研究镧在水稻幼苗组织中分布的冰冻置换法

TheStudyonDistributionofLanthanumintheRiceSeedlingUsingtheMethodeofCryo－FixationandCryo-SubstitutionEquipmentGAOXiao-Yan,GUOYi-Song,WUDun-Su（ShanghaiInsttituteofPlantPhysiology,TheChineseAcademyofSciences,Shanghai200032）镧可促进作物的生长发育并导致增产［1］。但也有一些报道认为镧对植物胚和愈伤组织的形成、细胞分裂、细胞壁的伸长、不定根的生长、水稻根对钙的吸收以及作物生长发育[2]等均有一定抑制作用。近期,有人用电子显微镜与能谱联用,对镧进入植物组织和分布部位进行了追踪和亚细胞定位…     

镧对铜胁迫下水稻转录组模式的调控分析

探究稀土镧对铜胁迫下水稻转录组的影响,鉴定镧在调控水稻铜胁迫应答中的关键基因和功能。利用抗氧化酶活性筛选最适铜胁迫及镧处理浓度,进行转录组测序和差异表达分析,并用qRT-PCR验证差异表达水平。对测序数据进行差异表达分析发现3 222个基因显著上调,3 798个显著下调,qRT-PCR验证了4个细胞壁防御相关基因CHIT13、Laccase、Expansin和GH3.4。功能和通路分析获得95组GO条目和112条KEGG通路,富集于激酶和氧分子结合等分子功能、细胞壁及质膜等细胞组分、次级代谢和脂质代谢等生物学过程以及苯丙烷生物合成和植物激素信号转导通路。镧通过调节细胞壁形成和组分提高水稻铜胁迫耐受性。     

产朊假丝酵母细胞和细胞壁对铜离子吸附条件的研究

观察温度和ｐＨ值对产朊假丝酵母细胞与分离纯化的细胞壁对铜离子吸附的影响,探讨细胞壁在酵母吸附重金属离子过程中的作用ｐＨ升高,细胞和细胞壁对铜离子的吸附能力都提高,吸附最适ｐＨ为６．０。温度升高可提高细胞和细胞壁的吸附能力,最适温度为５０℃。细胞壁是铜离子吸附的主要部位,细胞壁嵌合蛋白（３３×１０＾３蛋白）起重要作用。     

产朊假丝酵母细胞和细胞壁对铜离子吸附条件研究

观察温度和pH 值对产朊假丝酵母细胞与分离纯化的细胞壁对铜离子吸附的影响,探讨细胞壁在酵母吸附重金属离子过程中的作用pH 升高,细胞和细胞壁对铜离子的吸附能力都提高,吸附最适pH 为6-0 。温度升高可提高细胞和细胞壁的吸附能力,最适温度为50 ℃。细胞壁是铜离子吸附的主要部位,细胞壁嵌合蛋白(33 ×103蛋白) 起重要作用。     

产朊假丝酵母细胞壁对铜离子吸附机理研究

比较了产朊假丝酵母细胞与分离纯化的细胞壁对铜离子吸附能力。观察铜离子浓度、温度和pH值对产朊假丝酵母吸附铜离子的影响，探讨细胞壁在酵母吸附重金属离子过程中的作用机理。结果表明，细胞壁是酵母吸附重金属离子的主要部位。细胞壁的蛋白酶酶解实验证明，对胰蛋白酶不敏感的细胞壁嵌合蛋白是铜离子吸附的主要位点。     

间歇低温胁迫对桃果实细胞壁代谢的影响

桃果实在成熟过程中细胞壁于物质不断减少,随着共价结合果胶质和离子结合果胶质减少,水溶性果胶质明显增加,纤维素也逐渐减少,但半纤维素含量变化较小,低温胁迫造成果胶质和纤维素的降解过程受,从而造成较高分子量果胶质的积累,果汁粘度升高。中途加温则能促进果胶质和纤维素的溶和解聚,引导细胞进行与果实成熟有关的细胞壁代谢,14C－蔗糖标记试验表明,在细胞壁不断降解的同时,也进行着合成,在果实成熟的启动阶段,细胞壁的合成能力加强,果实衰老过程与细胞壁合成减少有着直接的联系,受到低温伤害的果实细胞壁物质含量高于正常果实的原因,并不是其合成水平的升高,而是其降解的减慢。     

