两株戴氏霉对水稻秸秆的降解及产酶研究

本文旨在构建能够高效降解水稻秸秆的戴氏霉组合菌。通过兼容性试验,选取木质素降解菌灰戴氏霉H57.1菌株与纤维素降解菌合川戴氏霉H08.1菌株组合发酵降解水稻秸秆,以失重法和范氏洗涤剂法检测其对秸秆的降解效果,用胞外酶活测定法探索其产酶规律。结果表明,菌株H57.1和H08.1具有良好的兼容性;组合菌H57.1+H08.1对水稻秸秆的降解能力明显高于单一菌株,秸秆失重率高达55.7%,木质素、半纤维素和纤维素降解率分别为48.9%、72.6%和57.0%;对发酵过程产酶情况的分析进一步表明,组合菌H57.1+H08.1降解水稻秸秆的能力与其产酶能力密切相关。     

采自武夷山高温木质素降解菌优良菌株筛选及其木质素降解效果测定

本文旨在筛选能够高效降解秸秆木质素的高温真菌。对来自福建武夷山的农田土壤进行富集,采用苯胺蓝、愈创木酚和α-萘酚3种筛选平板结合木质素磺酸钙降解试验筛选木质素高温降解菌,采用范氏洗涤剂法测定一株高效降解菌对秸秆木质素的降解效果;最后以经典形态学和多基因分子系统学相结合的方法对该菌株进行鉴定。结果表明：经钓饵法,分离获得8株高温菌;通过初筛和复筛,获得了1株较好的木质素高温降解菌A12638H;将其用于降解水稻秸秆和玉米秸秆,发现木质素降解率分别达到41.7%和48.3%;该菌株经鉴定为大孢戴氏霉Taifanglania major。菌株A12638H具有很好的应用价值,值得在秸秆资源的开发利用中开展更深入的研究。     

木质纤维素酶高产菌株的筛选及其对玉米秸秆降解效果的影响

为了提高玉米秸秆中木质素的降解率,从腐烂的树枝和土壤中筛选木质纤维素酶高产菌株,以秸秆为唯一C源富集培养后,采用PDA-愈创木酚法进行初筛,筛选出产木质素酶真菌5株,然后以玉米秸秆为主要C源进行固态发酵和复筛。结果表明:第5号菌株在发酵玉米秸秆5 d后,使木质素的降解率达到最高(34.95%),粗纤维的降解率达到20.00%,显著高于其他4种菌株(P<0.05),其羧甲基纤维素酶比酶活达到116.35 U/g;10 d后,其木质素酶比酶活达到最高(45.64 U/g)。     

微生物降解秸秆木质素的研究进展

我国秸秆资源丰富,每年产生逾8亿t作物秸秆。通过秸秆直接还田或肥料化还田不仅可以减少化肥的施用量,缓解农业污染压力,还能实现农作物秸秆的循环利用。木质素结构复杂,且与纤维素和半纤维素相互缠绕,因此秸秆的自然腐解过程中,木质素是主要的限速因子,为了提高降解效率,木质素降解菌的发掘和降解机制也逐渐成为研究热点。本文综述了降解木质素的真菌和细菌的研究现状,对比其真菌和细菌降解特性的优缺点并分析复合降解菌群的优势。随后对木质素降解酶系的酶学性质、在不同微生物中的表达特性进行总结,对木质素降解机制及衍生芳烃代谢路径的研究进展进行综述。最后整理木质素降解微生物在秸秆肥料化技术中的应用进展,并探讨了微生物降解秸秆木质素的应用前景和未来的研究方向。     

