The Collembolan,oudemansia Esakii,an Intertidal Marine Insect in Hong Kong,with Emphasis on the Floatation Method of Collection

Summary Oudemansia esakii is shown to be a truly marine insect as all stages of the life cycle are found in intertidal sand in Hong Kong. The motile stages migrate vertically and forage during low tide, but burrow into the sand with incoming tidal conditions. An air bubble often forms around them while in the soil. Total forced immersion for 75 hours showed no harmful effects. The greatest burrowing depth is 36 cm and the optimal littoral position is three feet above low water. A floatation method using graded sieves is superior to MacFadyen's high gradient technique. Pertinent hydrographic data are included, as are biological relationships.Marine Science Laboratory, the Chinese University of Hong Kong     

The Nesting of some Kenya Colony Hornbills

The object of this paper is to place on record certain details to supplement those given in Moreau's invaluable study (1937) and in Jackson's book (1938).     

用SDS-PAGE和Vorum银染法比较真菌菌丝体破壁效果

目的:研究不同处理方法对丝状真菌Pythium sp.GY1938菌丝体破壁效果的差异。方法:采用7种方法对真菌菌丝体进行破壁处理,将制备的胞内可溶蛋白质样品通过SDS-PAGE和Vorum法银染处理,比较不同破壁方法处理后蛋白质释放效果的优劣。结果:方法VI(石英砂、液氮、研磨)的破壁效果最好,蛋白质的分离效率和提取质量最高。结论:方法VI适合于丝状真菌Pythium sp.GY1938蛋白组学研究中目的蛋白的提取。     

Anthropogenic Disturbance on Shallow Cryptofaunal Communities in a Marine Life Conservation District on Oahu,Hawaii

Cryptic invertebrate communities in coral rubble and sand from Hanauma Bay, a Marine Life Conservation District, were analyzed. Substratum samples were collected from the shallow bench and sand channels next to the beach and the cryptofauna were examined. Sand from the shallows (0.6 m deep) is frequently trampled by beach users and has a depauperate community dominated by a polychaete (Saccocirrus alanhongi) and a variety of nematodes (mean no. taxa = 12, mean no. individuals = 1,143 (0.1 m^–2), but sand collected 25 m seaward from below trampling depths (3 m). showed significantly greater diversity (mean no. taxa = 46, mean no. individuals = 6,448 (0.1 m^–2). Coralline rubble from 0.5 m depth was acid dissolved to extract the cryptofauna that was trapped on 0.5 and 0.25 mm sieves. In total, 102 taxa and 10,673 individual invertebrates (0.1 m^–2) were found. Rubble collected from areas used by waders had a greater diversity than sand habitats. This substratum provides a greater variety of microhabitats and protection from trampling for endolithic fauna than sand. Waders may actively avoid rubble because of the discomfort from walking on this hard, uneven substratum. We found that despite enforced protective measures, i.e., stopping fishing and collecting of marine life, banning fish feeding, and limiting the number of visitors, disturbance by human trampling on shallow sands still reduces the species richness in these areas. Cryptic biota below wading depths, and from adjacent coral rubble on sand, are not similarly affected. These results are similar to those from another heavily used beach on Oahu and cryptofauna ecology may be useful to adopt as a management option for Marine Preserves in other locations. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

