亚热带季风常绿阔叶林树木年轮的~(13)C/~(12)C和空气CO_2浓度变化

测定了亚热带季风常绿阔叶林的几种树木年轮的~(13)C/~(12)C比率(δ~(13)C)。云南银柴的1962—1983年年轮δ~(13)C平均为-28.53±0.84(n=5),华润楠的1951—1984年年轮的δ~(13)C为-28.46±0.53(n=6)。黄果厚壳桂的1951—1984年年轮的δ~(13)C为-29.19±0.80(n=6),木荷的1975—1984年年轮δ~(13)C为-28.42±0.41(n=4),δ~(13)C数值偏离平均值逐年增大。计算空气CO_2浓度每年递增1.21μ1/L。     

模拟氮沉降对华西雨屏区天然常绿阔叶林凋落叶分解过程微生物生物量的影响

为进一步深化氮沉降对凋落物分解影响的研究,2016年3月—2017年3月,在华西雨屏区天然常绿阔叶林内,用凋落叶分解袋法研究了模拟氮沉降对凋落叶分解过程中微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)和微生物生物量磷(MBP)的影响。实验设置了对照(0 g N m~(-2)a~(-1))、低氮(5 g N m~(-2)a~(-1))、中氮(15 g Nm~(-2)a~(-1))和高氮沉降(30 g N m~(-2)a~(-1)) 4个处理。结果表明:低氮和中氮处理显著增加了凋落叶分解过程中的MBC和MBN,以低氮处理增加幅度最高;低氮和中氮处理对凋落叶分解过程中的MBP影响不显著;高氮处理显著降低了分解过程中的MBC、MBN和MBP。随模拟氮沉降量的递增,凋落叶分解过程中微生物生物量碳氮比逐渐减少,微生物生物量碳磷比呈现先增加后下降的趋势。研究结果说明,氮沉降影响了华西雨屏区天然常绿阔叶林凋落物分解过程中微生物生物量,进而改变了凋落物的分解过程。     

南岭小坑小红栲-荷木群落的地上生物量

采用皆伐法对南岭小坑800 m²小红栲 荷木次生群落(24 a)的生物量进行实测,并建立了生物量回归模型,分析群落地上部总生物量(AGB)在森林各层次、各树种及乔木层各器官中的分配规律.结果表明: 在亚热带次生常绿阔叶林,构建混合树种生物量模型的标准木数量最好在12株以上.基于伐倒实测265株阔叶乔木树木的群落混合阔叶树种地上生物量模型为:AGB=0.128D^2.372和AGB=242.331(D²H)^0.947,并且获得小红栲、荷木和萌条杉木单个树种的生物量模型.群落地上部总生物量为115.20 t·hm^-2,其中,乔木层和下木层分别为111.25和1.01 t·hm^-2,层间植物0.36 t·hm^-2,凋落物层2.58 t·hm^-2.小红栲和荷木分别占乔木层地上部总生物量的39.1%和28.7%.树干和枝叶生物量分别占乔木层地上部总生物量的81.0%和19.0%.     

北京市常见绿化树种叶片秋季滞纳不同粒径颗粒物能力

选择不同区域典型园林区,于秋季应用气溶胶再发生器(QRJZFSQ-I)测定北京市常绿化树种叶片单位面积滞纳不同粒径颗粒物能力,并推算单位面积林地滞纳颗粒物的物质量。结果表明:针叶树种对各粒径颗粒物(PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和PM_(1.0))的滞纳能力均高于阔叶树;针叶树种间对不同粒径颗粒物滞纳量没有显著差异,不同阔叶树在南海子公园(城区)差异显著,其中,对PM_(10)滞纳力强的树种为杨树(1.256 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1))和柳树(1.153 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)),对PM_(2.5)和PM_(1.0)滞纳力强的树种为白蜡(0.367和0.107 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1));相同树种在不同地点对总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)和PM_(10)的滞纳规律相同,对PM_(2.5)和PM_(1.0)的滞纳规律与前两种类型颗粒物略有不同,桧柏对这两种颗粒物的最大值出现在南海子公园(11.043 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)),是最小值北京植物园的15倍;树种滞纳的各种颗粒物以PM_(10)比例较大,且其比例变化按"城区-近郊-远郊"呈渐降的趋势。     