秸秆降解菌的筛选及对秸秆的降解效果

作物秸秆作处置不当可能严重影响农村生态环境。目前东北地区的秸秆处置方式主要为直接打碎还田,但秸秆在自然环境中不易腐化,影响春耕。从添加外源微生物促进秸秆原位腐化角度开发新型可培养秸秆降解菌,具有重要意义。本实验通过菌种富集培养、刚果红培养基初筛和滤纸条崩解试验复筛的方法,从腐烂的秸秆和牛肠道中分离筛选潜在的高效纤维素降解菌,测定其最适生长温度和pH,在液态发酵培养条件下考察菌株实际降解能力,共获得具有较高玉米秸秆降解能力的降解菌5株。5种菌株的生长峰值均出现在温度20～30℃,pH值7.5～8.5范围内。液态发酵培养15天后,秸秆失重率为菌株NX9(53.88%)>NF6(51.36%)>JF3(46.97%)>JZ8(45.2%)>JX4(35.79%)>CK(23.88%)。其中,菌株NX9(温度30℃、pH 7.5)对秸秆半纤维素和木质素的降解能力最强,15天降解率分别为48%和37.7%;筛选出的NF6和JF3属于耐冷微生物,特别是菌株NF6在4℃条件下也能生长繁殖,为北方开展"外源微生物促进秸秆原位腐化"技术提供了基础。     

高效木质素降解菌的筛选及其对玉米秸秆的降解效果

本研究利用愈创木酚和苯胺蓝固体培养基对菌株进行初筛,利用形态学和分子生物学对筛选出的菌株进行鉴定,以黄孢原毛平革菌Phanerochaete chrysosporium CGMCC 5.0776为对照,利用其对玉米秸秆进行预处理并测定木质素和纤维素的降解率,测定筛选菌株在预处理玉米秸秆过程中漆酶、锰过氧化物酶(mang...     

特异腐质霉纤维素酶的研究

由腐植土中分离到一株嗜热真菌,经鉴定为特异腐质霉(Humicola insolens Cooney etEmerson)。研究了这株菌纤维素酶的产生条件和一般性质。菌在含麦麸5％、NaNO0.3％的液体培养基(灭菌前pH7.5,灭菌后pH7.2)中,于45℃培养4天,以羧甲基纤维素钠为底物,每ml滤液酶活力为20个单位。酶作用的最适条件为:pH6.0,温度为65—70℃。该纤维素酶是一种耐热酶,热稳定性较强,70℃保温5分钟后,酶活力剩余88％。底物对该酶的热钝化有较强的保护作用,无底物存在条件下,70℃保温6小时后,酶活力仅剩余1％,而在同样的处理温度和时间,在有底物存在条件下,酶活力可剩余30％。该酶在45℃保温15小时的条件下,pH稳定范围为6.0—9.0。     

三株高效秸秆纤维素降解真菌的筛选及其降解效果

【目的】利用多种筛选方法,获得高效秸秆纤维素降解真菌,并研究其秸秆纤维素的降解能力。【方法】采用滤纸片孔洞法、滤纸条降解法、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)水解圈测定法、秸秆失重法、纤维素分解率测定法、胞外酶活测定法等常规秸秆纤维素降解菌的筛选方法。【结果】筛选到3株具有较强纤维素降解能力的真菌菌株,经初步鉴定菌株98MJ为草酸青霉(Penicillium oxalicum)、菌株W3为木霉(Trichoderma sp.)、菌株W4为扩张青霉(Penicillium expansum)。菌株W4具有非常强的秸秆纤维素降解能力,10d内对秸秆的降解率可达56.3%,对纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的分解率分别为59.06%、78.75%和33.79%。菌株W4的胞外纤维素酶活力在14.25-49.75U/mL之间。【结论】筛选获得3株高效秸秆纤维素降解真菌菌株,其中菌株W4的纤维素酶活高于已报道的菌株,是一株十分具有研究开发潜力的纤维素酶生产菌株。     

木质素降解菌的筛选及混合菌发酵降解秸秆的研究

农作物秸秆是农业生产的副产品,也是一项重要的生物资源。由于其成分结构的特殊性所导致的难降解问题,一直成为了转化利用秸秆的难题。目前,利用混合菌将秸秆纤维素转化为蛋白质、乙醇、乙酸、乳酸等研究已逐渐为人们所重视。本文通过马铃薯琼脂平板培养、马铃薯液体摇瓶培养和稻草秸秆固态发酵,从6株常见的食用白腐菌中筛选出了生长优势较强、产漆酶酶活高的平菇HF。为了让秸秆得到更好的降解和利用,采用平菇和康氏木霉二步混合发酵法;通过不同的组合方式,发现H6-T10组合得出的降解效果最好,其木质素降解率达到44.77%,纤维素降解率达到41.48%。     