海滨沙滩单叶蔓荆对沙埋的生理响应特征

海滨沙滩单叶蔓荆(Vitex trifolia L.var.simplicifolia)是优良的抗沙埋地被植物.以烟台海岸沙地单叶蔓荆为材料,通过不同厚度沙埋过程中沙上和沙下叶片抗逆生理指标的测定以揭示其抗沙埋生理调控机制.结果表明,轻度和中度沙埋5d,成株和幼株整株叶片细胞膜透性增大、POD和SOD活力增高、MDA和脯氨酸含量和叶片相对含水量(RWC)增加、可溶性糖含量下降.但同株沙上叶片细胞膜透性、MDA含量、SOD和POD活力和可溶性糖含量均高于沙下,而沙上叶片脯氨酸含量低于沙下叶片.在轻度和中度沙埋lOd,沙上叶片细胞膜透性、MDA和可溶性糖含量、叶片POD活力降低,叶片SOD活力仍有小幅度增高,但脯氨酸含量增加,沙上叶片生长旺盛.研究表明,沙埋下叶片抗氧化酶活力和脯氨酸含量与细胞膜透性和膜脂过氧化成正相关.沙埋使植株上部叶片接近沙表面而经受干旱和地面热辐射胁迫引起细胞膜脂过氧化加剧和细胞膜透性加大.同时沙埋也使沙下叶片遭遇黑暗和缺氧胁迫诱导细胞内膜脂过氧化,但也激活了叶片抗氧化酶保护系统和叶片脯氨酸的积累抑制细胞膜脂过氧化维护细胞膜的稳定.因此在沙埋过程中,叶片快速响应沙埋胁迫激活叶片抗氧化酶系统抑制膜脂过氧化作用维持氧自由基和抗氧化酶系统的动态平衡在单叶蔓荆适应轻度和中度沙埋,维护沙上叶片旺盛生长中起重要作用,也是重度全埋下沙下植株茎顶端能快速延伸弯曲生长最后顶出沙面再生的主要生理保护原因.     

Behaviour and local distribution of the freshwater oligochaete Nais pardalis Piguet (Fam. Naididae)

1. Nais pardalis Piguet, a small freshwater oligochaete, lives in the surface few cm of sandy sediments in Loch Leven, County of Kinross, Scotland. 2. It forms branching passageways or tubes in the sediment not by any active constructional behaviour, but by the secretion of a material which sticks the sand grains together. 3. The sand grains making up the tubes are exactly the same size as those in the surrounding sediment. 4. Animals select the smallest grains in their environment for ingestion. 5 In the laboratory, rates of ingestion of sand grains measured on different animals vary from 5 to 60 grains/hour and rates of excretion from 3 to 6/hour, but these figures should be viewed with caution. 6. Analysis of the rate of ingestion of sand grains indicates that grains are not ingested randomly in time. Having eaten one grain, an animal is less likely to eat another within the next 10 seconds.     

Soil type and microtopography influencing feeding above and below ground by the pine weevil Hylobius abietis

Abstract 1 The influence of soil type and microtopography on above and below ground feeding by adult pine weevils Hylobius abietis (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was evaluated in a field experiment with enclosed weevil populations of known size. 2 Four soil treatments, each with a food source at the centre, were presented within each enclosure: (i) a flat surface with fine‐grained, cultivated humus; (ii) a flat surface with sand; (iii) a conical mound of sand; and (iv) a conical pit in sand. The food source consisted of a stem section of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. extending both above and below ground. 3 The majority of feeding on the half buried stem sections occurred below ground; only 2.7% of the total bark area consumed was situated above ground. The variation over time in bark area consumed was not significantly associated with any of the tested weather factors. 4 The amount of feeding was 10‐fold higher on food sources placed in fine‐grained humus than those in areas of flat sand. 5 Less pine bark was consumed on mounds of sand than flat sand surfaces, and there was more feeding in sandy pits than on flat sand. These effects on feeding are explained by the observation that the weevils had difficulties climbing the sandy slopes (27° gradient). 6 We conclude that pine weevil damage to conifer seedlings can be considerably reduced by planting on mounds of pure mineral soil and that planting deeply in the soil increases the risk of damage.     

Ecology of the biting midge Leptoconops albiventris in French Polynesia. II. Location of breeding sites and larval microdistribution

Abstract. The habitat of the immature stages of Leptoconops albiventris de Meijere (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) was found to be in beach sand located above the high tide level near creeping vegetation. The immatures were restricted to a narrow strip and most occurred in the upper 6 cm of sand. Within a given breeding site, larvae were aggregated in their distribution. Eggs were layed on the bare sand surface, from which the larvae apparently dispersed to the plant-covered sand and to deeper strata, before returning to the surface for pupation and emergence. The nature of these breeding sites suggests that it is possible to control L.albiventris populations. Recovery of immature stages from sand samples by a flotation method is described.     

Identification of the Kalyptorhynchia (Plathelminthes) in Meixner's 'Turbellaria' 1938 with remarks on the morphology and distribution of the species in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea

Remarks arc given on taxonomy, structure and distribution of 38 species of Kalyptorhynchia, incompletely described (in part nomina nuda) in part I of 'Turbellaria (Strudclwürmer)' in Tierwelt der Nord-und Ostsee (Meixncr 1938). The remarks are based mainly on the existing parts of the basic material for Meixner's study in the collections of the Zoological Institution in Graz, Austria, including incomplete proof sheets of the unpublished part II. Available information on the species published after 1938 has been taken into account.     

