新经济植物黑莓的引种

黑莓（Ｒｕｂｕｓｓｐｐ．）是第三代新兴的小果类果树之一。江苏省植物研究所于１９８６～１９８８年从美国引进了７个黑莓品种,从中选出适合江苏地区栽培的Ｈｕｌｌ,Ｃｈｅｓｔｅｒ,Ｂｌａｃｋｓａｔｉｎ３个品种,并已初步推广。田间试验对３个品种的发枝习性、开花结果习性和产量构成等进行比较。Ｈｕｌｌ单株产量最高,果实最大,ＢｌａｃｋＳａｔｉｎ单株产量最低,果实最小。但若种植密度适宜,３品种均能达到高产。     

黑莓鲜果及其加工品的营养成分

本文首次报道了黑莓引入南京后其果实和加工品的营养成分。结果表明:黑莓鲜果富含V_E,还含有较高的钾、锌、铁、硒等矿质元素以及γ-氨基丁酸。其加工品也都不同程度地保持了黑莓的营养特点。黑莓汁饮料和黑莓果酱值得大力开发。     

不同品种黑莓鲜果营养成分的比较

对5个黑莓(Rubusspp.)新品种鲜果的营养成分进行了比较分析。结果显示,5个品种黑莓鲜果的糖酸比较低,为3.11~6.18,风味偏酸。VC含量较高,达0.064~0.566 mg.g-1;VE含量为0.013~0.049 mg.g-1,品种间差异较大,以品种‘Triple Crown’的VE含量最高。矿质元素含量较高,其中品种‘Boysen’的Se含量最高,是其他品种的6~13倍;品种‘Young’的K、Ca、Zn和Fe含量都较高。黑莓鲜果含有8种人体必需氨基酸,不同品种黑莓鲜果的总氨基酸含量差异较大,其中品种‘Brazos’的总氨基酸含量最高,可达15.21 mg.g-1。     

黑莓果实色素的稳定性分析

研究了光照、温度、pH值、氧化剂（H2O2）和还原剂（Na2SO3）对黑莓（Rubus spp．）果实色素水溶液稳定性的影响。结果表明,黑莓果实色素为水溶性花色苷类化合物,对光和热有较好的耐受性,对pH、H2O2和Na2SO3较敏感,且耐还原性略强于耐氧化性。在小于pH4．0、温度低于50℃及避光条件下黑莓果实色素的稳定性较好,可作为食品色素添加剂使用。     

黑莓引种的理论导向

根据我国亚热带丘陵山区大量退化生态系统急待改良的需要,在经济生态学分析基础上,提出以小果类作为开发南方丘陵山区的作物之一。应用“生境因子分析法”理论,论证了黑莓在江苏省引种的可行性。针对黑莓原产区与新引种区水热和土壤因子的差别,提出了选地和及时立支架、土壤改良、土面覆盖、病虫害调查与防治四项栽培技术要点。论证了小果类发展应以加工研究为前导和保证。同时开展了大规模国产悬钩子野生种质资源调查,发现存在富含ＶＥ、ＳＯＤ和微量元素Ｓｅ的种质,发掘出２１种优良种类,分别有直立性强、丰产、果大、色素含量高、抗病虫等优点,是未来黑莓和树莓育种值得注意的原始材料。最后指出下世纪我国黑莓和树莓生产的前景。     

生命之果——美洲黑莓

黑莓（Rubusallegheniensis）,别名黑草萄、草莓树,系为蔷薇科悬钩子属多年生藤本植物,是小果类果树。原产美洲,分布于美国和欧洲的暖温带至亚热带地区,它是近年来迅速发展的世界第三代水果。黑萄树呈灌木型,树姿半在立、无刺。萌校由根茎基部生出,当年以营养生长为主,     