山东蒙山森林冠层绿度与树干径向生长的关系

森林冠层绿度和树木年轮宽度是描述森林生长过程的重要指标,它们之间存在怎样的关系以及这种关系的稳定性如何目前还没有清晰的回答。森林冠层绿度通过遥感影像计算,在空间上连续,而树木年轮宽度是树木健康的综合指标,样点上具有代表性。森林冠层绿度和树木年轮宽度的关系的研究能增进对森林生长的多角度理解和森林生长状况的尺度转换。在山东蒙山地区采集了4个赤松(Pinus densiflora)林样点的树木年轮样本,获得了树木年轮宽度数据,分析了增强型植被指数(Enhanced Vegetation Index,EVI)与树木年轮宽度的关系。结果显示:1)对于健康森林,4月和6月的冠层绿度与树木年轮宽度存在因果关系;森林不健康时,两者关系较为复杂;2)其他月份冠层绿度与树干径向生长不存在因果关系,而是共同受其他环境因子,如气候因子的驱动;3)弱冠层绿度降低后5年内有显著的径向生长恢复,但是恢复年份少;强冠层绿度降低之前,树干径向生长已经开始降低,之后的5年内有着持续的径向生长降低。这些结果表明森林冠层绿度的降低并不能反映树干径向生长降低的开始,只有健康的森林冠层绿度和年轮宽度有相关关系。冠层绿度的降低对森林健康有强烈的影响,冠层绿度降低导致的径向生长的降低很难恢复。     

N添加对油松幼苗土壤酶活性和微生物生物量的影响

通过连续6年对盆栽油松(Pinus tabuliformis)幼苗进行不同水平N添加(0、2.8、5.6、11.2、22.4和44.8 g N·m~(-2)·a~(-1)),研究了N添加对土壤酶活性(蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶)和微生物生物量碳、氮的影响。结果表明:N添加水平低于11.2 g N·m~(-2)·a~(-1)时,对油松幼苗土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性均有促进作用,但过量N添加,尤其超过22.4 g N·m~(-2)·a~(-1)时,蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均不再提高,甚至表现为抑制作用;N添加为5.6 g N·m~(-2)·a~(-1),微生物生物量碳显著增加,微生物生物量氮无显著变化,而当N添加达到11.2 g N·m~(-2)·a~(-1)时,微生物生物量氮呈显著增加的趋势;土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶活性与微生物生物量碳和微生物生物量氮间均有显著相关关系,而3种酶活性间、微生物生物量碳、氮间均无显著相关性;土壤酶活性和微生物生物量与地上生物量、土壤有机碳和全氮含量显著相关。油松在5.6~11.2 g N·m~(-2)·a~(-1)水平下生长达到最佳。目前黄土高原地区N沉降水平(2.06 g N·m~(-2)·a~(-1))有利于该地区油松林生长;可以通过适当增施N肥的方式提高油松生长。     

中国东部地区无机氮湿沉降:南-北不同类型监测点的比较

中国被认为是全球氮沉降热点地区之一,东部地区作为经济发达和人口密集区域,更是人为活性氮大气排放和沉降的高发区,但针对我国整个东部不同生态系统的氮沉降及其南北区域特征差异的报导较少.2011—2013年,选择在我国东部的12个监测点(南北各6个,均包括城市、农村和背景点3种类型)利用传统雨量器(型号SDM6A)进行连续3年的氮素湿沉降观测.结果表明:监测点降水中铵态氮、硝态氮和总无机氮沉降浓度波动范围分别为0.62~2.76、0.54~2.50和1.25~4.92 mg N·L~(-1),平均浓度分别为1.4、1.5和2.9 mg N·L~(-1),北方监测点的雨水中各活性氮浓度均高于南方监测点.12个监测点降水中铵态氮、硝态氮和总无机氮的湿沉降量的波动范围分别为7.0~18.3、6.9~18.9和14.9~32.6 kg N·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),平均值分别为11.5、12.2和23.7 kg N·hm~(-2)·a~(-1).北方不同类型监测点间存在显著差异,表现为:城市监测点(26.3±6.4 kg N·hm~(-2)·a~(-1))农村监测点(21.8±3.5 kg N·hm~(-2)·a~(-1))背景点(15.5±1.3 kg N·hm~(-2)·a~(-1));与之相反,南方各监测点氮素湿沉降无显著差异,城市、农村和背景点的湿沉降量分别为(26.8±2.7)、(25.5±2.9)和(20.5±2.4)kg N·hm~(-2)·a~(-1).除城市监测点外,南方的农村和背景点的氮素湿沉降量均高于北方相应类型的监测点.表明我国东部的南北各区域(包括背景地区)均面临较高水平的大气氮沉降,其引发的生态环境风险问题应加以重视.     

