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1.
Siderophores are iron-chelating molecules produced by microbes when intracellular iron concentrations are low. Low iron triggers a cascade of gene activation, allowing the cell to survive due to the synthesis of important proteins involved in siderophore synthesis and transport. Generally, siderophores are classified by their functional groups as catecholates, hydroxamates and hydroxycarboxylates. Although other chemical structural modifications and functional groups can be found. The functional groups participate in the iron-chelating process when the ferri-siderophore complex is formed. Classified as acidophiles, alkaliphiles, halophiles, thermophiles, psychrophiles, piezophiles, extremophiles have particular iron requirements depending on the environmental conditions in where they grow. Most of the work done in siderophore production by extremophiles is based in siderophore concentration and/or genomic studies determining the presence of siderophore synthesis and transport genes. Siderophores produced by extremophiles are not well known and more work needs to be done to elucidate chemical structures and their role in microorganism survival and metal cycling in extreme environments. 相似文献
2.
Siderophores in environmental research: roles and applications 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Siderophores are organic compounds with low molecular masses that are produced by microorganisms and plants growing under low iron conditions. The primary function of these compounds is to chelate the ferric iron [Fe(III)] from different terrestrial and aquatic habitats and thereby make it available for microbial and plant cells. Siderophores have received much attention in recent years because of their potential roles and applications in various areas of environmental research. Their significance in these applications is because siderophores have the ability to bind a variety of metals in addition to iron, and they have a wide range of chemical structures and specific properties. For instance, siderophores function as biocontrols, biosensors, and bioremediation and chelation agents, in addition to their important role in weathering soil minerals and enhancing plant growth. The aim of this literature review is to outline and discuss the important roles and functions of siderophores in different environmental habitats and emphasize the significant roles that these small organic molecules could play in applied environmental processes. 相似文献
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Siderophores are chelators with extremely strong affinity for ferric iron and are best known for their capacity to feed microorganisms with this metal. Despite their preference for iron, they can also chelate numerous other metals with variable affinities. There is also increasing evidence that metals other than iron can activate the production of siderophores by bacteria, thereby implicating siderophores in the homeostasis of metals other than iron and especially heavy metal tolerance. This article considers this new concept that siderophores play a role in protecting bacteria against metal toxicity and discusses the possible contribution of these chelators to the transport of biological relevant metals in addition to iron. 相似文献
5.
Produced by bacteria, fungi and plants, siderophores are low-molecular-weight chelating agents (200–2,000 Da) to facilitate uptake of iron (Fe). They play an important role in extracellular Fe solubilization from minerals to make it available to microorganisms. Siderophores have various chemical structures and form a family of at least 500 different compounds. Some antibiotics (i.e., albomycins, ferrimycins, danomycins, salmycins, and tetracyclines) can bind Fe and some siderophores showed diverse biological activities. Functions and applications of siderophores derived from actinobacteria were reviewed to better understand the diverse metabolites. 相似文献
6.
Siderophores of twenty fungi belonging to Zygomycotina (5 Mucorales), Ascomycotina (7 aspergilli, 6 penicillia, Neurospora crassa) and Deuteromycotina (Fusarium dimerum) were examined for their chemical nature. Siderophores produced by fungi other than Mucorales were all hydroxamates. Mucorales produced carboxylate siderophores. Catecholate type of siderophores were not detectable. Hydroxamate siderophores were mostly (9 out of 15) trihydroxamates, while six were dihydroxamates. Monohydroxamate nature was not shown by any of the 15 test fungal siderophores. In ligand properties, 12 out of 15 hydroxamate siderophores formed hexadentate ligands, while two formed tetradentates and one bidentate. There was good correlation between number of hydroxamate groups and ligand property. 相似文献
7.
Nico Koedam Etienne Wittouck Ahmed Gaballa Anja Gillis Monica Höfte Pierre Cornelis 《Biometals》1994,7(4):287-291
Siderophores are microbial, low molecular weight iron-chelating compounds. Fluorescent Pseudomonads produce different, strain-specific fluorescent siderophores (pyoverdines) as well as non-fluorescent siderophores in response to low iron conditions. We present an isoelectric focusing method applicable to unpurified as well as to purified pyoverdine samples where the fluorescent siderophores are visualized under UV illumination. Siderophores from different Pseudomonas sp., amongst which are P. aeruginosa, P. fluorescens and P. putida, including egg yolk, rhizospheric and clinical isolates as well as some derived Tn5 mutants were separated by this technique. Different patterns could be observed for strains known to produce different siderophores. The application of the chrome azurol S assay as a gel overlay further allows immediate detection of non-fluorescent siderophores or possibly degradation products with residual siderophore activity. The method was also applied to other microbial siderophores such as deferrioxamine B. 相似文献
8.
