老工矿区污染生态问题与今后研究展望

老工矿区的环境污染及其引发的生态问题,已成为当今制约经济与社会可持续发展的世界性技术难题.对老工矿区这一概念的基本定义与范畴仍有争议,本文首先对这一概念从理论上进行了探讨;然后从剖析我国老工矿区现状尤其是其环境污染现实问题的复杂性入手,对老工矿区的区域二次污染这一科学前沿给予了重点关注;在深入阐述老工矿区环境污染问题复杂性与其特点的基础上,建议今后从国家层面上开展老工矿区二次污染发生机理与控制的系统研究,以及从分子生态毒理学角度系统开展有关新型疾病对环境污染响应的研究,是21世纪初环境科学和生态学研究的两大关键科学问题,这无疑是今后我国环境保护战略的重要组成部分.     

A comprehensive review on application of bioreactor for industrial wastewater treatment

In the recent past, wastewater treatment processes performed a pivotal role in accordance with maintaining the sustainable environment and health of mankind at a proper hygiene level. It has been proved indispensable by government regulations throughout the world on account of the importance of preserving freshwater bodies. Human activities, predominantly from industrial sectors, generate an immeasurable amount of industrial wastewater loaded with toxic chemicals, which not only cause dreadful environmental problems, but also leave harmful impacts on public health. Hence, industrial wastewater effluent must be treated before being released into the environment to restrain the problems related to industrial wastewater discharged to the environment. Nowadays, biological wastewater treatment methods have been considered an excellent approach for industrial wastewater treatment process because of their cost-effectiveness in the treatment, high efficiency and their potential to counteract the drawbacks of conventional wastewater treatment methods. Recently, the treatment of industrial effluent through bioreactor has been proved as one of the best methods from the presently available methods. Reactors are the principal part of any biotechnology-based method for microbial or enzymatic biodegradation, biotransformation and bioremediation. This review aims to explore and compile the assessment of the most appropriate reactors such as packed bed reactor, membrane bioreactor, rotating biological contactor, up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor, photobioreactor, biological fluidized bed reactor and continuous stirred tank bioreactor that are extensively used for distinct industrial wastewater treatment.     

Nanocarriers as pulmonary drug delivery systems to treat and to diagnose respiratory and non respiratory diseases

The purpose of this review is to discuss the impact of nanocarriers administered by pulmonary route to treat and to diagnose respiratory and non respiratory diseases. Indeed, during the past 10 years, the removal of chlorofluorocarbon propellants from industrial and household products intended for the pulmonary route has lead to the developments of new alternative products. Amongst these ones, on one hand, a lot of attention has been focused to improve the bioavailability of marketed drugs intended for respiratory diseases and to develop new concepts for pulmonary administration of drugs and, on the other hand, to use the pulmonary route to administer drugs for systemic diseases. This has led to some marketed products through the last decade. Although the introduction of nanotechnology permitted to step over numerous problems and to improve the bioavailability of drugs, there are, however, unresolved delivery problems to be still addressed. These scientific and industrial innovations and challenges are discussed along this review together with an analysis of the current situation concerning the industrial developments.     

Structural complexity analysis for industrial ecosystems: A case study on LuBei industrial ecosystem in China

Natural ecosystems and human societies have evolved in many diverse ways and they are both complex systems. Our learning from the structure complexity of natural ecosystems can help us to redesign the structure of industrial system. Thus the materials and energy efficiency of industrial systems can be improved well to achieve the sustainable goals. In this paper, Structural Analysis Method for Industrial Ecosystems (SAMIE) is introduced and applied in the analysis of the structure complexity and efficiency of the industrial ecosystems. The industrial ecosystem is analyzed based on the industrial species’ classification, which is analogous to the natural ecosystem. A set of indicators are developed to evaluate the industrial system, in order to explore the problems of structural complexity, identify the limiting factors of industrial ecosystem evolution, and strengthen the capacity of adaptation and self-organization. A case study on LuBei industrial ecosystem in China has been selected to apply the SAMIE approach.     

Cytochromes P450 as promising catalysts for biotechnological application: chances and limitations

Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) belong to the superfamily of heme b containing monooxygenases with currently more than 21,000 members. These enzymes accept a vast range of organic molecules and catalyze diverse reactions. These extraordinary capabilities of CYP systems that are unmet by other enzymes make them attractive for biotechnology. However, the complexity of these systems due to the need of electron transfer from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H) via redox partner proteins for the initial hydroxylation step limits a broader technical implementation of CYP enzymes. There have been several reviews during the past years tackling the potential CYPs for synthetic application. The aim of this review is to give a critical overview about possibilities and chances for application of these interesting catalysts as well as to discuss drawbacks and problems related to their use. Solutions to overcome these limitations will be demonstrated, and several selected examples of successful CYP applications under industrial conditions will be reviewed.     

