pH值对转基因鱼腥藻培养的影响

研究pH值对转基因鱼腥藻培养的影响,发现培养基初始pH以自然pH8.3为宜,间歇流加稀盐酸控制过程pH值为8.5和9.0,生长较未流加快,每天流加稀盐酸一次控制过程pH为8.5,15d生物量大于3g/L,可溶性蛋白为0.3g/l藻干重,TNF表达量超过22%,生物量比未流加增长12.41%,而TNF表达量未受影响。     

苯丙氨酸脱氨酶cDNA在大肠杆菌中的克隆与表达及酶法合成L-苯丙氨酸

利用基因重组技术 ,在大肠杆菌中克隆并表达苯丙氨酸脱氨酶 (PAL) (EC4 .3 .1 .5) ,并应用此酶转化肉桂酸生成L 苯丙氨酸。方法是将欧芹苯丙氨酸脱氨酶cDNA亚克隆到组成型表达载体pMG3 6e启动子P3 2下游 ,以菌落PCR法鉴定插入片段的大小和方向都正确的克隆 ,进而以HPLC检测肉桂酸浓度的方法鉴别重组质粒有催化肉桂酸生成L 苯丙氨酸的酶活力。结果获得能表达PAL酶活性的阳性克隆 ,在pH1 0 ,含 1 .0 %肉桂酸、8.0mol/L氨的转化液中 ,3 0℃反应 2 0h ,肉桂酸重量转化率可达 60 %。该基因工程菌有希望用于工业化生产L 苯丙氨酸。     

Tyr78-loop对鱼腥藻来源苯丙氨酸脱氨酶活性的影响

【背景】MIO(Methylidene-imidazol-5-one)依赖型酶中,催化因子Tyr所在Loop(Tyr78-loop)的灵活性显著影响酶学性质。【目的】探讨Tyr78-loop对鱼腥藻来源苯丙氨酸脱氨酶酶活的影响,以提高其反应活性。【方法】将该酶的Tyr78-loop进行分子改造,筛选出酶活提高的突变体,并对突变体的酶学性质进行研究。【结果】突变体S73N、E95V、E95K和S73N/E95K在37°C、pH 8.5下比活分别比原酶提高了34%、30%、18%和35%。蛋白三维结构模拟推测在突变体S73N、E95V和E95K中,位于α螺旋与Tyr78-loop交界处的Asn73、Val95和Lys95与附近氨基酸的氢键作用力数目减少,一定程度上增加了Tyr78-loop的柔性。【结论】Ser73位和Glu95位氨基酸的突变增加了Tyr78-loop的灵活性,提高了苯丙氨酸脱氨酶的酶活。     

水体pH对伪鱼腥藻生长及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

在实验室条件下, 以伪鱼腥藻(Pseudanabaena sp.)为研究对象, 研究了pH对伪鱼腥藻生长、叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm、ETR、Ik)的影响, 以期了解伪鱼腥藻对水体pH的适应及调节能力。试验分为2组, 一组每天测定水体实际pH后调整藻液pH 为初始设定值, 另一组在试验开始时调节pH 至设定值后不人为调节, 每天测定pH。结果表明: 伪鱼腥藻偏好碱性环境, 并对水体pH有很强的调节和适应能力。每天调控pH为11的试验组生长情况最好; 不人为调控pH试验中, pH 5—11试验组pH最终趋于10.9—11.5, 人为调控pH试验中, pH 7—11试验组pH最终趋于9.5—11.3。pH为3和13条件下, 伪鱼腥藻均不能生长。pH 5—11范围内, Fv/Fm、ETR随pH增大而增大, pH 7—11范围内各组Ik值差异不大。     

苯丙氨酸脱氨酶cDNA在大肠杆菌中的克隆与表达及酶法合成L—苯丙 …

利用基因重组技术,在大肠杆菌中克隆并表达苯丙氨酸脱氨酸（ＰＡＬ）（ＥＣ４．３．１．５）,并应用此酶转化肉桂酸生成Ｌ－苯丙氨酸。方法是将欧芹苯丙氨酸脱氨酶ｃＤＮＡ亚克隆到组成型表达载体ｐＭＧ３６ｅ启动子Ｐ３２下游,以菌落ＰＣＲ法鉴定插一段的大小和方向都正确的克隆,进而以ＨＰＬＣ检测肉桂酸浓度的方法鉴别重组质粒有催化肉桂酸生成Ｌ－苯丙氨酸的酶活力。结果获得能表达ＰＡＬ酶活性的阳性克隆,在ＰＨ１０,含１     

