase (PAC) production in Escherichia coli by increasing the intracellular concentration of the periplasmic protease DegP. Using appropriate host/vector systems (e.g., HB101 harboring pTrcKnPAC2902 or MDDeltaP7 harboring pTrcKnPAC2902) in which the expression of the pac gene was regulated by the strong trc promoter, the overproduction of PAC was often limited by periplasmic processing and inclusion bodies composed of protein aggregates of PAC precursors were formed in the periplasm. The amount of these periplasmic inclusion bodies was significantly reduced and PAC activity was significantly increased upon coexpression of DegP. The specific PAC activity reached an extremely high level of 674 U/L/OD(600) for MDDeltaP7 harboring pTrcKnPAC2902 and pKS12 under optimum culture conditions. However, such improvement in the production of PAC was not observed for the expression systems (e.g., MDDeltaP7 harboring pCLL2902) in which the periplasmic processing was not the step limiting the production of PAC. The results suggest that DegP could in vivo assist the periplasmic processing though the enzyme is shown to be not absolutely required for the formation of active PAC in E. coli. In addition, the steps limiting the production of PAC are identified and the reasons for the formation of PAC inclusion bodies are discussed here.     

红豆杉细胞培养产物提取策略及其对紫杉醇的影响

研究了硫酸铈铵及原位提取对红豆杉细胞悬浮培养过程中细胞生长、紫杉醇合成及释放的影响。红豆杉细胞悬浮培养过程中培养第12d添加2mg/L硫酸铈铵能获得最大紫杉醇产量8．3mg/L,其中2．4mg/L释放到细胞外,分别为对照组的4倍及12倍。同时添加2mg/L硫酸铈铵、5％油酸(v/v)时胞外紫杉醇产量达到9mg/L,为对照组的45倍。将硫酸铈铵及原位提取与补料培养相结合,最高紫杉醇产量可达24．5mg/L,其中60％释放到胞外。     

大肠杆菌DH5α耐乙酸突变株的选育及其代谢特性研究

大肠杆菌DH5α是基因工程常用的宿主菌之一,但由于对代谢副产物乙酸十分敏感,影响外源基因的表达效率。为了提高E. coli DH5α乙酸耐受力,采用60Co诱变结合连续培养,逐步提高稀释率和乙酸钠选择压力,于含乙酸钠平板进一步筛选,得到5株对乙酸耐受能力显著增强的突变菌株,具有良好的遗传稳定性,其中DA19显示最强的耐受性能。DA19与DH5α相比,在复合培养基YPS和YPS2G中菌体浓度分别提高17％和5％,最大比生长速率分别提高8％和27％,产乙酸分别减少为6％和59％;在基本培养基中的细胞浓度提高24倍,在含10g/L乙酸钠培养基中达到的细胞浓度与不加乙酸钠DH5α的细胞浓度相当。     

Biosynthesis of poly (γ-glutamic acid) from l-glutamine,citric acid and ammonium sulfate in Bacillus subtilis IFO3335

Poly(-glutamic acid) (PGA) production in Bacillus subtilis IFO3335 was studied. PGA was only slightly produced from medium (100 ml) containing 2 g citric acid and 0.5 g ammonium sulfate in B. subtilis IFO3335. When 0.01 g/100 ml l-glutamine was added to this medium, a large amount of PGA (0.45 g/100 ml), without any by-products such as polysaccharides, was produced. The changes in cell growth, and PGA, glutamic acid, citric acid and ammonium sulfate concentrations in this medium during cultivation were investigated. It was found that PGA was effectively produced for the short time of 20 h after an induction period and that glutamic acid was scarcely excreted during PGA production. PGA could be effectively produced using this medium containing l-glutamine, citric acid and ammonium sulfate. It is suggested that a small amount of l-glutamine added to the medium activated enzymes in the pathway of PGA synthesis in B. subtilis IFO3335. It can be presumed that the enzyme catalyzing the reaction from 2-oxoglutaric acid to l-glutamic acid was glutamate synthase in this bacterium.     

Biochemical parameters of Saccharopolyspora Erythraea during feeding ammonium sulphate in erythromycin biosynthesis phase

The physiology of feeding ammonium sulphate in erythromycin biosynthesis phase of Saccharopolyspora erythraea on the regulation of erythromycin A (Er-A) biosynthesis was investigated in 50 L fermenter. At an optimal feeding ammonium sulphate rate of 0.03 g/L per h, the maximal Er-A production was 8281 U/mL at 174 h of growth, which was increased by 26.3% in comparison with the control (6557 U/mL at 173 h). Changes in cell metabolic response of actinomycete were observed, i.e. there was a drastic increase in the level of carbon dioxide evolution rate and oxygen consumption. Assays of the key enzyme activities and organic acids of S. erythraea and amino acids in culture broth revealed that cell metabolism was enhanced by ammonium assimilation, which might depend on the glutamate transamination pathway. The enhancement of cell metabolism induced an increase of the pool of TCA cycle and the metabolic flux of erythromycin biosynthesis. In general, ammonium assimilation in the erythromycin biosynthesis phase of S. erythraea exerted a significant impact on the carbon metabolism and formation of precursors of the process for dramatic regulation of secondary metabolites biosynthesis.     

High-level expression of a fungal pyranose oxidase in high cell-density fed-batch cultivations of Escherichia coli using lactose as inducer

Expression of a recombinant pyranose oxidase (P2O) from the basidiomycete Trametes ochracea has been increased 10-fold in shaking flask cultures of Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) harboring plasmid pSE33 by optimizing the composition of the culture medium using an experimental design approach. Inexpensive lactose was used as a medium component and inducer of expression of the P2O gene, which is under the control of a trc promoter. The expression system was studied in detail in batch and fed-batch cultivations with the aim to improve the expression level of active recombinant protein and to minimize the formation of inclusion bodies. In batch cultivations, the highest specific P2O activity of 0.9 U (mg of soluble protein)(-1) was measured in oxygen-limited cultures grown at 25 degrees C. The highest overall volumetric productivity of 33 mg of active P2O per liter and hour (corresponding to 345U (L h)(-1)) has been determined in a high-density fed-batch process with a feed-forward exponential feeding strategy. During the fed-batch process, lactose was added intermittently to the culture. A final biomass concentration of 33 g L(-1) (based on cell dry weight) was obtained. Compared to shaking flask cultures in not optimized culture media, the overall volumetric P2O productivity has been improved by a factor of 110 using the fed-batch strategy and the optimized culture medium. Recombinant P2O was expressed in the cytoplasm with 9% of the total soluble protein being active P2O. In terms of physical and enzyme kinetic properties, the purified recombinant P2O was found to be similar to the previously published data of P2O isolated from its original host.