Microbial invasions can compromise ecosystem services and spur dysbiosis and disease in hosts. Nevertheless, the mechanisms determining invasion outcomes often remain unclear. Here, we examine the role of iron-scavenging siderophores in driving invasions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa into resident communities of environmental pseudomonads. Siderophores can be ‘public goods’ by delivering iron to individuals possessing matching receptors; but they can also be ‘public bads’ by withholding iron from competitors lacking these receptors. Accordingly, siderophores should either promote or impede invasion, depending on their effects on invader and resident growth. Using supernatant feeding and invasion assays, we show that invasion success indeed increased when the invader could use its siderophores to inhibit (public bad) rather than stimulate (public good) resident growth. Conversely, invasion success decreased the more the invader was inhibited by the residents’ siderophores. Our findings identify siderophores as a major driver of invasion dynamics in bacterial communities under iron-limited conditions. 相似文献
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Siderophores are low molecular weight, high-affinity iron(III) ligands, produced by bacteria to solubilize and promote iron
uptake under low iron conditions. Two prominent structural features characterize the majority of the marine siderophores discovered
so far: (1) a predominance of suites of amphiphilic siderophores composed of an iron(III)-binding headgroup that is appended
by one or two of a series of fatty acids and (2) a prevalence of siderophores that contain α-hydroxycarboxylic acid moieties
(e.g., β-hydroxyaspartic acid or citric acid) which are photoreactive when coordinated to Fe(III). Variation of the fatty
acid chain length affects the relative amphiphilicity within a suite of siderophores. Catecholate sulfonation is another structural
variation that would affect the hydrophilicity of a siderophore. In addition to a review of the marine amphiphilic siderophores,
we report the production of petrobactin disulfonate by Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
11.
利用高效液相凝胶色谱法对荧光假单胞菌所产铁载体进行了分析,结果显示高产铁载体P.fluorescens sp-f与P.fluorescens AB92001均可分泌3种铁载体,其中具有荧光的pyoverdine容易被细胞外的铁抑制。高效液相凝胶色谱法适用于假单胞菌铁载体的分析检测。 相似文献
12.
Cyanobacteria are one of the most successful and oldest forms of life that are present on Earth. They are prokaryotic photoautotrophic microorganisms that colonize so diverse environments as soil, seawater, and freshwater, but also stones, plants, or extreme habitats such as snow and ice as well as hot springs. This diversity in the type of environment they live in requires a successful adaptation to completely different conditions. For this reason, cyanobacteria form a wide range of different secondary metabolites. In particular, the cyanobacteria living in both freshwater and sea produce many metabolites that have biological activity. In this review, we focus on metabolites called siderophores, which are low molecular weight chemical compounds specifically binding iron ions. They have a relatively low molecular weight and are produced by bacteria and also by fungi. The main role of siderophores is to obtain iron from the environment and to create a soluble complex available to microbial cells. Siderophores play an important role in microbial ecology; for example, in agriculture they support the growth of many plants and increase their production by increasing the availability of Fe in plants. The aim of this review is to demonstrate the modern use of physico-chemical methods for the detection of siderophores in cyanobacteria and the use of these methods for the detection and characterization of the siderophore-producing microorganisms. Using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), it is possible not only to discover new chemical structures but also to identify potential interactions between microorganisms. Based on tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analyses, previous siderophore knowledge can be used to interpret MS/MS data to examine both known and new siderophores. 相似文献
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Growth of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is promoted by exogenous hydroxamate and catechol siderophores.
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M S Diarra J A Dolence E K Dolence I Darwish M J Miller F Malouin M Jacques 《Applied microbiology》1996,62(3):853-859
Siderophores bind ferric ions and are involved in receptor-specific iron transport into bacteria. Six types of siderophores were tested against strains representing the 12 different serotypes of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Ferrichrome and bis-catechol-based siderophores showed strong growth-promoting activities for A. pleuropneumoniae in a disk diffusion assay. Most strains of A. pleuropneumoniae tested were able to use ferrichrome (21 of 22 or 95%), ferrichrome A (20 of 22 or 90%), and lysine-based bis-catechol (20 of 22 or 90%), while growth of 36% (8 of 22) was promoted by a synthetic hydroxamate, N5-acetyl-N5-hydroxy-L-ornithine tripeptide. A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 (strain FMV 87-682) and serotype 5 (strain 2245) exhibited a distinct yellow halo around colonies on Chrome Azurol S agar plates, suggesting that both strains can produce an iron chelator (siderophore) in response to iron stress. The siderophore was found to be neither a phenolate nor a hydroxamate by the chemical tests of Arnow and Csaky, respectively. This is the first report demonstrating the production of an iron chelator and the use of exogenous siderophores by A. pleuropneumoniae. A spermidine-based bis-catechol siderophore conjugated to a carbacephalosporin was shown to inhibit growth of A. pleuropneumoniae. A siderophore-antibiotic-resistant strain was isolated and shown to have lost the ability to use ferrichrome, synthetic hydroxamate, or catechol-based siderophores when grown under conditions of iron restriction. This observation indicated that a common iron uptake pathway, or a common intermediate, for hydroxamate- and catechol-based siderophores may exist in A. pleuropneumoniae. 相似文献
15.