白腐真菌对稻草秸秆的降解及其有关酶活性的变化

以稻草秸秆加20%棉籽壳为培养基质,接种侧耳Z17、921、1024菌株,在不同生长阶段。测定培养物的主要化学成分和有关酶活的变化。结果表明,从接种到子实体形成,所试菌株培养物的纤维素、木质素等呈持续不断的下降趋势,水份、粗蛋白含量却逐渐升高,基质中漆酶酶活性在菌丝生长初期呈迅速上升趋势,后稍降低,而愈创木酚酶活性在菌丝上长初期及子实体形成时达到高峰,后有所降低或消失。     

一个耐热的戴氏霉新种(英文)

从海南三亚的河泥中分离获得戴氏霉属一新种,即小孢戴氏霉Taifanglania parvispora。它与相近种的主要区别是菌丝段有时稍膨大,瓶梗短和分生孢子小且呈梨形至倒卵形。基于戴氏霉属、腐质霉属、单瓶霉属和瓶霉属中一些种的ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 r DNA序列构建了系统发育树,结果表明新种与戴氏霉属亲缘关系较近,聚在一个分支中,并在该分支中独立为一亚分支。形态和分子特征分析表明小孢戴氏霉可以作为戴氏霉属中的一个新分类单元。     

关于秸秆微生物降解的文献计量分析

随着可再生生物质能源研究的快速发展,秸秆的微生物降解成为世界范围内的研究热点。客观分析当前秸秆微生物降解领域的发展态势,可为我国秸秆降解领域工作人员提供情报动态,推进我国在新型生物质能源方面的深入研究。本文基于WebofScience数据库,利用HisCite和VOSviewer软件分析工具,对世界范围内关于秸秆微生物降解领域的发文数量、高发文国家、高发文期刊及高发文机构等数据进行分析。分析结果发现秸秆微生物降解研究自21世纪以来出现逐年递增的趋势,全球范围内对秸秆微生物降解的研究主要集中在应用微生物、农业和生物技术等方面。其中,美国、中国、德国和日本在秸秆微生物降解研究领域处于国际领先地位。美国的发文量和发文的影响力位列首位。我国在该领域发文量位列第二名,表明我国在秸秆微生物降解领域的研究具有一定的基础,但影响力较低,需要加强高水平的研究,带动我国在该领域研究实力的整体提升。     

一株低温玉米秸秆降解真菌的筛选、鉴定及降解特性

【背景】在我国北方地区玉米秸秆还田时期地温低、秸秆降解慢,如何加速玉米秸秆低温腐解成为研究热点。【目的】从冷凉地区土壤中筛选具有高效降解纤维素能力的低温菌株,为秸秆的有效利用奠定基础。【方法】在低温培养条件下,采用稀释涂布平板法、羧甲基纤维素钠(sodium carboxymethyl cellulose,CMC-Na)水解圈测定法、胞外酶活测定法、秸秆失重法进行低温秸秆降解菌株的初筛、复筛和秸秆降解性能的测定;根据菌株形态学特征及ITSrDNA序列分析对筛选菌株进行鉴定;利用3,5-二硝基水杨酸(3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid,DNS)法和秸秆失重法对菌株在不同接种量、培养基初始pH、温度情况下的纤维素酶活力和玉米秸秆降解能力进行研究。【结果】以16°C为筛选温度,获得一株在刚果红-羧甲基纤维素钠平板上D/d值为2.17、CMC酶活力为703 U/mL的高产纤维素酶低温真菌SDF-25;该菌株在4°C可以生长,10-16°C为最适生长温度,37°C条件下仍能生长;综合菌株的形态学和分子生物学测定结果,菌株SDF-25为草酸青霉菌(Penicillium oxalicum);该菌株最佳产纤维素酶的培养条件为接种量2%、初始pH为7.0、培养温度为10°C,在该培养条件下菌株SDF-25的CMC酶活为993.3 U/mL。失重法测定接种SDF-25于10°C培养15 d时秸秆降解率为39.5%,16°C时为44.9%。【结论】草酸青霉菌SDF-25可在低温条件下生长并具有较强的纤维素酶生产能力,在秸秆还田方面具有良好的应用前景。     

