新型多靶向他克林衍生物的研究进展

阿尔茨海默病（AD）是一种常见的神经退行性疾病,不仅严重威胁着老年人的身心健康,更给整个社会医疗卫生系统带来沉重负担,因此,设计与开发安全有效的抗AD 药物,一直是医药研究领域的热点。AD 病因尚不明确且致病机制极为复杂,仅针对单一靶标治疗难以获得理想疗效,因此一药多靶成为了抗AD 药物研发的新方向。目前临床上最为成功的抗AD 药物为乙酰胆碱酯酶 （AChE）抑制剂,尽管第一代AChE 抑制剂他克林因严重的毒副作用而撤市,但其结构简单,活性明确,在用于多靶向设计的结构改造方面具有独特优势,可作为理想的活性片段,引入多靶向抗AD 药物的整体分子骨架中。通过一些代表性案例,综述近年来基于他克林结构而设计多靶向抗AD药物的研究进展,探讨其设计思路,为新型多靶向他克林衍生物的研发提供参考。     

Caspase的活化及其在细胞凋亡中的作用

Caspase是执行细胞凋亡的主要酶类,目前已鉴定的哺乳动物Caspase有14种。Caspase以酶原的形式合成,催化活性很低,必须激活以后才能发挥作用。活化的Caspase通过特异性的裂解一套底物而导致细胞凋亡。与Caspase有关的细胞凋亡通路至少有三种：线粒体／细胞色素c通路、死亡受体通路和内质网通路。Caspase总是与其抑制剂共存,以防止Caspase酶原意外激活而对正常细胞造成损伤。     

Caspases和Caspases抑制剂控制细胞凋亡的分子机制

目前关于细胞凋亡的概念,基因克隆,基因敲剔,基因调控,信号传导及其疾病发生中的作用得到较为深入的研究,在哺乳动物中发现至少有１２种Ｃａｓｐａｓｅｓ家族成员,它们具有两种酶催化活性,参与打靶,激活及调控起着级联反应,在执行和控制细胞凋亡的过程中过程中发挥着重要作用,已发现Ｃａｓｐａｓｅｓ抑制剂对控制Ｃａｓｐａｓｅｓ联级反应具有重要价值,将为细胞凋亡的分子机制和控制疾病的认识提供了新的思路。     

大鼠脑缺血再灌注后神经元和星形胶质细胞凋亡的比较研究

目的比较研究大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后神经元和星形胶质细胞的凋亡规律。方法建立大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO)再灌注模型,在缺血再灌注后1、3、7、14d断头取脑,应用流式细胞分选技术和原位末端标记法分别检测各组MCAO后不同时期神经元和星形胶质细胞凋亡情况。结果局灶性脑缺血再灌注后,海马区星形胶质细胞凋亡数量超过神经元,其凋亡以再灌注3d最为显著,而神经元则以7d最为显著;而皮层区神经元凋亡数量超过星形胶质细胞,两种细胞凋亡均在再灌注后7d达高峰。结论脑缺血再灌注后,皮层和海马区的神经元及星形胶质细胞均可发生凋亡,海马区星形胶质细胞比皮层区更易凋亡,而皮层区神经元比海马区更易凋亡。     

SH2A抑制IGFⅡ诱导的抗凋亡作用

为研究SH2A的生物学特性,构建野生型和缺陷型SH2A表达载体,通过流式细胞术和蛋白激酶C(PKC)活性检测,研究其对细胞凋亡的影响.研究结果显示SH2结构域是SH2A的主要功能域;SH2A可以诱导细胞快速进入凋亡晚期而促进细胞凋亡;同时发现SH2A抑制胰岛素样生长因子Ⅱ(Insulin-like growth factor Ⅱ,IGF Ⅱ)的抗凋亡作用,并阻滞IGFⅡ诱导的Ca2+释放和PKC激活.因此,SH2A可能通过抑制PKC信号通路而促进细胞凋亡.     