间歇低温胁迫对桃果实细胞壁代谢的影响

桃果实在成熟过程中细胞壁干物质不断减少,随着共价结合果胶质和离子结合果胶质减少,水溶性果胶质明显增加,纤维素也逐渐减少,但半纤维素含量变化较小.低温胁迫造成果胶质和纤维素的降解过程受阻,从而造成较高分子量果胶质的积累,果汁粘度升高.中途加温则能促进果胶质和纤维素的增溶和解聚,引导细胞进行与果实成熟有关的细胞壁代谢.14C-蔗糖标记试验表明,在细胞壁不断降解的同时,也进行着合成.在果实成熟的启动阶段,细胞壁的合成能力加强.果实衰老过程与细胞壁合成减少有着直接的联系.受到低温伤害的果实细胞壁物质含量高于正常果实的原因,并不是其合成水平的升高,而是其降解的减慢.     

耐镉马克思克鲁维酵母重金属镉吸附特性的研究

菌株YS-K1是从镉污染土壤中筛选获得的一株耐镉马克思克鲁维酵母Kluyveromyces marxianus YS-K1,对其镉吸附特性研究结果表明,该菌对镉具有良好的耐受性和吸附性,即使在镉浓度高达140mg/L的培养基中也能生长,当镉浓度在30mg/L以下时,24h后能吸附溶液中90%以上的镉,且最佳吸附条件为pH6.0,温度30℃。该菌所吸附的镉大部分集中在细胞壁上,占总吸附镉的76%,细胞膜上的占9%,细胞质中的占15%;能量抑制剂2,4-二硝基苯酚(DNP)和二环己基碳二亚胺(DCC),分别能降低菌株15%和22%的镉吸附量。在Kluyveromyces marxianus YS-K1细胞中,锌离子与镉离子有共用的结合位点,锌离子不仅会与镉离子竞争细胞表面的结合位点,减少其对镉的吸附量,而且也会与镉离子竞争进入细胞的通道位点,减少其对镉的积累量,同时能部分恢复镉离子对菌株生长的抑制作用。     

细胞壁矿质元素含量在细胞生长中的动态变化

在组织水平上已经描述了许多植物通气组织的形成过程,但对其发育过程的调控仍然知道得很少.利用CSEM-EDX微量分析技术,定点测量慈姑叶柄通气组织不唰发育时期的细胞壁矿质元素的组成.这些元素除了C,O以外,还包括Mg,Ca,Cu,Zn,P等必需的矿质元素.结果发现,在叶柄发育的早期,通气组织细胞壁的K和Cl含量很高,分别高达36%和4.3%细胞壁干重.Mg的含量在第二阶段最高,达到细胞壁干重的0.86%.只有在第三和第四阶段监测到Cu和Zn元素,最高含量分别为2.5%和1.5%细胞干重.仅在第四和第五阶段才能检测到Ca,其最高含量为1.3%细胞壁干重.通气组织横膈膜细胞和圆柱体腔壁细胞的元素构成变化有相似的趋势,说明这种变化与组织的发育阶段关系密切.细胞壁的一些元素间呈现较高的相关性,其中K和Cl及Cu和Zn之间成较高的正相关.在不同发育阶段,细胞壁的元素含量呈现动态变化,说明细胞壁(质外体物质)的元素构成有很大的变动范围.早期的通气组织细胞壁大量积累K和Cl,暗示早期的气体空间充满液体(组织液);Mg可能参与细胞伸展的调控;伸展中细胞的细胞壁积累高浓度的Cu和zn,并不影响细胞的正常功能;而Ca的出现使细胞比硬度增加,将终止细胞伸展.Cu和Zn在细胞壁中的积累呈高度的直线关系,回归分析显示,二者呈现定量关系,推测它们可能有共同的或者类似的转运和吸收机制.     

镧对稻麦根组织细胞膜透性和营养元素吸收积累的影响

镧在低浓度下(≤0.05mmol/L)可抑制K~ 离子外渗,减小膜透性;高浓度下(≥0.5 mmol/L)/则相反。不同作物,不同苗龄对镧的敏感性不同,钙可抑制高浓度镧引起的溶质外流。高浓度镧可抑制钙、磷吸收以及根系生长;低浓度则促进磷的吸收及根系发育。低钙水平下(0.05 mmol/L),镧促进根部的钙向地上部转移。作物根系可浓集镧。     

X-Ray Energy Spectrum Analysis on Organ Distribution of Lanthanum and Other Elements in Wheat Seedling

Lanthanum and other elements were fixed in situ for integrated SEM observation and xray energy spectrum analysis. It was showed that most of the lanthanum ions entered the plant were accumulated on the cell wall of root tip, scarcely accumulated on the cell wall of the root cortex of elongation region, and leave; and none in the cytoplasm. It seems that lanthanum ions were transpoted and distributed only along the cell wall.     