产生人抗体的转染色体动物研究进展

现已证明,应用抗体治疗疾病是一种非常成功的方法。单克隆抗体的生产使免疫治疗达到一个新水平,但鼠源单抗在治疗人体疾病方面有很多问题,而人源化抗体可以解决这些问题。目前抗体人源化已由鼠嵌合抗体发展到了转基因动物表达完全人抗体阶段,而人类人工染色体(HAC)载体的发展和微细胞介导的转染色体技术使得产生携带人类免疫球蛋白基因位点的转染色体动物成为可能。通过HAC将人的免疫球蛋白基因转入后,这类转染色体动物可以产生大量人源化多克隆抗体,这对预防及治疗疾病,甚至防御生物武器都有很重要的作用。转染色体技术可以使动物携带大而复杂的人类基因或基因簇,这些转基因动物有助于研究人类基因组在体内的功能作用,并用于各种疾病研究和生产药物蛋白。     

Biosorption of simulated dyed effluents by inactivated fungal biomasses

Treatment of dyed effluents presents several problems mainly due to the toxicity and recalcitrance of dyestuffs. Innovative technologies, such as biosorption, are needed as alternatives to conventional methods to find inexpensive ways of removing dyes from large volumes of effluents. Inactivated biomasses do not require a continuous supply of nutrients and are not sensitive to the toxicity of dyes or toxic wastes. They can also be regenerated and reused in many cycles and are both safe and environment-friendly. The sorption capacities (SC) of autoclaved biomasses of three Mucorales fungi (Cunninghamella elegans, Rhizomucor pusillus and Rhizopus stolonifer), cultured on two different media, were evaluated against simulated effluents containing concentrations of 1000 and 5000 ppm of a single dye and a mix of 10 industrial textile dyes in batch experiments. SC values of up to 532.8 mg of dye g(-1) dry weight of biomass were coupled with high effluent decolourisation percentages (up to 100%). These biomasses may thus prove to be extremely powerful candidates for dye biosorption from industrial wastewaters. Even better results were obtained when a column system with the immobilised and inactivated biomass of one fungus was employed.     

Trends and innovations in industrial biocatalysis for the production of fine chemicals

Biocatalysis has become an established technology for the industrial manufacture of fine chemicals. In recent years, a multitude of chemical companies have embraced biocatalysis for the manufacture of desired stereoisomers, and new or improved methods for the synthesis of enantiomerically pure alpha- and beta-amino acids, amines, amides, peptides, nitriles, alcohols, organic acids and epoxides have emerged. Furthermore, the selectivity and mild operational conditions of biocatalysts are increasingly applied in industry to modify complex target molecules. These recent innovations in the manufacture of industrial fine chemicals using biocatalysis are discussed from an industrial perspective.     

Recent Advances in Lipid Nanoparticle Formulations with Solid Matrix for Oral Drug Delivery

Lipid nanoparticles based on solid matrix have emerged as potential drug carriers to improve gastrointestinal (GI) absorption and oral bioavailability of several drugs, especially lipophilic compounds. These formulations may also be used for sustained drug release. Solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) and the newer generation lipid nanoparticle, nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC), have been studied for their capability as oral drug carriers. Biodegradable, biocompatible, and physiological lipids are generally used to prepare these nanoparticles. Hence, toxicity problems related with the polymeric nanoparticles can be minimized. Furthermore, stability of the formulations might increase than other liquid nano-carriers due to the solid matrix of these lipid nanoparticles. These nanoparticles can be produced by different formulation techniques. Scaling up of the production process from lab scale to industrial scale can be easily achieved. Reasonably high drug encapsulation efficiency of the nanoparticles was documented. Oral absorption and bioavailability of several drugs were improved after oral administration of the drug-loaded SLNs or NLCs. In this review, pros and cons, different formulation and characterization techniques, drug incorporation models, GI absorption and oral bioavailability enhancement mechanisms, stability and storage condition of the formulations, and recent advances in oral delivery of the lipid nanoparticles based on solid matrix will be discussed.     

Review: Ethanol production at elevated temperatures and alcohol concentrations: Part II – Use of Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3

It is clear that only a small proportion of all micro-organisms have been isolated and identified. The simple technique of seeking a thermotolerant fermentative yeast from a suitable hot environment has yielded a number of strains. These organisms, identified as strains of Kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus, have been shown to have a wide range of metabolic capabilities that could be used in industrial applications. Not only have the metabolic capabilities been elucidated but possible bioreactor configurations and process application options have been investigated. It appears that there are a number of specific situations where this thermotolerant yeast could find industrial applications. A full-scale industrial ethanol production trial using this yeast was successfully carried out in India. K. marxianus IMB3's performance in terms of the ethanol concentrations achieved was comparable to that obtained using the distillery's own yeast strain with an added advantage of eliminating cooling.     