Redescription of Ammodytoides gilli, the tropical eastern Pacific sand lance (Perciformes: Ammodytidae)

Ammodytoides gilli (Bean, 1895) is the correct name for the tropical eastern Pacific sand lance. Its range is extended from Cabo San Lucas, Baja California south to Panama, Ecuador, and the Galapagos Islands. Ammodytes lucasanus Beebe and Tee-Van, 1938 is a junior synonym. Types of both nominal species were re-examined. The species is redescribed based on 50 specimens (42.3-115 mm SL) from 12 lots and is compared with other known species of Ammodytoides. Changes in ontogeny from the smallest known specimen (42.3 mm SL, illustrated) are detailed including reduction in the posterior dorsal fin lobe and development of branched dorsal and anal fin rays.     

海滨沙地砂引草对沙埋的生长和生理适应对策

在2009和2010年春夏季通过对烟台海滨沙地自然生长的耐沙埋植物砂引草(Messerschmidia sibirica Linn)进行不同厚度(1/3株高-轻度沙埋、2/3株高-中度沙埋、3/3株高-重度沙埋)沙埋试验,并测定沙埋过程中土壤温度、土壤含水量、叶片鲜重(FW)、干重(DW)、植株相对高度(%)、叶片细胞膜透性、相对含水量、(丙二醛)MDA、抗氧化酶活力(过氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT))、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量的变化以探讨砂引草抗沙埋的生长和生理调节策略,为未来砂引草的科学管理和应用提供理论指导。结果表明,在沙埋第5天、第10天,随着沙埋厚度的增加土壤温度下降,土壤含水量增加,植株相对高度和整株砂引草叶片FW和DW呈上升趋势,同一植株沙上叶片FW、DW不断增加,沙下叶片FW、DW则不断减少。在沙埋第5天,不同厚度沙埋处理的植株叶片细胞膜透性和MDA含量均较对照低,而整株植物叶片SOD、CAT活力和脯氨酸含量均较对照高。同一植株沙下叶片细胞膜透性、MDA、脯氨酸含量及SOD和CAT活力均低于沙上叶片。研究表明,轻度和中度沙埋使沙上叶片受到地面热辐射、干旱、高温胁迫影响,导致叶片内含水量下降,膜脂过氧化加强,膜受损。但同时叶片中快速激活的保护酶和积累的脯氨酸抑制膜脂过氧化可能是保护沙埋后沙上叶片能快速生长的重要生理调控机理。在重度全埋枝叶处于沙下时,沙下缺氧和黑暗抑制了叶片呼吸作用和光合作用,同时缺氧也抑制了叶片对营养物质的消耗使叶片成为茎尖生长的物质和能量供体,促使暗中茎顶端不断的延伸生长冲出沙土再生。砂引草耐全埋的再生能力进一步表明,砂引草在海岸沙丘固沙、保滩、护岸和植被恢复上将具有重要开发和应用前景。     

Targeting gene-virotherapy of cancer

Due to concerns regarding the overlapping figures in this review that are identical to those contained in a reviewarticle that we have co-authored and published earlier,we retract the above paper we published in Cell Research.Weapologize for any confusion that may be caused by this matter,although we stand by the scientific contents containedin the Cell Research paper.     

Interactions between substrate and temperature preference in adult American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides)

Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the substrate preference of American plaice and the interaction between substrate and temperature preference. When given a choice of several substrate types, American plaice clearly preferred substrates that had a finer particle size than gravel, but did not totally avoid any substrate type. When given a choice between sand and gravel, they clearly preferred sand. Preference for substrate took precedence over temperature preference down to a temperature of‐1.0°C. An examination of field data showed that American plaice were widely distributed across both gravel and sand substrates at temperatures above and below‐1.0°C. Broad tolerances of substrate and temperature are probably a factor in this species’ wide distribution throughout the northwest Atlantic.     