绿僵菌素A和B对斜纹夜蛾SL-1细胞的增殖抑制和致凋亡作用

绿僵菌素A和B是生物活性分子,本研究用MTT法、相差显微观察、荧光倒置显微观察和流式细胞术比较了绿僵菌素A和B对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura SL-1细胞的毒杀作用。结果表明：绿僵菌素A和B对SL-1细胞均具有明显的增殖抑制作用,且具有正比的时间-浓度-效应关系,绿僵菌素A和B处理细胞48 h后的IC50值分别为7.80和20.73 μg/mL。倒置相差显微观察发现,绿僵菌素A和B可以引起SL-1细胞变圆、胞膜收缩、有凋亡小颗粒形成。随着时间的延长,细胞悬浮致死并出现大量空泡和胞质外泄现象。但是在同样的处理浓度下,绿僵菌素A的作用较绿僵菌素B明显。用AO/EB染色后,荧光显微观察发现：绿僵菌素A 诱导的细胞荧光强度高于绿僵菌素B。流式细胞仪检测结果表明：绿僵菌素A和B对SL-1细胞具有明显的致凋亡作用。10 μg/mL绿僵菌素A和B作用细胞48 h后,SL-1细胞的总凋亡率分别达78.88%±0.97%和72.23%±2.29%。本研究从细胞水平肯定了绿僵菌素具有良好的增殖抑制和致凋亡作用,并且为它在害虫防治中的潜在应用提供了一些理论支持。     

凋亡诱导因子介导缺氧/复氧致肥大心肌细胞凋亡的作用

心肌细胞凋亡导致心肌组织合胞体功能丧失,最终使代偿性心肌肥大向心力衰竭转化。过去的研究已经确认天门冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶(caspartate-specificcysteinylproteinase,caspase)依赖机制在心肌细胞凋亡中的作用,但对caspase非依赖机制即凋亡诱导因子(apoptosis-inducingfactor,AIF)在心肌细胞凋亡中的作用尚不明确。本研究应用血管紧张素Ⅱ(0.1μmol/L培养12h)诱导培养的小鼠肥大心肌细胞,利用三气孵箱建立缺氧/复氧模型以模拟缺血再灌注。应用RT-PCR、Westernblot、siRNA基因转染、Hoechst33258染色法检测AIF在mRNA和蛋白质水平的表达及细胞凋亡的变化,分析AIF在缺氧/复氧致肥大心肌细胞凋亡中的意义。结果如下:(1)与对照组比较,缺氧8h组(H8h)和缺氧12h组(H12h)AIFmRNA及蛋白表达水平均显著升高(mRNA:0.52±0.04及0.85±0.10vs0.29±0.08,P<0.05;蛋白质:2.07±0.15和3.12±0.19vs0.29±0.04,P<0.05),即随缺血时间的延长,AIFmRNA及蛋白表达水平均显著增加。(2)与对应单纯缺氧组比较,缺氧后给予复氧刺激,H8h/R组和H12h/R组AIFmRNA及蛋白表达水平均显著升高(mRNA:1.09±0.12和1.41±0.23,P<0.05;蛋白质:4.57±0.25和5.71±0.27,P<0.05)。仅在H8h/R及H12h/R组,可见AIF核转位显著增加。(3)AIFsiRNA转染可显著抑制肥大心肌细胞AIF的表达,对缺氧时细胞凋亡无明显影响(P>0.05),但可显著降低缺氧/复氧诱导的肥大心肌细胞凋亡率(P<0.05)。同时抑制AIF及caspase-3活性,可显著加强单一抑制剂对缺氧/复氧诱导的肥大心肌细胞凋亡的抑制作用。(4)抑制caspase-3活性对缺氧/复氧诱导的AIF核转位无明显影响。上述结果提示,缺氧/复氧时AIFmRNA、蛋白表达和核转位均显著增加,且在缺氧/复氧诱导肥大心肌细胞凋亡中具有重要的作用。     

转化生长因子β在细胞凋亡抗调亡中的作用机制

转化生长因子β(TGF-β)在生物发育、组织形成与更新、伤口的愈合、细胞增殖、迁移与免疫反应中起着重要的调节作用.TGF-β既能诱导某些类型细胞的凋亡反应,又能增强某些类型细胞的生存力,具有一定的抗细胞凋亡作用.TGF-β生物效应的这种显而易见的矛盾性质并不仅仅存在于细胞的生死和存活的凋节过程中,还可见于TGF-β介导的其他细胞效应中.因此,TGF-β介导的广泛和对立的生物效应的机制成为人们关注和研究的焦点,最近几年人们已开始逐渐认识和了解对TGF-β诱导细胞凋亡和抗细胞凋亡的机制.在此,我们仅就某些研究进展作一简单的介绍.     