基于石生藓类氮含量的贵阳地区大气氮沉降

对贵阳市区到农村地区的石生藓类氮含量进行了系统分析,并根据藓类氮含量(y,%)和大气氮沉降(x, kg hm~(-2) a~(-1))的平均定量关系(y=0.052x+0.7325)计算了各采样点的大气氮沉降值.贵阳地区大气氮沉降的变化范围为0.91～44.69kg hm~(-2) a~(-1),市区大气氮沉降最高平均(29.21±6.17)kg hm~(-2) a~(-1),主要来自城市废水NH3释放;最低平均(11.95±3.95)kg hm~(-2) a~(-1),出现在城市和农村的结合地带,主要原因在于来自市区的氮污染物减少、且大量分布了环城林带、农业活动相对较低;20km以外的农村地区大气氮沉降略微升高(平均(14.31±5.11)kg hm~(-2) a~(-1)),主要反映了农业施肥导致NH3释放的增加.结果表明,石生藓类氮含量是一种经济可靠的大气氮沉降监测工具,能够较准确地量化大气氮沉降的水平,并为深入研究大气氮沉降的生态环境效应提供基础资料.     

黑松人工林生物量结构的数学模型

本文对蚌埠市郊黑松人工林生物量和生产力进行了系统测定和分析。林分的总生物量为64.604_t·ha~(-1)．地上部分为49.69_a·ha~(-1),占总生物量的76.9％;地下根系仅为14.914_t·ha~(-1)。并建立了估测黑松人工林各器官生物量的数学模型;W_T=0.1279D~(2.3599)、W_A=0.0462（D~2H）~(0.9446)、W_S=0.00957D~(2.2926)、W_(BR)=0.006（D~2H）~(1.2958)、W_L＝O.0276D~(1.7541)、W_(BK)＝0.0135（D~2H）~(0.873)、W_R＝0.0196D~(3.5023)、W_T＝-6.410＋11.950W_L。黑松人工林平均单株年净生长量为1.532kg·ha~(-1)·a~(-1),仅为同地区马尾松人工林生长量3.01kg·ha~(-1)·a~(-1)的一半。引起黑松人工林生长量低和生物量少的主要原因是黑松人工林针叶量少,生态环境不适宜黑松人工林生长。目前应对低产黑松林进行改造,无力改造的地区要保持林分较大密度,以提高林分的总生长量。     

中国植物群落生产力由东向西分布格局及其驱动因素

植物群落生产力是表征植物群落光合生产能力的重要参数,是维护生态系统稳定性与可持续发展的基础。研究沿中国东西样带(WETC)的水热梯度对植物群落展开野外调查,并基于调查数据计算植物群落地上生物量(AGB)及地上净初级生产力(ANPP),结合环境因子对我国植物群落生产力的东西分布格局及其驱动因素进行了探讨。中国东西样带(WETC)沿30°N设置,水热梯度明显,具有良好的植被、气候等环境因素的过渡特征。在该样带上,ANPP和AGB均具有明显的经度地带性和垂直地带性分布特征,并且其空间分布特征能够较好地被环境因子所解释;具体关系为：ANPP、AGB和年降水(MAP)、生长季温度(T_gs)、CO₂分压(Pco₂)呈显著正相关关系,与太阳辐射(SRAD)、风速(WS)、pH为显著负相关关系。由于青藏高原特殊环境的影响,在该样带上除了MAP和T_gs外,Pco₂也成为影响ANPP和AGB空间分布格局的重要因子,该结论为未来研究高海拔地区群落生产力的响应机制提供了新的启示。综上所述,中国东西样带...     