洱海螺旋鱼腥藻生长生理特性的初步研究

近年来,洱海正处于中营养水平向富营养湖泊的过渡阶段,蓝藻水华也频繁发生。本文作者在洱海大规模水华暴发期间,分离、纯化了水华优势种螺旋鱼腥藻,并对其生长生理特性进行了初步研究,以期为探讨洱海鱼腥藻水华发生的环境影响因素提供基础的参考资料。实验结果表明,氮含量1.5mmol/L、磷含量12µmol/L、光照强度30E/ m·s、pH值8－10及温度25℃时,螺旋鱼腥藻生长状况最好,生物量及相对生长速率较高。不同氮、磷浓度下的氮磷代谢活性表明：氮浓度在0－0.36mmol/L时,硝酸还原酶活性随着氮浓度的增加而增强;氮浓度在0.36－6 mmol/L时,酶活性由其生长状况决定,生长越好,酶活性越高。碱性磷酸酶受磷影响较大,随着磷浓度的增加其活性逐渐减弱,磷充足时,氮对其活性并无显著影响。此外,洱海螺旋鱼腥藻可在低的氮、磷浓度下生长,这与其氮磷代谢活性的调节作用有关。     

转基因鱼腥藻7120适宜生长条件的初步研究

以前的研究报导了将人肿瘤坏死因子基因(TNF-α)成功转入鱼腥藻7120中,这项研究在实验室小规模范围内探讨了其转TNF-α基因鱼腥藻7120的适宜生长条件。结果表明,转基因鱼腥藻7120最适生长温度在25～30℃,最适pH7.0～7.5。不同光照强度下的净光合放氧速率测定结果表明,转基因鱼腥藻7120与野生型具有一致的光饱和点和光补偿点,且适合在10～700μE.m-2.s-1下生长。外加有机碳源(4g/L葡萄糖)一定程度上可以增加转基因鱼腥藻7120生长速度。对不同藻龄转基因鱼腥藻7120中TNF-α的累积量的检测发现:生长8d左右时转基因鱼腥藻7120中TNF-α累积量达到最大值。这将为产业化生产、适时收获转基因蓝藻提供理论指导,同时讨论了葡萄糖对转基因鱼腥藻7120代谢的调节。     

满江红鱼腥藻glnA启动区的克隆及在烟草中的活性表达

利用ＰＣＲ技术获得满江红鱼腥藻ｇｌｎＡ启动区,经克隆测序后构成谷氨酰胺合成酶基因启动子驱动的ＧＵＳ基因表达载体用基因枪经,将表达载体导入烟草中,在其叶片和茎中检测到ＧＵＳ活性,而在烟草根中未见表达。实验结果对真核生物与原核生物间基因表达调控、转录因子识别的研究以及构建衫载体具有一定价值。     

转hTNF-α基因鱼腥藻7120的培养及外源基因的表达调控

讨论了转hTNF-α基因鱼腥藻7120外源基因的调控和重组质粒的稳定性问题,并探索了鱼腥藻高效培养的方法和获得大量外源基因产物的途径。     

固氮鱼腥藻的蛋白水解酶及其部分性质的研究

应用溶菌酶处理,超声破碎细胞,通过差异离心和解离剂处理,将细胞的不同部分分开。以水解α-酪蛋白反应检测蛋白水解酶活性,结果表明,在细胞的可溶部分、内细胞质膜、外膜及胞浆周围区均存在蛋白水解酶活性。异形胞可溶部分的蛋白酶活比营养细胞可溶的蛋白酶活高4—5倍。在固氮条件下,营养细胞可溶性蛋白酶反应最适温度为50—55℃,65℃时,酶活迅速下降。有Ca^2 5mmol／l时,蛋白酶在60℃稳定,无Ca^2 存在下,酶液在60℃预处理10分钟,酶活性丧失80％以上。酶反应的最适pH为8—10。而且氮饥饿之后,培养基的pH值对细胞蛋白酶活水平有明显影响,氮饥饿24小时内,蛋白酶活迅速增加,但在碱性条件下,酶活水平比在中性条件下要高得多。邻菲哕啉对蛋白酶活性有严重的抑制,EDTA仅有轻微抑制,而PMSF对细胞蛋白酶活的抑制作用,与细胞氮饥饿时间有关。     

Bacterial Anabaena variabilis phenylalanine ammonia lyase: A biocatalyst with broad substrate specificity

Phenylalanine ammonia lyases (PALs) catalyse the regio- and stereoselective hydroamination of cinnamic acid analogues to yield optically enriched α-amino acids. Herein, we demonstrate that a bacterial PAL from Anabaena variabilis (AvPAL) displays significantly higher activity towards a series of non-natural substrates than previously described eukaryotic PALs. Biotransformations performed on a preparative scale led to the synthesis of the 2-chloro- and 4-trifluoromethyl-phenylalanine derivatives in excellent ee, highlighting the enormous potential of bacterial PALs as biocatalysts for the synthesis of high value, non-natural amino acids.     