In vitro degradation of wheat straw by anaerobic fungi from small ruminants

Abstract

Anaerobic ruminal fungi may play an active role in fibre degradation as evidenced by the production of different fibrolytic enzymes in culture filtrate. In the present study, 16 anaerobic fungal strains were isolated from ruminal and faecal samples of sheep and goats. Based on their morphological characteristics they were identified as species of Anaeromyces, Orpinomyces, Piromyces and Neocallimastix. Isolated Neocallimastix sp. from goat rumen showed a maximum activity of CMCase (47.9 mIU ml^?1) and filter paper cellulase (48.3 mIU ml^?1), while Anaeromyces sp. from sheep rumen showed a maximum xylanolytic activity (48.3 mIU ml^?1). The cellobiase activity for all the isolates ranged from 178.0 – 182.7 mIU ml^?1. Based on the enzymatic activities, isolated Anaeromyces sp. from sheep rumen and Neocallimastix sp. from goat rumen were selected for their potential of in vitro fibre degradation. The highest in vitro digestibility of NDF (23.2%) and DM (34.4%) was shown for Neocallimastix sp. from goat rumen, as compared to the digestibility of NDF and DM in the control group of 17.5 and 25.0%, respectively.     

Effect of temperature on ethanol tolerance of thermotolerant Isshatchenkia orientalis IPE100

Tolerance to high temperature and ethanol is a major factor in high‐temperature bio‐ethanol fermentation. The inhibitory effect of exogenously added ethanol (0–100 g L^?1) on the growth of the newly isolated thermotolerant Issatchenkia orientalis IPE100 was evaluated at a range of temperatures (30–45°C). A generalized Monod equation with product inhibition was used to quantify ethanol tolerance, and it correlated well with the experimental data on microbial growth inhibition of ethanol at the temperatures of 30–45°C. The maximum inhibitory concentration of ethanol for growth (P_m) and toxic power (n) at the optimal growth temperature of 42°C were estimated to be 96.7 g L^?1 and 1.23, respectively. The recently isolated thermotolerant I. orientalis IPE100 shows therefore a strong potential for the development of future high‐temperature bio‐ethanol fermentation technologies. This study provides useful insights into our understanding of the temperature‐dependent inhibitory effects of ethanol on yeast growth.     

Heat tolerant fungi and applied research: Addition to the previously treated group of strictly thermotolerant species