黑莓叶片对水分处理的生理反应

黑莓（Ｒｕｂｕｓ ｓｐｐ．）赫尔（Ｈｕｌｌ）品种扦插苗在土壤相对含水量分别为８５％以上、７０％￣８０％、５０％￣６０％、４５％￣５０％和３０％￣３５％的条件下处理２０ｄ,以土壤相对含水量７０％￣８０％的处理为对照,测定其叶片单个复叶的鲜重,单位叶面积鲜重、叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量及可溶性蛋白质含量的变化。结果表明：当土壤相对含水量达８５％以上时,所测各项指标与对照相比均无显著差异,黑莓生长良好,     

树莓和黑莓对土壤物理性质的影响

对陕西杨陵阳坡台地树莓、黑莓引种示范园土壤容重、有机质、水稳性团聚体等相关指标的测定表明,种植树莓(黑莓)对土壤物理性质具有明显的影响,树莓、黑莓地土壤较裸地土壤抗蚀性有明显提高,而且表层土壤抗蚀性要强于下层,且随着土层深度增加土壤抗蚀性减弱。同时,树莓、黑莓地丰富的根系以及合理的耕作措施对保水保土有促进作用。     

番橄榄实生育苗技术初探

对番橄榄实生育苗技术进行初步研究。结果表明,番橄榄育苗不宜使用果实直接播种,应采用成熟种子进行容器袋育苗,这样既有利于提高种子发芽率,又可避免移栽时苗木受损伤;遮荫度30%、空气相对湿度80%~90%有利于种子发芽和幼苗生长。     

不同黑莓品种的抗冻性分析

采用电导法测定了7个黑莓（Rubusspp．）品种及1个树莓品种（对照）经冷冻处理后电解质渗出率的变化,并用二项式和Logisties方程对测定数据进行了拟合。结果表明,经0℃至～35℃的冷冻处理后,7个黑莓品种枝条的电解质渗出率大多高于对照;黑莓品种‘Young’枝条的电解质渗出率相对较小。二项式的拟合度高于Logistics．方程,二项式拟合结果表明,供试黑莓品种的抗冻性均低于树莓品种‘Reveille’,其中黑莓品种‘Young’的抗冻性较强,LT50为-31．0℃;黑莓品种‘Brazos’和‘Arapaho’的LT50分别为-19．4℃和-19．9℃,抗冻性较弱。     

不同品种黑莓的花期生物学特征及花粉活力观察

对黑莓(Rubusspp.)9个品种的开花物候期、花器官性状及花粉生活力进行了观察,并对其花粉的贮藏条件进行了初步研究。结果表明,黑莓开花期为4月中旬至6月初,花期长19~35 d;每株有花穗50.67~127.33个,花穗长8.30~14.95 cm,每穗有花4.95~7.63朵;花色为白色、粉红色和红色,花冠直径3.07~5.28 cm。黑莓不同品种的花期、花穗数量与大小、花色和花冠大小等均存在显著差异。不同黑莓品种的花粉萌发率可达50.29%~85.16%;随贮藏时间的延长,花粉萌发率逐渐下降;在0℃~4℃、相对湿度10%~20%条件下密封贮存,有利于保持花粉的生活力。     

江苏省黑莓区域性栽培试验

以黑莓（Rubus spp.）的Hull和Chester2个品种为试材在江苏省开展了区域性栽培试验。分析认为,在江苏全省各地黑莓均可正常生长、开花和结果,即为适宜生长区。从高产优质的角度考虑,宁镇扬低山丘陵地带和以连云港为主的滨海丘陵地区是黑莓种植的最适宜地区,但要注意适时灌溉;徐淮黄泛平原地区和沂沭河丘陵平原地带是黑莓的适宜栽培区,不利因素是干旱;江淮湖洼平原、里下河地区和沿海平原地区是黑莓的次适宜栽培区,不利偏多,不提倡大力发展。试验结果显示,适宜的自然条件是黑莓优质和高产的重要因素,但针对不利条件采取各种不同的栽培措施也十分重要。通过栽植地点的优化选择和栽培管理措施的强化加以弥补和调整,克服不利因子,在江苏全省范围内获得黑莓优质高产是完全可能的。     

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Andean blackberry fruit extract