中国蛀果蛾科分类学整理及新种记述(鳞翅目：粪蛾总科)

记载中国蛀果蛾科昆虫8属23种（亚种）,其中有中国2新纪录：断斑洁蛀果蛾Meridarchis excisa Walsingham和日本拟蛀果蛾Alexotypa japonica (Walsingham）及2新种：天目坚蛀果蛾Archostola tianmushana sp.nov.和五峰洁蛀果蛾Meridarchis wufengensis sp.nov.。文中给出了中国蛀果蛾科分种检索表和中国新纪录及新种的特征图。     

鲫吸虫属一新种

(鱼祭)鲫吸虫,新种Carassotrema clupanodonae sp. Nov. 检获于福建省厦门海域斑(鱼蔡)Clupanodon punctatus (Temminck et Schlegel) 的消化道.       

Meiobenthos and the oxygen budget of an intertidal sand beach

Field and laboratory experiments are used to construct a partial oxygen budget for a typical fine sand area just above mean tide level in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland. Oxygen consumption was determined mainly from batch respiration using a YSI electrode. Experiments with different batch sizes indicate that oxygen uptake rate per individual decreased as the number in the test chamber increased. Experiments conducted monthly at ambient environmental temperature with batches of 40 individuals show minimum oxygen consumption occurred at 12 °C in the nematode, copepod and turbellarian populations tested.Modelling the situation for 1 m² of beach in November 1979 gives a meiofaunal demand from 295,250 individuals of a total 40 ml O₂ . h^–1 compared with an estimated 2760 for macrofauna and 1172 for sediment with attached microorganisms. Microfloral production was calculated as 324 ml O₂ . h^–1 in light. The individual meiofaunal respiration values are much higher than those previously reported. The reasons for this and the confidence which can be attached to these and other workers results are discussed. Information from laboratory and field results is used to construct a partial oxygen budget for a typical fine sand area just above mid-tide level in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland. Oxygen consumption by meiofaunal taxa and Hydrobia was determined from batch respiration experiments using a YSI oxygen electrode, as was consumption and production by sediment with attached microflora. Experiments conducted monthly at ambient temperature indicate minimum oxygen consumption at 12 ° C in the nematode, copepod and turbellarian (Monocelopsis sp.) population tested. Batch size affected consumption; with nematodes, copepods and gastrotrichs (Turbanella varians) uptake per individual decreased as number in the test chamber increased. Later experiments were therefore conducted with a standard batch size of 40 individuals.Inspection of biological and physical data showed conditions in November 1979 were close to the annual mean. Using these and the appropriate laboratory data the calculated values give a meiofaunal oxygen demand per m² of beach of 40 ml h^–1 compared with an estimated 2760 for the macrofauna and 1172 for the sediment with attached micro-organisms. Microfloral oxygen production was 324 ml h^–1 in light. The meiofaunal figures are based on a population of 295,250 individuals per m² with a percentage composition of Nematoda 58.2, Copepoda 22.7, Gastrotricha 14.4, Turbellaria 5.3 and Gnasthostomulida 1.3. These figures give a relative population oxygen uptake of 50.1 : 32.3 : 5.1 : 9.9 : 2.7% respectively. The confidence which can be attached to these and other workers results is discussed.     

Associations between shorebird abundance and parasites in the sand crab, Emerita analoga, along the California coast

I investigated spatial variation in the prevalence and abundance of 4 species of parasites in the sand crab, Emerita analoga, on 8 sandy beaches along 800 km of the California coast, to assess the importance of bird abundance for the distribution of parasites among sand crab populations. I collected sand crabs and counted shorebirds and gulls at each beach during June and November 1994. Sand crabs served as intermediate hosts for 4 species of parasites, including a trematode, Spelotrema nicolli (Cable and Hunnienen, 1938); an acanthocephalan, Polymorphus kenti (Van Cleave, 1947); a nematode, Proleptus sp., and an unidentified trypanorhynch tapeworm. Among sand crab populations, there was substantial spatial variation in the prevalence and abundance of each parasite species. No latitudinal pattern was apparent for any of the 4 species observed. Temporally, parasite prevalence and abundance was significantly different between dates for all 4 parasites. Specifically, sand crab populations experienced higher trematode, nematode, and trypanorhynch prevalence and abundance in November than in June. In contrast, prevalence and abundance of acanthocephalans were higher in June than in November. There were strong positive associations between bird abundance and prevalence of parasitic infection for trematodes and acanthocephalans for some dates but not for nematodes or trypanorhynchs, which use elasmobranchs as definitive hosts. The spatial variation in prevalence and abundance of trematodes and acanthocephalans observed among sand crab populations may be attributed to the distribution and abundance of shorebirds and gulls that serve as definitive hosts.     