Mixing,mass transfer,and scale-up of polysaccharide fermentations

Microbial polysaccharides are rapidly emerging as a new and important source of polymeric materials. These biopolymers have novel and unique properties and already have found a wide range of applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and other industries. In view of the impending importance of polysaccharides as an industrial commodity, there is renewed interest in the area of product and process development. This paper summarizes the state-of-the art in polysaccharide fermentations. An attempt is being made to review the following areas: rheological characteristics of polysaccharide solutions, mixing and power requirements of polysaccharides and other highly viscous non-Newtonian systems, oxygen mass transfer, and scale-up problems encountered in polysaccharide fermentations.     

Biosorption of Cu by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans

Current technologies for removal and recovery of both toxic and industrial interest metals usually produce wastes with high concentrations of those substances. They are an important source of environmental pollution, specially when they contain heavy metals. This is one of the most important environmental problems, and of the most difficult to solve. So far, there have been a number of studies considering the possibility of removing and recovering heavy metals from diluted solutions. These are due, principally, because of the commercial value of some metals as well as the environmental impact caused by them. The traditional methods for removing have several disadvantages when metals are present in concentrations lower than 100?mg/l. Biosorption, which uses biological materials as adsorbents, has been considered as an alternative method. In this work, several variables that affect the capacity for copper biosorption by T. ferrooxidans have been studied. Particularly, the effect of pH, chemical pretreatment, biomass concentration and temperature have been considered. Results indicate that a capacity as high as 119?mg of Cu/g of dry biomass can be obtained at a temperature of 25?°C.     

Barriers to Promoting Eco‐Industrial Parks Development in China

For at least the past two decades, eco‐industrial parks (EIPs) have been promoted as policy and commercial instruments for achieving industrial sustainable development. Yet, few EIPs have seen successful operational implementation, especially if they begin as standard industrial parks. Rapid economic growth, commensurate with increasing environmental damage in China, has resulted in officials’ further pursuing EIP policy as a significant element of the broader circular economy and ecological modernization efforts. This article examines the barriers for EIP development from industrial park senior manager perspectives. Using resource dependence theory and the resource‐based view as theoretical lenses, we investigate the external and internal barriers for EIP development in 51 Chinese industrial parks. A number of barriers are identified and grouped through a factor analysis. Cluster analysis is utilized to help categorize and evaluate the perceived levels of barriers and hardships experienced by various senior officials that manage the EIPs. It is found that few respondents encounter no significant barriers. Barriers related to technological development and capacity building are the most prevalent. These results highlight the relative importance of various activities that may be necessary by policy makers and other stakeholders to overcome the barriers. For example, cooperation in developing technological solutions for EIPs seems to be a major thrust that should be pursued by EIP development stakeholders. Other policy and managerial insights based on the general findings of this study are also presented.     

微生物脂肪酶蛋白质工程*

微生物脂肪酶催化的化学反应具有严格的立体选择性、位点选择性等专一性,催化活性高而副反应少,催化反应不需要辅助因子等特点,因此广泛应用于工农业生产中的诸多领域。利用蛋白质工程技术,提高微生物脂肪酶的特异性、活性和稳定性,对提高微生物脂肪酶制剂产品的市场竞争能力,扩大微生物脂肪酶的应用领域,具有重要的意义。综述了蛋白质工程技术在微生物脂肪酶改性方面的应用现状、存在问题及前景。     

Stress tolerance and growth physiology of yeast strains from the Brazilian fuel ethanol industry

Improved biofuels production requires a better understanding of industrial microorganisms. Some wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, isolated from the fuel ethanol industry in Brazil, present exceptional fermentation performance, persistence and prevalence in the harsh industrial environment. Nevertheless, their physiology has not yet been systematically investigated. Here we present a first systematic evaluation of the widely used industrial strains PE-2, CAT-1, BG-1 and JP1, in terms of their tolerance towards process-related stressors. We also analyzed their growth physiology under heat stress. These strains were evaluated in parallel to laboratory and baker’s strains. Whereas the industrial strains performed in general better than the laboratory strains under ethanol or acetic acid stresses and on industrial media, high sugar stress was tolerated equally by all strains. Heat and low pH stresses clearly distinguished fuel ethanol strains from the others, indicating that these conditions might be the ones that mostly exert selective pressure on cells in the industrial environment. During shake-flask cultivations using a synthetic medium at 37 °C, industrial strains presented higher ethanol yields on glucose than the laboratory strains, indicating that they could have been selected for this trait—a response to energy-demanding fermentation conditions. These results might be useful to guide future improvements of large-scale fuel ethanol production via engineering of stress tolerance traits in other strains, and eventually also for promoting the use of these fuel ethanol strains in different industrial bioprocesses.     

