VE对草鱼成鱼肌肉品质和抗氧化性能的影响

在VE含量为24.1 mg/kg的实用基础饲料中分别添加VE 0(对照组)、25、50、100、200 mg/kg,饲喂平均体重为(614.9±60.5)g的草鱼60d.考察VE对草鱼成鱼生长性能、肌肉品质和抗氧化性能的影响.结果表明,各组草鱼增重率分别为51.6%、53.5%、53.4%、53.5%、54.8%,饲料系数分别为2.28、2.17、2.20、2.19、2.15,饲料中添加25-200 mg/kg VE对草鱼成伍增重率、饲料系数无显著影响(P>0.05);在肌肉品质方面,饲料中添加VE对肌肉水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量无显著影响(P>0.05).肌肉保鲜肉滴水损失和冷冻肉渗出损失随VE添加量的增加而降低;随饲料中VE添加量的增加,肌肉、肝脏中VE含量增加,丙二醛含量则显著降低(P<0.05),其中VE添加量为200 mr,/kg组的肌肉、肝脏VE含量较对照组增加431.0%、353.7%,丙二醛含量则下降67.2%、61.3%(P<0.01);在血清抗氧化能力方面,当VE添加量≥50 mg/kg后,草鱼血清SOD活性显著提高(P<0.05),而血清总抗氧化能力在VE添加量0-100 mg/kg各组间尤显著差异,200 mg/kgVE组的血清总抗氧化能力较对照组显著增高(P<0.05).上述研究表明,饲料中添加VE能促进草鱼生长,改善肌肉品质,增强机体抗氧化能力.以生长性能为标准,草鱼成鱼饲料(基础饲料含VE 24.1 mg/kg)中的VE添加量25 mg/kg;以肌肉品质、抗氧化能力指标为标准,草鱼成鱼饲料中的VE添加量为200 mg/kg.     

维生素E对青鱼幼鱼生长、免疫及抗氨氮胁迫能力的影响

以初始体质量(7.270.40) g的青鱼为研究对象, 采用维生素E(VE)有效含量分别为14.36(对照组)、25.14、37.66、62.97、113.92和210.45 mg/kg 6种等氮等能的实验饲料, 饲养青鱼幼鱼8周后, 根据生长情况选取对照组、62.97和210.45 mg/kg VE组进行24h氨氮胁迫(20 mg/L), 研究VE对青鱼幼鱼生长、免疫及抗氨氮胁迫能力的影响。结果表明: 以特定生长率为指标, 折线模型分析表明青鱼有效维生素E需要量为45.00 mg/kg。肌肉、肝脏和血清VE含量与饲料中VE含量呈明显正相关, 当饲料VE含量超过113.92 mg/kg时, 肌肉和肝脏VE含量均达到饱和。VE对鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活性(NKA)和血清皮质醇(COR)无显著影响, 但随着饲料VE含量的升高, 过氧化氢酶(CAT)和总超氧化物歧化酶活性(T-SOD)呈上升趋势, 丙二醛含量(MDA)呈下降趋势。氨氮胁迫对各处理组肌肉VE含量和血清CAT活性无影响, 但肝脏VE含量均显著降低(P0.05), 且62.97和210.4 5 mg/kg VE组血清VE水平有所升高。在胁迫后, 对照组血清T-SOD、鳃丝NKA活性显著降低, 皮质醇含量显著增加(P0.05)。与对照组相比, 62.97和210.45 mg/kg VE组T-SOD、NKA活性和皮质醇含量在胁迫前后无显著变化。各处理组MDA含量在胁迫后虽均显著升高, 但210.45 mg/kg VE组在胁迫后MDA含量仍显著低于对照组(P0.05)。以上结果说明, 青鱼幼鱼获得最大生长的有效维生素E需求量为45.00 mg/kg, 且较高VE能有效提高青鱼机体免疫力, 缓解氨氮胁迫对青鱼机体的负面影响。       