X- ray Energy Spectra Analysis of Lanthanum in Tissue Cells of Defferent Parts of Wheat Plant

Lanthanum entered plants through the root and accumulated mostly in the cell wall of the root tip. Only a few accumulated in the cortex cell of the root elongation zone and in the cell wall of the mesophyllous cells. There was no detectable lanthanum in the cytoplasm. Observation with TEM (transmission electronic microscopy) indicated that lanthanum, which appeared as electron opaque deposits, was present in the cell wall of tissues in every part of the plant. The higher lanthanum contents occurred in the cell wall of root tips caused a dark appearance of the cell wall. The content of lanthanum in the cell wall of the cortex of elongation zone appeared as granules of different size. Those in the mesophyllous cell wall appeared as much less small granules. X-ray energy spectnnn analysis of the deposits confirmed the induction of lanthanum into the plant tissue cells and that its intensity correlated with the density of the deposits.     

On the evidence of a diffusion barrier in the outer cortex apoplast of cress-roots (Lepidium sativum), demonstrated by analytical electron microscopy

To mark the apoplastic pathway of ions in the root of the dicotyledonous plant Lepidium sativum we used the heavy element lanthanum, which can be identified by analytical electron microscopy (EELS and ESI). In the front root tip, the primary walls of all meristematic cells contained lanthanum. 10-15 mm behind the root apex, lanthanum was found in the cortex cell walls up to the endodermis, but not in the stele. 20-25 mm from the tip, lanthanum was accumulated in the radial cell walls of the hypodermis, which, however, is not a complete diffusion barrier for ions, so that traces of lanthanum also were found in the cortex cell walls up to the endodermis. This study provides evidence for the presence of two apolastic diffusion barriers in the region of highest water uptake in cress roots.     

Free-space marker studies on the leaf ofZea mays L.

Summary Two free-space marker procedures (Prussian blue and lanthanum nitrate) were employed to determine the pathway(s) followed by water and solutes in the transpiration stream after their introduction into the xylem of small and intermediate bundles, and the effectiveness of the suberin lamellae of the bundle-sheath cells as a barrier to the movement of tracer ions (Fe³⁺ and La³⁺). Judged from the distribution of Prussian-blue crystals (insoluble, crystalline deposits resulting from the precipitation of ferric ions by ferrocyanide anions) and lanthanum deposits, water and the tracer ions moved readily from the lumina of the vessels into the apoplast (cell wall continuum) of the phloem and bundle-sheath cells via portions of vessel primary walls not bearing lignified secondary wall thickenings. Prussian blue and lanthanum deposits were abundant on the bundlesheath cell side of the bundle sheath/mesophyll interface but few occurred on that of the mesophyll, indicating that the suberin lamella is an effective barrier to apoplastic movement of both ferric and lanthanum ions. The presence of Prussian-blue crystals and lanthanum deposits in the compound middle lamella of the radial wall of the bundle-sheath cells indicates that the compound middle lamella provides an apoplastic pathway for transpirational water from the xylem to the evaporating surfaces of the mesophyll and epidermal cells.     

Accumulation of lead in root cells of Pisum sativum

The ever-increasing environmental pollution necessitates organisms to develop specific defense systems in order to survive and function effectively. Lead is taken up by plants mainly through roots and over 96% are accumulated there.Pea plants were cultivated hydroponically for 4 days with 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mM Pb(NO₃)₂. Uptake of lead ions from nutrient solution and accumulation in root stems and leaves during 96-h cultivation was estimated. The root tip cells were observed with transmission electron microscope to analyse their ultrastructure and lead localization. Pb was accumulated in the cell wall, cell membrane, vacuoles, mitochondria and peroxisomes. The fractions of mitochondria and peroxisomes were isolated from pea roots purified by means Percoll gradient, and were observed by means of electron microscope with the attachment for X-ray microanalysis. Visible deposits containing Pb were observed in both cell organelles.     