Structural and biochemical characterization of the therapeutic Anabaena variabilis phenylalanine ammonia lyase

We have recently observed promising success in a mouse model for treating the metabolic disorder phenylketonuria with phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) from Rhodosporidium toruloides and Anabaena variabilis. Both molecules, however, required further optimization in order to overcome problems with protease susceptibility, thermal stability, and aggregation. Previously, we optimized PAL from R. toruloides, and in this case we reduced aggregation of the A. variabilis PAL by mutating two surface cysteine residues (C503 and C565) to serines. Additionally, we report the structural and biochemical characterization of the A. variabilis PAL C503S/C565S double mutant and carefully compare this molecule with the R. toruloides engineered PAL molecule. Unlike previously published PAL structures, significant electron density is observed for the two active-site loops in the A. variabilis C503S/C565S double mutant, yielding a complete view of the active site. Docking studies and N-hydroxysuccinimide-biotin binding studies support a proposed mechanism in which the amino group of the phenylalanine substrate is attacked directly by the 4-methylidene-imidazole-5-one prosthetic group. We propose a helix-to-loop conformational switch in the helices flanking the inner active-site loop that regulates accessibility of the active site. Differences in loop stability among PAL homologs may explain the observed variation in enzyme efficiency, despite the highly conserved structure of the active site. A. variabilis C503S/C565S PAL is shown to be both more thermally stable and more resistant to proteolytic cleavage than R. toruloides PAL. Additional increases in thermal stability and protease resistance upon ligand binding may be due to enhanced interactions among the residues of the active site, possibly locking the active-site structure in place and stabilizing the tetramer. Examination of the A. variabilis C503S/C565S PAL structure, combined with analysis of its physical properties, provides a structural basis for further engineering of residues that could result in a better therapeutic molecule.     

Two phenylalanine ammonia lyase isoforms are involved in the elicitor-induced response of rice to the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae

Suspension cultured cells of a blast-resistant rice genotype (Oryza sativa L. cv. Gigante Vercelli) were treated with cell wall hydrolysates prepared from the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. As a consequence, a complex pattern of phenylalanine ammonia lyase time course specific activity levels was evident. Ion-exchange chromatographic fractionation of crude extracts suggested that the early (6 h) and the late (48-72 h after elicitation) increase of activity relied upon the sequential induction of two different isoenzymes. The relative expression levels of 11 genes putatively coding for a phenylalanine ammonia lyase were measured by semi-quantitative capillary gel electrophoresis of RT-PCR products. Two genes were indeed found to be induced by treatments with the hydrolysate, and data were validated by real-time PCR. Conversely, only the early-responsive enzyme form was observed following elicitation in a blast-sensitive rice genotype (cv. Vialone nano). Therefore, the late-responsive isoform may represent a candidate gene to select for decreased sensitivity to blast.     

Density-labelling studies on the photocontrol of phenylalanine ammonia lyase levels in Cucumis sativus

The de novo synthesis of PAL is demonstrated to occur sometime between imbibition and the end of a 4-hr white light treatment. H₂OD₂O transfer experiments indicate that PAL synthesis may occur during the light period whilst D₂O-H₂O transfer experiments indicate that synthesis of inactive PAL may occur during dark growth followed by activation by light. Neither of these observations is conclusive. De novo synthesis of PAL occurs in excised hypocotyls of gherkin and tuber discs of potato either in darkness or in light. It is concluded that there is as yet no evidence which definitively shows that light controls PAL levels by regulating the rate of de novo synthesis.     

Ultrastructure of the fresh water cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis SPU 003 and its application for oxygen-free hydrogen production

Photoproduction of hydrogen has been studied as one of the ways to produce a clean, renewable energy source. Ultrastructure of the selected strain Anabaena variabilis SPU 003, a heterocystous cyanobacterium, has been done to understand the cell structure. The organism was found to be essentially a dark hydrogen producer. While pH had no significant effect on hydrogen production, optimum temperature was found to be 30 degrees C. Various sugars increased the production of hydrogen while the presence of various nitrogen sources inhibits the production. The production of hydrogen is highly sensitive to salinity and micronutrients.     

Biotechnological production and applications of microbial phenylalanine ammonia lyase: a recent review

Abstract

Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) catalyzes the nonoxidative deamination of l-phenylalanine to form trans-cinnamic acid and a free ammonium ion. It plays a major role in the catabolism of l-phenylalanine. The presence of PAL has been reported in diverse plants, some fungi, Streptomyces and few Cyanobacteria. In the past two decades, PAL has gained considerable significance in several clinical, industrial and biotechnological applications. Since its discovery, much knowledge has been gathered with reference to the enzyme’s importance in phenyl propanoid pathway of plants. In contrast, there is little knowledge about microbial PAL. Furthermore, the commercial source of the enzyme has been mainly obtained from the fungi. This study focuses on the recent advances on the physiological role of microbial PAL and the improvements of PAL biotechnological production both from our laboratory and many others as well as the latest advances on the new applications of microbial PAL.     