球孢菌素A和Bcl—2高表达对EGTA诱导HL—60细胞凋亡的影响

研究线粒体PT孔专一抑制剂环孢菌素A（CsA）和Bcl-2高表达对EGTA诱导HL－60细胞凋亡的影响。流式细胞仪检测凋亡峰、染色质凝聚的PI和Hoechst33342荧光双染观察、DNA梯状条带分析均表明,CsA明显促进EGTA诱导的HL－60细胞凋亡,而Bcl-2高表达完全阻断细胞凋亡的发生,借助荧光探针rhodamine123和CMXRos研究细胞凋亡过程线粒体△ψm下降,而Bcl-2高表达使HL－60细胞的线粒体△ψm提高了近1倍,并完全抑制EGTA诱导的线粒体△ψm下降。     

Ghrelin在细胞凋亡和焦亡中的作用

Ghrelin是一种新发现的脑-肠肽,具有多种生物学功能,可以调节细胞的增殖和存活等。近些年的研究表明凋亡和焦亡之间存在串话,在多个水平上相互联系,而Ghrelin通过调控凋亡和焦亡相关通路对多种疾病的发生发展产生影响。本文结合国内外研究就Ghrelin在细胞凋亡和焦亡中的作用作一综述。     

Multi-Targeting Tacrine Conjugates with Cholinesterase and Amyloid-Beta Inhibitory Activities: New Anti-Alzheimer's Agents

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe age dependent and chronic problem with no cure so far. The available treatments are temporary, acting over short period of time. The main pathological hallmark of the disease includes cholinergic dysfunction, oxidative stress, accumulation of Aβ fibrils and tau tangles. In context with the multi-factorial nature of this disease, two different series of molecules were developed to hit the multifactorial disease targets. Mainly, the molecules were designed to inhibit the AChE and aggregation of Aβ, and also oxidative damage. Two novel series of TAC-fenbufen/menbutone conjugated molecules were designed, synthesized and bio-assayed. All compounds showed inhibition capacity towards AChE, Aβ aggregation and moderate to good radical scavenging capacity. Particularly, five TAC-menbutone molecules showed improved AChE and Aβ aggregation inhibition capacity compared to TAC-fenbufen conjugated molecules. Overall, these novel series of molecules may be potential drug lead molecules in the treatment of AD.     

Toxic Effects of Tacrine on Primary Hepatocytes and Liver Epithelial Cells in Culture

Administration of tacrine (THA) for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease results in a reversible hepatotoxicity in 30–50% of patients, as indicated by an increase in transaminase levels. However, the intracellular mechanisms underlying such a toxicity have not yet been elucidated. In this study, we performed short-term and long-term in vitro treatments on primary human and rat hepatocyte cultures as well as on nonparenchymal rat liver epithelial cells (RLEC), known as CYP1A-deficient cells. Cell ultrastructure was analyzed under different conditions and the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was used to evaluate cytotoxicity. The effects of THA on protein synthesis, intermediary metabolism and reduced glutathione (GSH) level were also determined in rat hepatocytes. THA induced dose-dependent toxic effects in liver parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells, with human hepatocytes being less sensitive. This toxicity appeared to be unrelated to metabolism of THA since similar effects were observed in rat hepatocytes and RLEC, in which THA metabolism was found negligible. Ribosome aggregation appeared only at high concentrations (>1 mmol/L) and was not specific to hepatocytes. Therefore, the THA-induced decrease in protein synthesis observed at lower concentrations was likely not related to this alteration. ATP and glycogen levels as well as GSH content were reduced upon THA. However, while glycogen level decreased at THA doses similar to those inducing an increase in LDH release, the fall in ATP and GSH contents occurred at higher doses. Thus, glycogen level in hepatocytes appeared to be a more sensitive indicator of THA toxicity than were ATP and GSH levels. We also found that protein synthesis started to decrease at THA doses that were still ineffective on LDH release. This might suggest that the decrease in synthesis of one or several proteins upon THA treatment represents the early signal leading cells to death.     