建鲤和异育银鲫摄食不同质量饲料时的氮收支和能量收支比较

实验探讨了建鲤和异育银鲫摄食低质和高质饲料时氮和能量的收支情况.低质饲料以豆粕为主要蛋白源,饲料蛋白含量为33.91%,高质饲料以鱼粉为主要蛋白源,饲料蛋白含量为45.59%.55d的生长结果显示,氮收支和能量收支受到饲料质量和鱼类种类的显著影响:摄食低质饲料时,建鲤的生长氮和生长能比例显著低于异育银鲫,排泄氮、排泄能和代谢能比例显著高于异育银鲫;摄食高质饲料时,两种鱼的氮收支和能量收支无显著差异;建鲤的氮收支和能量收支受饲料质量的显著影响,摄食低质饲料时,其生长氮和生长能比例均显著低于摄食高质饲料时,而排泄氮、粪能和代谢能比例均显著高于摄食高质饲料时;异育银鲫的氮收支、生长能和代谢能比例不受饲料质量的显著影响.结果表明,在低质饲料条件下,建鲤利用氮和能量的能力弱于异育银鲫,在高质饲料条件下,两种鱼没有显著差异.与异育银鲫相比,建鲤利用氮和能量的能力受饲料质量的影响更为显著.       

饲喂不同浓度黄曲霉毒素B1饲料对异育银鲫成鱼的生长和毒素积累的影响

以含不同浓度黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)的配合饲料饲喂异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)成鱼56d,研究异育银鲫成鱼[(122.3±0.7)g]生长、生理反应、肝脏组织学变化、卵巢发育以及鱼体各组织中的AFB1的毒素积累状况。实验分为5个实验组,不同实验组饲料中AFB1含量分别为0、5、20、50、500μg/kg饲料(实测值分别为2.59、4.12、12.39、46.23、454.07μg/kg饲料),每个处理3个平行。在整个实验过程中各实验组均未表现出外部形态和行为异常,各组存活率均达到100%。各实验组异育银鲫成鱼终末体重、摄食率(FR)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FE)均无显著差异。饲料AFB1水平对异育银鲫血清总胆固醇(TC)含量、血清谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性均无显著影响。各毒素组血清超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性与对照无显著差异。各毒素组肝脏和卵巢均未见明显的组织学病理变化。肌肉和性腺中的AFB1积累量低于FDA食品安全限定标准(5μg/kg)。肝胰脏中的AFB1积累和饲料中的AFB1水平呈对数关系。饲喂AFB1≥50μg/kg饲料使异育银鲫成鱼肝脏AFB1积累超过安全限量标准。结果表明,异育银鲫成鱼至少可耐受AFB1含量达500μg/kg饲料(实测值:454.07μg/kg饲料)56d。     

异育银鲫幼鱼对饲料中维生素B6需求量的研究

通过8周的生长实验,研究饲料中维生素B6的含量对异育银鲫(Carassius auratas gibelio)(初始体重3.3 g)生长、饲料利用及生化指标的影响。配制7组等氮等能的饲料,饲料中维生素B6的含量分别为0、1.11、3.29、5.41、12.7、13.3和27.3 mg/kg。实验结果表明,饲料中缺乏维生素B6会显著降低异育银鲫的特定生长率、饲料转化效率、蛋白质效率、存活率、肝体指数,但对摄食率没有显著影响。饲料中维生素B6的含量为12.70 mg/kg时,肝脏谷草转氨酶活性(GOT)活性最强,并且显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。在饲料中维生素B6含量为5.41 mg/kg时,肝脏谷丙转氨酶活性(GPT)活性显著提高。当饲料中维生素B6含量为12.7 mg/kg时,肝脏中维生素B6的沉积最高。通过折线法,根据特定生长率和饲料中维生素B6含量的关系,得出异育银鲫最大生长时饲料维生素B6的适宜含量为0.95 mg/kg;而以肝脏GOT和GPT活性为指标时,其饲料维生素B6的适宜含量分别为11.36和7.62 mg/kg。     