Growth habit and mechanical architecture of the sand dune-adapted climber Clematis flammula var. maritima L

Clematis flammula var. maritima is a woody lianoid plant that grows on coastal sand dunes in the Mediterranean region. Older perennial stems are present as extensive underground axes. These generate surface growth of shorter-lived stems producing monospecific trellises above the surface of the sand. Despite its sand dune habitat and shortage of host support plants, this variety of Clematis shows mechanical characteristics during growth that are closely comparable with those of scandent woody lianas. A significant decrease in the value of structural Young's modulus is observed from the aerial trellis-forming shoots (1.619 +/- 0.492 GN m(-2)) to emergent axes (0.855 +/- 0.253 GN m(-2)) and underground woody stems (0.470 +/- 0.113 GN m(-2)). Biomechanical and developmental observations indicate that most emergent branches are optimized geometrically and mechanically in relation to their points of emergence from the sand, with increases in structural Young's modulus and the second moment of area around the surface of the sand. Lianoid plants, physiologically capable of withstanding sand dune environments, might represent acceptable natural or introduced species for dune stabilization and conservation.     

Evolution in populations of Swedish sand lizards: genetic differentiation and loss of variability revealed by multilocus DNA fingerprinting

The Swedish sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) is a relict species from the period of warmth following the last glacial episode and has a fragmented distribution in central Sweden and a more continuous distribution in the southern part of the country. We used this model system of colonization–extinction for a study of genetic variability within and among Swedish populations from different parts of the distribution range using multilocus DNA fingerprinting. The results from the Swedish populations are then contrasted with those from a large Hungarian population in the centre of the species geographical distribution range, which is likely to closely resemble the ancestral founding population of Sweden. Swedish populations have a low level of genetic variability compared with the Hungarian reference population, which showed a genetic variability within the range described for outbred populations. Within the Swedish populations, the average bandsharing was 0.61, the mean heterozygosity 0.45 and the estimated number of alleles 2.7. The figures for the Hungarian population were a bandsharing of 0.19, a heterozygosity of 0.89 and an estimated number of alleles of 9.8. A population bottleneck, common to all Swedish sand lizards, is indicated by less than 20% of the alleles in the Hungarian population being retained in the Swedish populations, and higher bandsharing similarity between different Swedish populations (0.33) as opposed to the Hungarian population (0.19). The limited variability found in Swedish sand lizards is strongly subdivided between populations, with an average F_ST of 0.32, indicating a very limited gene flow between the isolated populations, as well as between populations in the region where the sand lizard has a more or less continuous distribution (F_ST = 0.41).     

Restoration of riverine inland sand dune complexes: implications for the conservation of wild bees

1.  The evaluation of restoration measures is an important task of conservation biology. Inland sand dunes and dry, oligotrophic grasslands have become rare habitat types in large parts of Central Europe and their restoration and management is of major importance for the preservation of many endangered plant and insect species. Within such habitats, it is important to restore key ecosystem services, such as pollination networks. As wild bees are the most important pollinators in many ecosystems, they represent a suitable key group to evaluate restoration measures. Furthermore, the recent decline of many bee species and the potential ecological and economic consequences are currently topics of strong scientific interest.
2.  We studied the succession of bee communities in response to restoration measures of sand dunes and sand grasslands and compared these communities with those of old sand dune complexes.
3.  Our results show that wild bees respond rapidly to restoration measures indicated by a high species richness and abundance. The community structure of bees at restoration sites converged only slightly to those of the target sites. A higher similarity was found between bee communities at the restoration sites (sand dunes and grasslands), indicating that their close proximity was an important determinant of species overlap. Environmental factors such as the number of entomophilous plant species and moisture had a strong influence on wild bee species composition.
4.   Synthesis and applications . The restoration of inland sand dune complexes provides opportunities for colonization by a diverse wild bee community. Although it is difficult to establish a given target community, restoration measures gave rise to a high pollinator diversity and abundance, suggesting that community function can be re-established.