Synthesis and Biological Activity of Some Benzochromenoquinolinones: Tacrine Analogs as Potent Anti‐Alzheimer's Agents

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a well‐known neurodegenerative disorder affecting millions of old people worldwide and the corresponding epidemiological data emphasize the importance of the disease. As AD is a multifactorial illness, various single target directed drugs that have reached clinical trials have failed. Therefore, various factors associated with outset of AD have been considered in targeted drug discovery. In this work, various benzochromenoquinolinones were synthesized and evaluated for their cholinesterase and BACE1 inhibitory activities as well as neuroprotective and metal‐chelating properties. Among the synthesized compounds, 14‐amino‐13‐(3‐nitrophenyl)‐2,3,4,13‐tetrahydro‐1H‐benzo[6,7]chromeno[2,3‐b]quinoline‐7,12‐dione ( 6m ) depicted the best inhibitory activity toward acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with IC₅₀s of 0.86 and 6.03 μm , respectively. Also, the compound could inhibit β‐secretase 1 (BACE1) with IC₅₀=19.60 μm and showed metal chelating ability toward Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, and Zn²⁺. In addition, docking study demonstrated desirable interactions of compound 6m with amino acid residues characterizing AChE, BChE, and BACE1.     

阿尔采末病神经元凋亡发生机制的研究及四氢小檗碱的抗凋亡作用

本研究用免疫组织化学、细胞培养和膜片钳技术研究阿尔采末病 (AD)脑中的细胞凋亡 ,以及β 淀粉样肽 ( β AP)诱导离体培养海马神经元的凋亡及其离子机制。结果表明AD脑内存在细胞凋亡 ,β AP可以通过抑制神经元的电压依赖性K 和Na 通道促进神经元凋亡 ,一氧化氮与其有一定的协同作用。同时发现四氢小檗碱可通过降低细胞内Ca2 而减轻β AP引起的神经元凋亡。     

Effect of the Alzheimer amyloid fragment Abeta(25-35) on Akt/PKB kinase and survival of PC12 cells

The phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)-Akt/PKB pathway protects neurons from apoptosis caused by diverse stress stimuli. However, its protective role against the amyloid beta peptide (Abeta), a major constituent of Alzheimer's disease plaques, has not been studied. We investigated the effect of the Abeta-derived Abeta(25-35) peptide on apoptosis and on the Akt survival pathway in PC12 cells. Cells submitted to micromolar concentrations of Abeta(25-35) exhibited increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and morphological alterations consistent with apoptosis. Akt1 was activated shortly after incubation with Abeta(25-35) and Abeta(1-40) with a kinetics different to that of nerve-derived growth factor. Akt1 activation was blocked by the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin. We tested the hypothesis that Akt1 might modify the vulnerability of neural cells to apoptosis induced by Abeta(25-35). Overexpression of an active version of Akt1 attenuated the apoptotic effect of Abeta(25-35) as determined by flow cytometry. Moreover, PC12 cells overexpressing a membrane-targeted N-myristylated fusion protein of enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) and mouse Akt1 exhibited lower levels of ROS than control EGFP-transfected cells. The present findings demonstrate that Akt1 is activated in response to Abeta(25-35) in a PI3K-dependent manner and that active Akt1 protects PC12 cells against the pro-apoptotic action of this peptide.     

MnSOD过表达对t-BHP诱导间充质干细胞凋亡的保护作用

通过重组慢病毒系统感染人间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stromal cells,MSCs),建立了能够稳定、高效表达锰超氧化物歧化酶(MnSOD)的细胞株MnSOD-MSCs．从胎儿肝脏组织克隆MnSOD基因,构建重组慢病毒MnSOD的表达载体,感染MSCs．根据荧光表达进行流式分选,获得能够继续稳定传代的高表达MnSOD基因的MSCs,RT-PCR和Western blot结果证实细胞株中的MnSOD基因稳定高表达．用不同浓度的第三丁基过氧化氢(t-BHP)处理细胞,通过CCK-8法检测细胞的存活率,SA-β-gal染色观察细胞的衰老情况,流式细胞技术分析细胞的凋亡率,实时荧光定量PCR分析p53和p53正向细胞凋亡调控因子(PUMA)的表达．结果发现,MnSOD过表达可提高细胞的存活率,抑制细胞的凋亡,SA-β-gal染色阳性率降低,且p53和PUMA表达下调．这提示MnSOD过表达对t-BHP诱导的细胞凋亡具有保护作用．     