Siderophores are microbial iron chelating agents that sequester physiologically essential iron for microbes. Conjugation of drugs to siderophores allows use of active iron transport for microbially directed drug delivery. Syntheses and biological studies are described of the first multidrug isocyanurate-based siderophore analogues separately containing one, two, and three 5-fluorouridine (5-FU) derivatives as the drug component. The results indicate that a single siderophore can be used to deliver multiple drugs to target pathogenic microorganisms. 相似文献
16.
Role of siderophores in iron storage in spores of Neurospora crassa and Aspergillus ochraceus.
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Spores of Neurospora crassa 74A are lacking in ferritinlike iron pools, as demonstrated by M?ssbauer spectroscopic analysis. The cyclic hexapeptide siderophore ferricrocin constituted 47% of the total iron content in spores. After germination and growth, the ferricrocin iron pool disappeared, indicating that the metal was utilized. In spores of Aspergillus ochraceus, 74% of the total iron content was bound by ferrichrome-type siderophores. Siderophores may function as iron storage forms in fungal systems. 相似文献
17.
Siderophores play an essential role in a multitude of microbial iron acquisition pathways. Many bacteria use xenosiderophores as iron sources that are produced by different microbial species in their habitat. We investigated the capacity of xenosiderophore uptake in the soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis and found that it employs several substrate binding proteins with high specificities and affinities for different ferric siderophore species. Protein–ligand interaction studies revealed dissociation constants in the low nanomolar range, while the protein folding stabilities were remarkably increased by their high-affinity ligands. Complementary growth studies confirmed the specificity of xenosiderophore uptake in B. subtilis and showed that its fitness is strongly enhanced by the extensive utilization of non-endogenous siderophores. 相似文献
18.
Marie Vasse Clara Torres-Barceló Michael E. Hochberg 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2015,282(1818)
While predators and parasites are known for their effects on bacterial population biology, their impact on the dynamics of bacterial social evolution remains largely unclear. Siderophores are iron-chelating molecules that are key to the survival of certain bacterial species in iron-limited environments, but their production can be subject to cheating by non-producing genotypes. In a selection experiment conducted over approximately 20 bacterial generations and involving 140 populations of the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, we assessed the impact of a lytic phage on competition between siderophore producers and non-producers. We show that the presence of lytic phages favours the non-producing genotype in competition, regardless of whether iron use relies on siderophores. Interestingly, phage pressure resulted in higher siderophore production, which constitutes a cost to the producers and may explain why they were outcompeted by non-producers. By the end of the experiment, however, cheating load reduced the fitness of mixed populations relative to producer monocultures, and only monocultures of producers managed to grow in the presence of phage in situations where siderophores were necessary to access iron. These results suggest that public goods production may be modulated in the presence of natural enemies with consequences for the evolution of social strategies. 相似文献
19.
Siderophores are structurally diverse, complex natural products that bind metals with extraordinary specificity and affinity. The acquisition of iron is critical for the survival and virulence of many pathogenic microbes and diverse strategies have evolved to synthesize, import and utilize iron. There has been a substantial increase of known siderophore scaffolds isolated and characterized in the past decade and the corresponding biosynthetic gene clusters have provided insight into the varied pathways involved in siderophore biosynthesis, delivery and utilization. Additionally, therapeutic applications of siderophores and related compounds are actively being developed. The study of biosynthetic pathways to natural siderophores augments the understanding of the complex mechanisms of bacterial iron acquisition, and enables a complimentary approach to address virulence through the interruption of siderophore biosynthesis or utilization by targeting the key enzymes to the siderophore pathways. 相似文献
20.
Siderophore uptake in bacteria and the battle for iron with the host; a bird’s eye view 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Byron C. Chu Alicia Garcia-Herrero Ted H. Johanson Karla D. Krewulak Cheryl K. Lau R. Sean Peacock Zoya Slavinskaya Hans J. Vogel 《Biometals》2010,23(4):601-611
Siderophores are biosynthetically produced and secreted by many bacteria, yeasts, fungi and plants, to scavenge for ferric
iron (Fe3+). They are selective iron-chelators that have an extremely high affinity for binding this trivalent metal ion. The ferric
ion is poorly soluble but it is the form of iron that is predominantly found in oxygenated environments. Siderophore uptake
in bacteria has been extensively studied and over the last decade, detailed structural information for many of the proteins
that are involved in their transport has become available. Specifically, numerous crystal structures for outer membrane siderophore
transporters, as well as for soluble periplasmic siderophore-binding proteins, have been reported. Moreover, unique siderophore-binding
proteins have recently been serendipitously discovered in humans, and the structures of some of their siderophore-complexes
have been characterized. The binding pockets for different ferric-siderophores in these proteins have been described in great
molecular detail. In addition to highlighting this structural information, in this review paper we will also briefly discuss
the relevant chemical properties of iron, and provide a perspective on our current understanding of the human and bacterial
iron uptake pathways. Potential clinical uses of siderophores will also be discussed. The emerging overall picture is that
iron metabolism plays an extremely important role during bacterial infections. Because levels of free ferric iron in biological
systems are always extremely low, there is serious competition for iron and for ferric-siderophores between pathogenic bacteria
and the human or animal host. 相似文献