The biomass and aboveground net primary productivity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Schima superba-Castanopsis carlesii</Emphasis> forests in east China

The biomass and productivity of Schima superba-Castanopsis carlesii forests in Tiantong, Zhejiang Province, were determined using overlapping quadrants and stem analyses. The total community biomass was (225.3±30.1) t hm⁻², of which the aboveground parts accounted for 72.0% and the underground parts accounted for 28.0%. About 87.2% of biomass existed in the tree layer. The resprouting biomass was small, of which over 95.0% occurred in the shrub layer. The productivity of the aboveground parts of the community was (386.8±98.9) g m⁻²a⁻¹, in which more than 96.0% was present at the tree level. The trunk’s contribution to productivity was the greatest, while that of leaves was the smallest. In China, the community biomass of subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests differs significantly with the age of the forest. The community biomass of the 52-year-old S. superba-C. carlesii forests in this study was lower than the average biomass of subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests in China, and was lower than the biomass of other subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests elsewhere in the world. Moreover, its productivity was lower than the model estimate, indicating that without disturbance, this community has great developmental potential in terms of community biomass and productivity.     

青藏高原两种植被类型净初级生产力与气候因素的关系及周转值分析

基于2008—2016年青海海北站9年净初级生产力及气候因子监测数据,分析了青藏高原高寒小嵩草草甸和高寒金露梅灌丛两种植被净初级生产力年际动态,并探讨了气候因子对其影响及其不同土层深度根系周转值特征。结果表明:(1)年际尺度上,小嵩草草甸地上净初级生产力表现为显著增加趋势,增幅为7.02 g m~(-2) a~(-1),而金露梅灌丛地上净初级生产力相对较为稳定;对于其地下净初级生产力和总生产力,小嵩草草甸和金露梅灌丛均表现为增加趋势(P0.05),9年间小嵩草草甸地上、地下和总净初级生产力平均值分别为(217.55±9.95)、(1882.75±161.33) g m~(-2) a~(-1)和(2100.30±163.38) g m~(-2) a~(-1),金露梅灌丛地上、地下和总净初级生产力9年间平均值分别为(256.27±11.4)、(1614.31±173.03) g m~(-2) a~(-1)和(1870.58±177.93) g m~(-2) a~(-1)。(2)不同植被类型地上净初级生产力对气候因素响应不同,金露梅灌丛地上净初级生产力主要受温度影响,而温度对小嵩草草甸地上净初级生产力无显著影响。此外,降水不是限制高寒生态系统草地地上净初级生产力主要因子,相比于降水影响,高寒生态系统地上净初级生产力更受温度调控。(3)年均温和年降水对金露梅灌丛和小嵩草草甸地下净初级生产力均无显著影响(P0.05),表明高寒生态系统,其地下生产力受外界气候条件变化影响微弱,是一个稳定的碳库。(4)两种植被类型其根系周转值均随着土壤深度的增加呈逐渐增加趋势,且高寒灌丛根系周转值明显高于高寒草甸根系周转值。研究表明,在全球气候变暖背景下将会增加金露梅灌丛地上净初级生产力,而对小嵩草草甸地上净初级生产力无显著影响。     

基于生物量回归方程估算黔中喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林木本植物的根系生物量

常规根系生物量研究方法在我国西南喀斯特森林地区实施困难,根系挖掘法所得研究结果不确定性高,导致目前根系生物量数据匮乏。选择贵州中部喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林为对象,建立常规的根系生物量回归方程,结合群落调查数据,以期研究该森林木本植物的根系生物量特征及其空间分布格局。利用106株乔木、34株灌木和34株藤本标准木根系数据,构建了5种优势乔木(安顺润楠Machilus cavaleriei、化香树Platycarya strobilacea、云贵鹅耳枥Carpinus pubescens、云南鼠刺Itea yunnanensis和窄叶石栎Lithocarpus confinis)、3种优势灌木(刺异叶花椒Zanthoxylum dimorphophyllum、倒卵叶旌节花Stachyurus obovatus和异叶鼠李Rhamnus heterophylla)和2种优势藤本(藤黄檀Dalbergia hancai Benth和小果蔷薇Rosa cymosa)以及乔木通用、灌木通用和藤本通用共13个根系生物量回归方程。利用这些方程计算得到该喀斯特森林木本植物总根系生物量为22.72Mg/hm2。乔木根系生物量(22.57 Mg/hm2)远高于灌木和藤本,占森林总根系生物量的99.30%。5个优势乔木树种的根系生物量(19.67 Mg/hm2)占森林总根系生物量的86.54%。物种根系发达程度是影响根系生物量空间分布格局的重要因素。研究可为喀斯特地区植被地下生物量与碳储量的全面估算提供一个新途径。     