生命周期方法在产业共生系统环境效益评价中的应用——研究进展及问题分析

近年来,产业共生作为产业生态学最具特征的领域引起了相关研究者的广泛关注。当前的研究逐渐从产业共生系统的定性描述分析转向定量的系统评价上。传统的产业共生系统环境效益评价仅仅关注共生系统本身,而忽视了占环境影响20%—50%的上、下游过程及替代过程的环境影响,为了得到客观的、系统的环境影响评价,将生命周期分析方法引入产业共生效益评价显得尤为重要。首先回顾了生命周期分析方法在产业共生研究中的发展过程,接着评述了3种生命周期分析方法在产业生态研究中的优劣势。并重点分析了将生命周期思想引入产业共生效益评价方法存在的功能单位设定问题及系统边界的选择问题。最后,呼吁为避免隐形污染的转移,必须尽快将生命周期分析的方法和管理理念引入我国生态工业园设计、规划、评价和管理的全过程中。     

国内外产业共生网络研究比较述评

产业共生网络是指基于物质及能量交换以及知识及基础设施共享而形成的在不同产业主体之间的合作共赢网络,是产业转型升级的重要保障。作为产业共生的运作方式,产业共生网络的研究国外从20世纪90年代开始从概念到实例就展开了一系列探讨,国内自2002年也开始在网络结构等方面开展相关研究。尤其在2008年以后,产业共生网络的研究方向不断拓宽,研究成果丰富多样。为明晰国内外产业共生网络研究的发展态势,促进产业共生网络理论体系的发展并使其得到有效应用。本文从共生网络内涵、结构、功能及评价、演化、管理调控等方面比较分析了国内外产业共生网络的研究进展,并对产业共生网络的发展前景做了展望。未来产业共生网络研究在不同尺度的比较及推演、数据信息平台的搭建以及产业共生网络演化模拟及管理调控的耦合等方面需重点关注。     

Ultra-violet-resistant mutants of Bacillus thuringiensis

One of the main disadvantages of using Bacillus thuringiensis as an insecticide is that the spore and crystal preparations applied to foliage are readily washed away by rain and are inactivated by sunlight. Spores from some strains of B. thuringiensis have been shown to be highly sensitive to u.v. light. This study has demonstrated how mutants with increased resistance to u.v., isolated by successive rounds of u.v. irradiation, and additionally with increased specific pathogenicity can be isolated. These techniques should be applied to strains that are frequently used in the industrial production of B. thuringiensis toxin.     

Metabolic engineering of fatty acid biosynthesis in plants.

Fatty acids are the most abundant form of reduced carbon chains available from nature and have diverse uses ranging from food to industrial feedstocks. Plants represent a significant renewable source of fatty acids because many species accumulate them in the form of triacylglycerol as major storage components in seeds. With the advent of plant transformation technology, metabolic engineering of oilseed fatty acids has become possible and transgenic plant oils represent some of the first successes in design of modified plant products. Directed gene down-regulation strategies have enabled the specific tailoring of common fatty acids in several oilseed crops. In addition, transfer of novel fatty acid biosynthetic genes from noncommercial plants has allowed the production of novel oil compositions in oilseed crops. These and future endeavors aim to produce seeds higher in oil content as well as new oils that are more stable, are healthier for humans, and can serve as a renewable source of industrial commodities. Large-scale new industrial uses of engineered plant oils are on the horizon but will require a better understanding of factors that limit the accumulation of unusual fatty acid structures in seeds.     

Organoheterotrophe Laugung resistenter Materialien

Leaching processes can be classified in chemolithotrophic and organoheterotrophic mechanisms. In the case of chemolithotrophic leaching sulphide minerals, elemental sulphur, ferrous iron and a number of different reduced metals will be oxidized in a solution containing sulphuric acid of bacterial and/or chemical origin. Organoheterotrophic leaching however is connected with the accumulation of microbial metabolites such as organic acids, proteins, peptides and polysaccharides, which are capable to disintegrate ores, minerals or industrial wastes through dissolution, formation of complexes or chelates. Whereas at the present time chemolithotrophic leaching processes are in operation in industrial scale for the winning of copper, uranium and some other special metals, organoheterotrophic processes, their problems and technical applications are still under study. Therefore problems of organoheterotrophic leaching of chemical high resistant materials such as phosphorus furnace slag and zircon from the Baltic shield have been investigated with regard to possible technical applications for the winning of rare earth elements (REE) and other precious metals. Using a strain of Acetobacter methanolicus which is able to accumulate large amounts of gluconic acid on the basis of glucose or glucose containing by-products, leaching effects up to 90% of REE could be realized in the case of phosphorus furnace slag and up to 45% in the case of zircon.