无鱼粉低磷饲料中添加中性蛋白酶和植酸酶对建鲤生长及营养物质利用的影响

在无鱼粉低磷饲料中添加中性蛋白酶、中性植酸酶, 考察对建鲤(Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)生长、营养物质消化率和沉积率、血浆生化指标及肠道组织学的影响。配制含鱼粉5%和磷酸二氢钙1.5%的正对照饲料、无鱼粉饲料、无鱼粉低磷饲料(磷酸二氢钙1.0%)和在无鱼粉饲料中添加175 mg/kg蛋白酶, 在无鱼粉低磷饲料中添加175 mg/kg蛋白酶+300 mg/kg植酸酶的5组等蛋白饲料, 饲喂初始体重为(52.5±2.0) g的建鲤10周。结果表明: 对照组具有最高增重率和最低饲料系数(P<0.05), 无鱼粉饲料和无鱼粉低磷饲料组的增重率、蛋白质和磷沉积率、蛋白质和钙消化率均显著下降(P<0.05); 在无鱼粉饲料中添加蛋白酶后, 提高了建鲤增重率13.1%(P<0.05), 达到和对照组基本一致的水平; 显著提高了蛋白质、钙消化率和肠绒毛高度, 降低了饲料系数(P<0.05); 在无鱼粉低磷饲料中添加蛋白酶和植酸酶后, 显著提高了脂肪、蛋白质、磷沉积率和蛋白质、钙、磷消化率(P<0.05), 增加了前肠绒毛长度和隐窝深度(P<0.05), 提高了血浆磷浓度(P<0.05)。以上结果表明, 在全植物性蛋白饲料中添加蛋白酶, 在全植物蛋白的低磷饲料中同时添加蛋白酶和植酸酶可以促进建鲤生长, 提高对营养物质的消化率和沉积率, 促进肠道生长发育。     

饲料中添加高剂量有机硒和无机硒对异育银鲫生长性能、组织硒蓄积和血液生化指标的影响

为探究饲料中高剂量的有机硒和无机硒对异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio var. CAS V)的生长性能、硒蓄积和血浆生化指标等方面的影响,以硒代蛋氨酸(有机硒)和亚硒酸钠(无机硒)作为不同类型的硒源,初始体重为(62.95±0.23) g异育银鲫为研究对象,进行了为期90d的养殖实验。实验结果表明,饲料中添加0、10和20 mg/kg的有机硒和无机硒对异育银鲫的存活和饲料干物质的表观消化率无显著影响;有机硒处理组硒的表观消化率随饲料有机硒的添加量增加而显著升高(P<0.05);饲料中添加无机硒对硒消化率无显影响(P>0.05)。在饲料中添加有机硒可以提高异育银鲫的生长(P<0.05),在20 mg/kg处理组中达到最高(P<0.05);而饲料中添加10 mg/kg无机硒处理组未显著改变异育银鲫的特定生长率(P>0.05),但高浓度的无机硒则显著降低了其特定生长率(P<0.05)。饲料中添加有机硒显著降低了异育银鲫的肝体比,添加10 mg/kg无机硒显著降低异育银鲫的肝体比(P<0.05);饲料中添加有机硒和无机硒对异...     

维生素E对中华鳖幼鳖生长、肝脏维生素E以及血清皮质醇含量的影响

为探讨维生素E(VE)对中华鳖(Pelodiscus sinensis)幼鳖的生长、肝脏VE和血清皮质醇的影响，通过特定生长率、高压液相色谱法和放免法，我们测定了中华鳖幼鳖的生长、肝脏VE和血清皮质醇含量。发现VE添加量为1000和5000mg／kg的两组，能明显降低中华鳖幼鳖的生长。维生素E添加量为500、1000和5000mg／kg的三组，肝脏维生素E含量明显高于对照组，VE添加量在0—1000mg／kg的范围时，肝脏VE的含量随着饲料中VE含量的增加呈指数式增加，并且在VE添加量为5000kg／kg的一组基本达到饱和。维生素E添加量为0和50mg／kg的2组，其血清皮质醇的平均值明显高于维生素E添加量为250、500、1000和5000mg／kg的4组的平均值。上述结果表明：高剂量的VE降低了中华鳖幼鳖的生长和血清皮质醇的含量；在一定剂量范围内，肝脏VE随着饲料中VE含量的增加而升高。     