Green synthesis of nanoparticles using various plant materials opens a new scope for the phytochemist and discourages the use of toxic chemicals. In this article, we report an eco-friendly and low-cost method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Andean blackberry fruit extracts as both a reducing and capping agent. The green synthesized AgNPs were characterized by various analytical instruments like UV–visible, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The formation of AgNPs was analyzed by UV–vis spectroscopy at λ_max = 435 nm. TEM analysis of AgNPs showed the formation of a crystalline, spherical shape and 12–50 nm size, whereas XRD peaks at 38.04°, 44.06°, 64.34° and 77.17° confirmed the crystalline nature of AgNPs. FTIR analysis was done to identify the functional groups responsible for the synthesis of the AgNPs. Furthermore, it was found that the AgNPs showed good antioxidant efficacy (>78%, 0.1 mM) against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. The process of synthesis is environmentally compatible and the synthesized AgNPs could be a promising candidate for many biomedical applications.     

Fruit abscission and ethylene production of four blackberry cultivars (Rubus spp.)

In all cultivars the force required to harvest fruit declined during ripening. The fruit retention strength (FRS) of ripe fruit varied between cultivars with ‘Ashton Cross’ and ‘Chehalem’ being easier to remove than ‘Bedford Giant’ or ‘Oregon Thornless’. The cultivars ‘Ashton Cross’ and ‘Oregon Thornless’ showed no increase in ethylene production during fruit ripening whereas ‘Bedford Giant’ and ‘Chehalem’ had increased rates of ethylene production (EPR) in the ripe fruit. Exogenous ethylene accelerated abscission, ethylene production and pigment changes in ‘Ashton Cross’ fruit at all stages of development. 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) supplied to fruit at all stages of development was converted to ethylene at levels in excess of those found naturally. The differences between cultivars are discussed with reference to the role of ethylene in both machine harvesting and post-harvest storage of blackberry fruit.     

Peg-mediated fusion of Rubus idaeus (raspberry) and R. fruticosus (blackberry) protoplasts,selection and characterisation of callus lines

ABSTRACT

Cell suspension-derived protoplasts of two cultivated Rubus species, Rubus idaeus-raspberry (subgenus Idaeobatus 2n=2x=14) and R. fruticosus-blackberry (a complex species aggregate within the subgenus Eubatus, 2n=4x=28) were fused using different polyethylene glycol (PEG) fusion treatments. Duration of PEG treatment and choice of culture media influenced the rate of cell divisions and plating efficiency. Colony formation was initiated on solid media for the production of several callus lines. Cytological analyses were performed on selected callus lines with hexaploid chromosome number. Two hexaploid fusion callus lines, selected for their homogeneity in growth and ploidy level, were examined by molecular cytogenetic techniques of fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) and genomic in situ hybridisation (GISH). GISH revealed the presence of the heterokaryon within the fusion callus lines. FISH probed with ribosomal DNA (rDNA) showed variable numbers and sizes of loci. Aberrant distribution and condensation of rDNA were common in interphase cells. FISH results suggest that large karyotype rearrangements occurred, including variation in chromosome number and rDNA loci translocations. Attempts to regenerate plants from the hexaploid callus lines following several applications of plant growth regulator combinations were unsuccessful. This may be attributed to the genomic reorganisation and instability of these long-term fusion callus cultures.     

黑莓鳞翅目害虫的发生为害习性与防治

黑莓是新引进的第三代小果类植物。本文简要报告黑莓上１４科引种鳞翅目害虫的发生为害习性。其中食叶为主的害虫４１种,蛀果为主的２种,蛀干为主的１种,吸果夜蛾８种。提出了以搞好果园管理为基础的综合防治技术。     

黑莓汁的理化特性及贮藏期营养成分的变化

对黑莓浓缩汁的理化特性及其营养成分变化进行研究,结果表明：ｐＨ３～４,波长５１１～５１４ｎｍ时,果汁色泽最佳;果汁抗氧化还原能力很弱,但具有很强的光和热的稳定性。０～４℃低温贮藏１年后,６种维生素的损失率都超过５０％;含糖量损失４０７％;ＳＯＤ活性和氨基酸含量分别损失１０％和１２４％;含酸量略有增加