Soil Nutrients Limit Fine Litter Production and Tree Growth in Mature Lowland Forest of Southwestern Borneo

Efforts to improve models of terrestrial productivity and to understand the function of tropical forests in global carbon cycles require a mechanistic understanding of spatial variation in aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) across tropical landscapes. To help derive such an understanding for Borneo, we monitored aboveground fine litterfall, woody biomass increment and ANPP (their sum) in mature forest over 29 months across a soil nutrient gradient in southwestern Kalimantan. In 30 (0.07 ha) plots stratified throughout the watershed (∼340 ha, 8–190 m a.s.l.), we measured productivity and tested its relationship with 27 soil parameters. ANPP across the study area was among the highest reported for mature lowland tropical forests. Aboveground fine litterfall ranged from 5.1 to 11.0 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and averaged 7.7 ± 0.4 (mean ± 95 C.I.). Woody biomass increment ranged from 5.8 to 23.6 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and averaged 12.0 ± 2.0. Growth of large trees (≥60 cm dbh) contributed 38–82% of plot-wide biomass increment and explained 92% of variation among plots. ANPP, the sum of these parameters, ranged from 11.1 to 32.3 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and averaged 19.7 ± 2.2. ANPP was weakly related to fine litterfall (r ² = 0.176), but strongly related to growth of large trees at least 60 cm dbh (r ² = 0.848). Adjusted ANPP after accounting for apparent “mature forest bias” in our sampling method was 17.5 ± 1.2 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹.Relating productivity measures to soil parameters showed that spatial patterning in productivity was significantly related to soil nutrients, especially phosphorus (P). Fine litterfall increased strongly with extractable P (r ² = 0.646), but reached an asymptote at moderate P levels, whereas biomass increment (r ² = 0.473) and ANPP (r ² = 0.603) increased linearly across the gradient. Biomass increment of large trees was more frequently and strongly related to nutrients than small trees, suggesting size dependency of tree growth on nutrients. Multiple linear regression confirmed the leading importance of soil P, and identified Ca as a potential co-limiting factor. Our findings strongly suggest that (1) soil nutrients, especially P, limit aboveground productivity in lowland Bornean forests, and (2) these forests play an important, but changing role in carbon cycles, as canopy tree logging alters these terrestrial carbon sinks. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

2008特大冰冻灾害后大明山常绿阔叶林林冠结构动态

林冠结构是研究森林生态系统众多关键生态功能和过程的重要参数,常绿阔叶林是亚热带林区具有代表性的森林类型,对其林冠结构及动态特征的研究还很不深入。在广西大明山中山区选择了一个斜坡水平长200 m、宽160 m的典型坡面,在整个坡面建立了80个20 m×20 m的样地,将样地均匀分为5个坡段,每个坡段包含16个连续的样地,在2009—2012年的生长季测定了林冠高度(CH)、林冠体积(CV)、林冠覆盖度(CC)、林冠上/下冠盖比(HLr)和林冠叶面积指数(LAI),分析了各林冠结构指标的坡位及年际动态,揭示了亚热带常绿阔叶林的林冠结构特征及短期动态规律。研究结果表明,大明山常绿阔叶林林冠结构的一般特征是:平均CH(12.09±0.05)m,平均CV(2642.51±278.33)m~3(每400 m~2样地),平均CC(59.90±3.29)%,平均HLr2.48±0.23,平均LAI 2.00±0.06。大明山常绿阔叶林的林冠结构存在多层性,上层林冠覆盖度平均为42.20%,中层为30.35%,下层为18.05%。大明山常绿阔叶林的林冠结构存在坡面和年际差异,坡面变异系数为CV(29.84%—55.89%)HLr(32.90%—53.52%)LAI(22.48%—43.89%)CC(16.61%—25.74%)CH(8.26%—12.77%);年际变异系数为HLr(47.33%—57.00%)CV(39.70%—49.06%)LAI(21.58%—48.13%)CC(20.35%—24.15%)CH(9.19%—12.59%),表明CH有较强的稳定性。林冠LAI存在明显的坡面尺度效应,即向下顺坡每滑动100 m冠层LAI升高0.34。坡位对CH、HLr有显著(P=0.022)和极显著(P0.001)影响;年份对HLr有显著影响(P=0.013),对CV和CC有极显著影响(P0.001);坡位×年份对CV和LAI的交互作用显著(P=0.016,P=0.017)。回归分析发现树冠面积与林木胸径呈极显著的线性关系。此研究结果表明大明山常绿阔叶林冠层高度较低、林冠体积较小、林冠覆盖度不高、上/下冠盖比和叶面积指数偏小,这与研究区域的海拔较高(934—1223 m),土层浅薄(30—45 cm)以及经常受到冰冻灾害(特别是2008年的特大冰冻灾害)的影响有关,是山地常绿阔叶林树冠结构与山地环境条件长期适应的结果。     