异育银鲫幼鱼对饲料中维生素K需求的研究

以不同维生素K水平(0.13、2.15、3.25、6.40、12、17.20和23.20 mg/kg饲料)的7种精制饲料喂养初始体重约为(2.17±0.01) g的异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)10周, 每个处理3个重复, 研究异育银鲫对维生素K的需求量。结果显示: 饲料中维生素K的添加可以明显降低摄食率, 饲料中维生素K含量为2.15 mg/kg时, 摄食率出现最大值, 之后显著下降(P<0.05), 在12 mg/kg时达到最低值。特定生长率随着维生素K的添加表现出升高的趋势, 饲料中维生素K含量为12 mg/kg时, 出现最大值, 但是差异不显著(P>0.05)。饲料中维生素K的含量从0.13 mg/kg升至3.25 mg/kg时, 饲料效率显著升高(P<0.05), 随着饲料中维生素K的进一步添加, 趋于稳定(P>0.05), 在12 mg/kg时达到最大值, 并且与特定生长率呈正相关关系(SGR=0.01 FE+0.95, R²=0.95)。血液红细胞数目随着饲料维生素K含量的增加先显著升高(P<0.05), 在6.40 mg/kg时达到最大值, 之后趋于稳定(P>0.05)。血红蛋白含量、血球容积比、血清钙含量与血液中红细胞数目表现出相似的趋势, 均在不添加维生素K组出现最低值, 但是差异不显著(P>0.05)。肝体比、肥满度及鱼体生化组成均不受饲料维生素K水平的影响(P>0.05)。分别对饲料效率、红细胞数目进行折线回归得出异育银鲫幼鱼对维生素K的最适需求量为3.73—6.72 mg/kg饲料。     

The Effect of Dietary Organic Chromium on Specific Growth Rate, Tissue Chromium Concentrations, Enzyme Activities and Histology in Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio L.

A 63-day feeding trial was carried out to investigate the effect of three levels of Cr yeast (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0?mg Cr/kg) on the utilization of diets containing 38.5?% of maize starch or dextrin in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. (initial mean body mass 14?±?0.3?g) in an auto circulator system at 25?±?0.5?°C. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the final body mass (FBM), percentage mass gain (%MG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly (P?<?0.05) affected by the two sources of variation (carbohydrate source and Cr level). In general, fish fed on a diet containing starch and fortified with 0.5?mg Cr/kg performed significantly higher FBM (47.23?g), %MG (225.11), SGR (1.91) and lower value of FCR (1.24) compared to fish fed on the other diets. Carp fed on 2.0?mg Cr/kg with maize starch and 1.0?mg Cr/kg with dextrin-based diet showed a significant reduction (P?<?0.05) in whole body lipid content as confirmed by a two-way ANOVA. Fish fed on a maize starch-based diet supplemented with 0.5 and 1.0?mg Cr/kg recorded the highest activities for hexokinase enzyme. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was neither affected by Cr concentration nor by dietary carbohydrate source. Fish fed on dextrin-based diets accumulated higher Cr in the whole tissue compared to fish fed on starch-based diets. Normal histological structures in the liver and gut tissues were observed in all groups. The present data clearly showed that dietary Cr yeast was safe in the fish diet at the levels tested.     