Pyroglutamate-modified amyloid beta-peptides--AbetaN3(pE)--strongly affect cultured neuron and astrocyte survival

N-terminally truncated amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptides are present in early and diffuse plaques of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD), are overproduced in early onset familial AD and their amount seems to be directly correlated to the severity and the progression of the disease in AD and Down's syndrome (DS). The pyroglutamate-containing isoforms at position 3 [AbetaN3(pE)-40/42] represent the prominent form among the N-truncated species, and may account for more than 50% of Abeta accumulated in plaques. In this study, we compared the toxic properties, fibrillogenic capabilities, and in vitro degradation profile of Abeta1-40, Abeta1-42, AbetaN3(pE)-40 and AbetaN3(pE)-42. Our data show that fibre morphology of Abeta peptides is greatly influenced by the C-terminus while toxicity, interaction with cell membranes and degradation are influenced by the N-terminus. AbetaN3(pE)-40 induced significantly more cell loss than the other species both in neuronal and glial cell cultures. Aggregated AbetaN3(pE) peptides were heavily distributed on plasma membrane and within the cytoplasm of treated cells. AbetaN3(pE)-40/42 peptides showed a significant resistance to degradation by cultured astrocytes, while full-length peptides resulted partially degraded. These findings suggest that formation of N-terminally modified peptides may enhance beta-amyloid aggregation and toxicity, likely worsening the onset and progression of the disease.     

Interaction of tacrine and velnacrine with neocortical synaptosomal membranes: Relevance to Alzheimer's disease

The acridine-based, potential Alzheimer's disease therapeutic agents, tacrine and velnacrine, were incubated with rat or gerbil neocortical synaptosomal membranes. Electron paramagnetic resonance employing a protein-specific spin label was used to monitor this interaction. Analogous to their effects in erythrocyte membranes [Butterfield and Rangachari (1992) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 185: 596–603], in the present studies both agents decreased segmental motion of spin labeled synaptosomal membrane proteins, consistent with increased cytoskeletal protein-protein interactions (0.001相似文献   

泛素C末端水解酶L1对神经元的保护作用

泛素C末端水解酶L1(UCH-L1)是一种在脑内高度表达,具有泛素水解酶、泛素连接酶和稳定泛素单体功能的去泛素化酶．UCH-L1参与维持神经元突触的正常形态及功能,并能够缓解β-淀粉样蛋白诱导的长时程增强(LTP)缺失及记忆障碍;此外,UCH-L1的突变体I93M与家族性帕金森氏病相关,而UCH-L1的S18Y多态性则对神经元具有保护作用．通过研究UCH-L1的结构、功能及其在神经系统的作用机制,可以为阿尔茨海默病、帕金森氏病等神经退行性疾病的治疗提供相关思路和借鉴．     

Protective Effects of Paeonia lactiflora Pall on Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Apoptosis in PC12 Cells

This study was conducted to examine the antioxidative and neuroprotective effects of Paeonia lactiflora pall (PLE). Total phenolic content of PLE was 89.65 mg of gallic acid equivalent per gram of PLE. IC₅₀ values for reducing power, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity were 297.57, 3.33, and 32.74 μg, respectively. The protective effect of PLE against H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage to PC12 cells was investigated by an 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. After 2 h of cell exposure to 0.5 mM H₂O₂, a marked reduction in cell survival was observed. However, this reduction was significantly prevented by 10–100 μg/ml of PLE. H₂O₂ also induced severe apoptosis of the PC12 cells, which was indicated by a flow cytometric analysis. Interestingly, the H₂O₂-stressed PC12 cells that had been incubated with PLE had greatly suppressed apoptosis. The results suggest that PLE could be a candidate for a new antioxidant against neuronal diseases.