Rhizobium sp. Degradation of Legume Root Hair Cell Wall at the Site of Infection Thread Origin

Using a new microinoculation technique, we demonstrated that penetration of Rhizobium sp. into the host root hair cell occurs at 20 to 22 h after inoculation. It did this by dissolving the cell wall maxtrix, leaving a layer of depolymerized wall microfibrils. Colony growth pressure “stretched” the weakened wall, forming a bulge into an interfacial zone between the wall and plasmalemma. At the same time vesicular bodies, similar to plasmalemmasomes, accumulated at the penetration site in a manner which parallels host-pathogen systems.     

Permeability of the Body Wall of Romanomermis culicivorax to Lanthanum

Ultrastructural study of the body wall of preparasitic, parasitic, and postparasitic stages of Romanomermis culicivorax showed that the cuticle of all three stages was permeable to lanthanum. The cuticle of the parasitic stage was the thinnest and showed the greatest permeability. Lanthanum accumulated on the apical surfaces of the hypodermal cells but was not found intracellularly. The negative staining characteristics of lanthanum enhanced the detection of numerous smooth septate junctions in the hypodermis of the parasitic stage.     

A calcium-sensitive lanthanum inhibition of amoeboid movement

The effects of lanthanum ions upon amoeboid movement and upon the redistribution of dense cytoplasmic inclusions following centrifugation were investigated in Amoeba discoides. Treatment with low lanthanum concentrations produced a characteristic inhibited condition in which locomotion ceased while saltatory movements continued. The resorting of stratified cytoplasm by local internal cytoplasmic flow was unaffected. This contrasted with p-hydroxymercuribenzoate treatment which inhibited both locomotion and saltatory movements. The inhibitory effects of lanthanum ions were antagonised by calcium ions but not by magnesium ions. It is reasoned that lanthanum competes for a peripheral binding site thereby disrupting a calcium-mediated regulatory mechanism of amoeboid movement.     

Subcellular distribution and chemical forms of cadmium in Morus alba L.

Morus alba L. (mulberry) is a perennial woody tree and a species with great potential for Cd phyremediation owing to its large biomass and extensive root system. The mechanisms involved in Cd detoxification were investigated by analyzing the subcellular distribution and chemical forms of Cd in mulberry in the present study. These results indicated that 53.27–70.17% of Cd mulberry accumulated was stored in the root and only about 10% were in the leaves. Lots of the Cd was located in the cell wall of the mulberry root and in soluble fraction of the mulberry leaf. Moreover, in roots, the largest amount of Cd was in the form of undissolved Cd-phosphate. While in mulberry leaves and stems, most of the Cd was extracted by 2% Acetic acid and 0.6 M HCl, representing Cd-phosphate and Cd-oxalate. It could be concluded that the Cd combination with peptides and organo-ligands in vacuole of leaf or complexed with proteins or cellulose in the cell wall of root might be contributed to the tolerance of mulberry to Cd stress. The mulberry could be used to remediate the Cd polluted farmland soils.     

芦苇抗镉污染机理研究

研究了芦苇幼苗体内 Cd的积累、亚细胞微区分布、存在形态和其诱导蛋白以及植物络合素合成抑制剂 (BSO)对芦苇光合作用和生长的影响。在 Cd污染条件下 ,芦苇幼苗植株和根皮层细胞中可积累大量的Cd,但 Cd在芦苇各器官和根皮层细胞亚细胞结构中的分布显著不均 ;Cd在芦苇幼苗体内的分配为 :根 >叶片 >茎 >地下茎 ,在根皮层细胞中的分布为 :细胞间隙 >细胞壁 >液泡 >细胞质。受 Cd污染的芦苇幼苗体内的 Cd以不同化学形态存在 ,其中 Na Cl提取态的 Cd在根和叶片中占的比例均为最大 ,其次为根内的醋酸提取态 ;在叶片中以水提取态为主 ,其它形态的含量相对较低。层析结果表明 ,根和叶片中各存在一种Cd结合蛋白 ,其中根内的 Cd结合蛋白可能是一种植物络合素聚合体。受 Cd诱导 ,芦苇幼苗根中还新合成了一种小分子蛋白或多肽 ,但另有一种蛋白因 Cd影响而消失。此外 ,BSO实验证明了植物络合素对 Cd的解毒作用。可见 ,芦苇的抗 Cd机理与以下几个方面有关 :根部截留 ,细胞间隙积累 ,细胞壁沉淀 ,液泡区域化 ,形成活性较低的难溶化合物 ,形成 Cd结合蛋白