Phenolics during early development of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Betula pubescens</Emphasis> seedlings: inhibition of phenylalanine ammonia lyase

We studied phenolic metabolism and plant growth in birch seedlings at the beginning of their development by inhibiting phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), which is the first committed step in phenylpropanoid metabolism. Betula pubescens (Ehrh.) seeds were germinated in inhibitor-free media and the seedlings were transferred to hydroponic culture at the cotyledon stage. They were 6 days old at the start of the experiment, which lasted for 3 weeks. PAL activity was inhibited by three different concentrations of 2-aminoindane-2-phosphonic acid monohydrate (AIP) in the growing media. At the end of 3 weeks, phenolics in all plant parts (roots, stem, cotyledons, first, second and third true leaves) were determined. AIP inhibited strongly the accumulation of phenolic acids, salidroside, rhododendrins, ellagitannins and their precursors, flavan-3-ols, and soluble condensed tannins. The accumulation of lignin and flavonol glycoside derivatives was moderately inhibited. The accumulation of flavonol glycosides, such as quercetin glycosides and kaempferol glycosides, was not generally inhibited, even in leaves that emerged during the experiment, while the accumulation of insoluble condensed tannins was inhibited only slightly and not in all plant parts. This suggests that flavonol glycosides, which may have a UV-B protective role, and insoluble condensed tannins, which may have structural functions, are prioritized in seedling development. Inhibition of PAL with AIP decreased seedling growth and possible reasons for this are discussed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

A mutant of the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 lacking cyanophycin synthetase: growth properties and ultrastructural aspects

The gene cphA encoding cyanophycin synthetase was interrupted in Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 by insertional mutagenesis. The mutant lacked cyanophycin granules and the polar nodules of heterocysts. The mutant grew as fast as the wild-type irrespective of the nitrogen source at low light intensity whereas growth on N(2) was somewhat reduced in high light. It is concluded that cyanophycin metabolism and polar nodules are not essential for aerobic N(2) fixation.     

Capsaicin formation in p-fluorophenylalanine resistant and normal cell cultures ofCapsicum frutescens and activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase

Callus cultures ofCapsicum frutescens capable of producing a maximum of 53 μg capsaicin/g FW were exposed to various levels of p-fluorophenyialanine (PFP) at 100, 400, 1000 and 2000 μM to develop a resistant cell line that over produces capsaicin. After 15 days of culturing on media lacking PFP, cell lines resistant to 100, 400 and 1000 μM registered 18%, 34.5% and 45% increase in capsaicin content over normal cell line (cells not exposed to PFP). Capsaicin accumulation was inhibited in 2000 μM PFP resistant cell line. The profile of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), the key enzyme in pheny1propanoid pathway in resistant cell cultures was studied and compared with normal cell cultures to understand its role in capsaicin formation. Importantly increased production of capsaicin was obtained using PFP resistant cell lines. The activity profile of PAL had no correlation with capsaicin content in both control and PFP resistant cells.     

Foliar application of l-phenylalanine and ferulic acids to pea plants: induced phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity and resistance against Erysiphe pisi

Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity was measured using HPLC in pea leaves following exogenous application of l-phenylalanine and ferulic acid. Treatment with different concentrations (50, 100 and 150 ppm) of l-phenylalanine caused increased activity of PAL in comparison to the control. In pea leaves treated with 50 ppm l-phenylalanine, maximum PAL activity was observed after 72 h of treatment. Application of ferulic acid first reduced PAL activity at lower concentration (50 ppm) but increased at higher concentrations of the compound (100 and 150 ppm) in pea leaves as compared to the control. Maximum PAL activity was 0.19 nM cinnamic acid/min/g fresh wt. after 24 h at 50 ppm and then increased with time. Treatment with both the compounds significantly reduced conidial germination of Erysiphe pisi on pea leaves. They were equally effective at 100 and 150 ppm in reducing conidial germination. The conidial germination on l-phenylalanine-treated leaves was 26% after 24 h and that on ferulic acid-treated leaves was 34% as compared to the control (46%). Foliar application of different concentrations of l-phenylalanine increased the level of ferulic acid in the leaves of pea plants. Maximum accumulation of ferulic acid (79.3 and 83.5 μg/g fresh wt.) was observed following the application of l-phenylalanine after 24 h and 48 h, respectively. At 50 ppm, ferulic acid accumulation in pea leaves was 35.6 and 39.4 μg/g fresh wt. and 74.3 and 86.5 μg/g fresh wt. at 100 ppm.