黔中天龙山典型喀斯特次生林地上生物量与环境因子的关系

为探究喀斯特次生林地上生物量与环境因子的关系,该文以黔中普定县喀斯特天龙山典型次生林样地为研究对象,采取单物种及不同径级组地上生物量模型计算优势种及群落生物量,采用空间分布图描述环境因子与群落地上生物量空间分布状况,利用相关性检验(Pearson)、一般线性模型(GLM)以及冗余分析(RDA)讨论群落、生活型、物种地上生物量与环境因子的关系。结果表明：(1)喀斯特次生林群落地上生物量总量为106.94 t·hm^-2,优势种地上生物量占整个样地的91.77%,其中常绿植物高于落叶,窄叶柯(Lithocarpus confinis)与化香树(Platycarya strobilacea)地上生物量在群落中占比最高,分别为34.23%和34.37%。(2)岩石裸露率空间分布呈现明显的上下梯度差异,上坡显著大于下坡,坡度与土壤厚度空间分布不连续,无明显规律。(3)群落地上生物量与土壤厚度呈显著正相关,二者空间分布趋于一致,土壤厚度是群落地上生物量的主要影响因子,岩石裸露率与坡度对群落地上生物量的影响较低。(4)对于不同生活型,岩石裸露率对地上生物量的影响程度最高,土壤厚度...     

Aboveground Net Primary Production and Leaf-Area Index in Early Postfire Vegetation in Yellowstone National Park

Aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and leaf-area index (LAI) of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex Wats.) saplings and aboveground productivity of herbaceous vegetation components were determined 9 years after the 1988 fires in Yellowstone National Park (YNP). Measurements were made in four sites representing a wide range of early postfire vegetation present in YNP, including high-density lodgepole pine, low-density lodgepole pine, and two nonforest stands. LAI of the pine saplings and total ANPP (trees plus herbs) generally increased with increasing sapling density, from 0.002 m² m^{− 2} and 0.25 Mg ha^{− 1} year^{− 1} in the infertile nonforest stand (100 pine saplings ha^{− 1}) to 1.8 m² m^{− 2} and 4.01 Mg ha^{− 1} year^{− 1} in the high-density pine stand (62,800 saplings ha^{− 1}). Aboveground herbaceous productivity was not strongly correlated with sapling density, but appeared to be influenced by soil fertility. In the high-density pine stand, tree ANPP and LAI were within the lower range of values reported for similar mature coniferous forests. This finding suggests that at least some ecosystem processes (related to ANPP and LAI) may have nearly recovered after only 9 years of postfire succession, in at least some of the young forests developing after the 1988 Yellowstone fires. Received 7 April 1998; accepted 1 December 1998.     

广西植被净初级生产力(NPP)时空演变及主要影响因素分析

利用2001-2010年EOS/MODIS17A3卫星遥感资料,对广西植被净初级生产力(NPP)时空特征及其影响因素进行分析.结果表明：(1)NPP 表现出明显的年际变化,2005年植被年均 NPP 最小为625 gC??m-2??a-1,2003年最大,为714 gC??m-2??a-1,十年间广西植被年NPP平均值为662 gC??m-2??a-1;(2)不同植被类型NPP有较大差异,森林、灌木、农作物的NPP 平均值分别为834、614、517 gC??m-2??a-1;(3)十年间广西区年均NPP为显著下降趋势,且年均气温和降水对NPP时间变化作用显著,而日照时数对 NPP 时间变化的作用不显著;(4)广西区NPP空间格局形成主要影响因素为坡度,其次为经度,再次为地貌特征、纬度和降水;(5)非喀斯特区域北热带季雨林、南亚热带季雨林化/季雨化常绿阔叶林年均 NPP 大于喀斯特地区,相反,喀斯特地区中亚热带常绿阔叶林,农作物年均NPP大于非喀斯特地区.整体而言,广西非喀斯特地区植被NPP为683 gC??m-2??a-1,喀斯特地区植被NPP为620 gC??m-2??a-1.     