Heat tolerant fungi are organisms that may perform bioconversion processes and produce industrially important metabolites. They may either be obligate thermophiles or simple thermotolerants. The present document is the continuation of a critical note on thermotolerant fungi erroneously reported in the literature as possessing thermophilic attributes. Fifty strictly thermotolerant taxa are here considered. Some of their binomials have only recently been introduced in the scientific literature. The reported thermotolerant species are grouped according to broad taxonomic categories. The nomenclature of zygomycetous taxa and anamorphic fungi is straightforward, as usually only one binomial is available or only one state is produced in culture respectively. For Ascomycetes regularly producing in culture a conidial state, the name of the sexual state (teleomorph) should be used to designate the organism even when a binomial is available for the anamorph; this prevents the practice of interchangeably using the name of either states of the same fungus. When ascomycetous taxa produce the anamorph regularly and the teleomorph only under specific cultural conditions, the name of the anamorph could be preferentially selected. The goal is to introduce uniformity in name citations of fungi, particularly in the literature of applied research. Each species is reported under its taxonomically correct name, either the original binomial or the latest combined binomial after generic transfer(s). Known synonyms are also specified. Maximum efforts were undertaken to trace updated information on the taxonomic position of these fifty strict thermotolerant species. For each, information on the type material, morphological features distinguishing it from related members of the genus (and when necessary a generic taxonomic assessment) and, finally, salient ecological features including heat tolerance levels are given. For some information on their biotechnological use is also provided. Overall 86 strictly thermotolerant fungi are so far documented in the corresponding published and present contributions; however, this figure should not be regarded as exhaustive for the group. Among these 86 taxa ascomycetous fungi (46) presently outnumber anamorphic microfungi (28) but their relevant figures should be regarded as provisional. Only 12 zygomycetous species proved to be strict thermotolerants. Further cardinal temperature growth values established for these 86 thermotolerants disclose no pattern linked to their broad taxonomic categories. Standardized growth temperature curves at increments smaller than 5 °C have to be performed to assess conclusively variability in growth temperature relationships. Several heat tolerant fungi are widely used in industry; however, more research is needed to explore the applied potential of these particular organisms. An exhaustive document on the biodiversity of heat tolerant fungi also awaits production. It would be informative in relation to the global warming process of the earth.     

Production of cellulases by thermophilic fungi grown on Leptochloa fusca straw

Seven indigenous thermophilic fungi were screened for cellulase and xylanase production when grown on Leptochloa fusca (kallar grass) straw. Aspergillus fumigatus produced the highest activities of 0.4, 2.5, 3.5 and 0.14 U/ml of filter paper cellulase, CM-cellulase, xylanase and -xylosidase, respectively. Sporotrichum thermophile produced 0.47 -glucosidase/ml. Chaetomium thermophile, Humicola grisea and Torula thermophila had lower activities than the other thermophilic fungi.The authors are with the National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, P.O. Box 577, Faisalabad, Pakistan.     

低温降解玉米秸秆的木霉菌株筛选

【背景】木霉是自然界中常见的纤维素和半纤维素降解菌,在农业废弃物降解中具有重要应用潜力。【目的】筛选可在低温环境降解玉米秸秆的木霉菌株。【方法】测定31种木霉111个菌株在低温下的生长状况、水解纤维素和木聚糖产生的透明圈直径及部分菌株对玉米秸秆的相对降解率(relativedegradationrate,RDR);利用DNS法测定不同RDR代表菌株的纤维素滤纸酶(filter paper cellulase, FPase)、羧甲基纤维素酶(carboxymethyl cellulase, CMCase)和木聚糖酶(xylanase)活性,并分析它们在不同发酵阶段的酶活与秸秆降解率的关系。【结果】在10℃和5℃培养分别有100株和42株供试菌株能够生长,在15℃均能生长,其中19个菌株培养6 d产生的水解纤维素和木聚糖产生的透明圈直径大于60 mm、培养10 d对玉米秸秆的RDR为0.45%-8.09%;菌株9145、TC425、TC505和8987的FPase、CMCase和xylanase活性随着培养时间呈现动态变化,其中前两者的活性变化趋势基本一致,与RDR的关系密切。【结论】钩状...     

Effect of lignocellulosic inhibitory compounds on growth and ethanol fermentation of newly-isolated thermotolerant Issatchenkia orientalis

A newly isolated thermotolerant ethanologenic yeast strain, Issatchenkia orientalis IPE 100, was able to produce ethanol with a theoretical yield of 85% per g of glucose at 42 °C. Ethanol production was inhibited by furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural and vanillin concentrations above 5.56 g L⁻¹, 7.81 g L⁻¹, and 3.17 g L⁻¹, respectively, but the strain was able to produce ethanol from enzymatically hydrolyzed steam-exploded cornstalk with 93.8% of theoretical yield and 0.91 g L⁻¹ h⁻¹ of productivity at 42 °C. Therefore, I. orientalis IPE 100 is a potential candidate for commercial lignocelluloses-to-ethanol production.