Water source partitioning among trees growing on shallow karst soils in a seasonally dry tropical climate

The sources of water used by woody vegetation growing on karst soils in seasonally dry tropical regions are little known. In northern Yucatan (Mexico), trees withstand 4–6 months of annual drought in spite of the small water storage capacity of the shallow karst soil. We hypothesized that adult evergreen trees in Yucatan tap the aquifer for a reliable supply of water during the prolonged dry season. The naturally occurring concentration gradients in oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes in soil, bedrock, groundwater and plant stem water were used to determine the sources of water used by native evergreen and drought-deciduous tree species. While the trees studied grew over a permanent water table (9–20 m depth), pit excavation showed that roots were largely restricted to the upper 2 m of the soil/bedrock profile. At the peak of the dry season, the δ¹⁸O signatures of potential water sources for the vegetation ranged from 4.1 ± 1.1‰ in topsoil to −4.3 ± 0.1‰ in groundwater. The δ¹⁸O values of tree stem water ranged from −2.8 ± 0.3‰ in Talisia olivaeformis to 0.8 ± 1‰ in Ficus cotinifolia, demonstrating vertical partitioning of soil/bedrock water among tree species. Stem water δ¹⁸O values were significantly different from that of groundwater for all the tree species investigated. Stem water samples plotted to the right of the meteoric water line, indicating utilization of water sources subject to evaporative isotopic enrichment. Foliar δ¹³C in adult trees varied widely among species, ranging from −25.3 ± 0.3‰ in Enterolobium cyclocarpum to −28.7 ± 0.4‰ in T. olivaeformis. Contrary to initial expectations, data indicate that native trees growing on shallow karst soils in northern Yucatan use little or no groundwater and depend mostly on water stored within the upper 2–3 m of the soil/bedrock profile. Water storage in subsurface soil-filled cavities and in the porous limestone bedrock is apparently sufficient to sustain adult evergreen trees throughout the pronounced dry season.     

Recovery of Aboveground Plant Biomass and Productivity After Fire in Mesic and Dry Black Spruce Forests of Interior Alaska

Plant biomass accumulation and productivity are important determinants of ecosystem carbon (C) balance during post-fire succession. In boreal black spruce (Picea mariana) forests near Delta Junction, Alaska, we quantified aboveground plant biomass and net primary productivity (ANPP) for 4 years after a 1999 wildfire in a well-drained (dry) site, and also across a dry and a moderately well-drained (mesic) chronosequence of sites that varied in time since fire (2 to ∼116 years). Four years after fire, total biomass at the 1999 burn site had increased exponentially to 160 ± 21 g m⁻² (mean ± 1SE) and vascular ANPP had recovered to 138 ± 32 g m⁻² y⁻¹, which was not different than that of a nearby unburned stand (160 ± 48 g m⁻² y⁻¹) that had similar pre-fire stand structure and understory composition. Production in the young site was dominated by re-sprouting graminoids, whereas production in the unburned site was dominated by black spruce. On the dry and mesic chronosequences, total biomass pools, including overstory and understory vascular and non-vascular plants, and lichens, increased logarithmically (dry) or linearly (mesic) with increasing site age, reaching a maximum of 2469 ± 180 (dry) and 4008 ± 233 g m⁻² (mesic) in mature stands. Biomass differences were primarily due to higher tree density in the mesic sites because mass per tree was similar between sites. ANPP of vascular and non-vascular plants increased linearly over time in the mesic chronosequence to 335 ± 68 g m⁻² y⁻¹ in the mature site, but in the dry chronosequence it peaked at 410 ± 43 g m⁻² y⁻¹ in a 15-year-old stand dominated by deciduous trees and shrubs. Key factors regulating biomass accumulation and production in these ecosystems appear to be the abundance and composition of re-sprouting species early in succession, the abundance of deciduous trees and shrubs in intermediate aged stands, and the density of black spruce across all stand ages. A better understanding of the controls over these factors will help predict how changes in climate and fire regime will affect the carbon balance of Interior Alaska. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.