甘露寡糖对异育银鲫生长性能、免疫及HSP70基因表达的影响

为探讨甘露寡糖(MOS)对异育银鲫生长、免疫、肠道组织结构及抗病力的影响,试验选取360尾异育银鲫[初均重(16.19±0.03)g],随机分成5组、每组3个重复,在日粮中添加不同浓度甘露寡糖(0、60、120、240、480 mg/kg),连续投喂80d,并于第80天时进行嗜水气单胞菌感染,测定异育银鲫生长、免疫、肠道结构等指标及异育银鲫抗嗜水气单胞菌感染的能力。试验结果表明,无论投喂50d,还是80d,甘露寡糖对鱼体的生长指标(特定生长率、增重率、蛋白质效率、饵料系数)均没有显著影响(P>0.05);投喂50d,与对照组比,甘露寡糖能显著提高血清球蛋白浓度(P<0.05);投喂80d后,与对照组比,240、480 mg/kg甘露寡糖组能显著提高碱性磷酸酶活性,甘露寡糖组能显著提高血清球蛋白浓度(P<0.05),480 mg/kg甘露寡糖组能显著提高血清总抗氧化能力,120、240 mg/kg甘露寡糖组能显著提高肠褶皱襞长(P<0.05),对皱襞间质宽、黏膜下层宽没有显著影响(P>0.05),肌层宽随着MOS的添加有增加趋势(P>0.05);嗜水气单胞菌感染后,与对照组比,240、480 mg/kg甘露寡糖组成活率提高了22.6%,免疫保护率达45.4%。日粮中添加甘露寡糖组对鱼体肝脏HSP70基因表达没有显著影响(P>0.05)。因此,添加240、480 mg/kg甘露寡糖能提高鱼体的免疫能力,增强鱼体抗病原菌感染能力。     

The Efficacy of Chromium as a Growth Enhancer for Mirror Carp (Cyprinus carpio L): An Integrated Study Using Biochemical, Genetic, and Histological Responses

A growth trial was conducted on juvenile mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) for 8 weeks to compare the efficacy of three chromium (Cr) compounds (Cr chloride, Cr picolinate, and Cr yeast) at a level 0.5 mg/kg as a potential growth enhancer. In addition, a high level of Cr (2.0 mg/kg) as Cr chloride has also been added in parallel for comparison. All Cr fortified diets at a level 0.5 mg/kg produced superior growth for carp compared to the control group and the group fed the high level of Cr chloride (2.0 mg/kg). Metabolic indicators measured included two of the key liver enzymes (hexokinase, HK) and (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G6PD) activity. The results validated the positive effect of Cr at a level 0.5 mg/kg on enzyme activity and carbohydrate utilization producing significantly better growth performance for mirror carp. The study also included measurement of DNA strand breaks in the erythrocytes using the comet assay which revealed significantly (P < 0.05) increased DNA damage in fish fed on high level of Cr chloride (2.0 mg/kg) but the other treatments were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from the control groups. The concentration of Cr in the liver, gut, and whole fish tissues increased with increasing dietary Cr supplementation. Overall, Cr supplementation at a level 0.5 mg/kg from different sources may affect growth performance in carp by activation of some key liver enzymes (HK and G6PD).     

Growth performance and starch utilization in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in response to dietary chromium chloride supplementation

A nutrition trial was conducted on juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio), initial mean body weight 15 ± 0.4 g within a controlled facility at 25 ± 0.5 °C. Six diets containing various levels of supplementary Cr (0, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0) mg Cr/kg of diet as Cr chloride hexahydrate were fed to carp for a period of 10 weeks. Lower growth performance was observed in fish fed on the control diet and the diet supplemented with the highest level of Cr (2.0 mg Cr/kg). Although fish fed 0.5 mg Cr/kg showed the best growth performance, this was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from fish fed 1.0 mg Cr/kg. The regression of plasma glucose concentration was linear (R² = 0.97 and P value = 0.001) as the Cr content of the diet increased (up to 1.5 mg Cr/kg).Cr carcass content was elevated with an increasing level of dietary Cr supplementation up to 1.5 mg Cr/kg; but fish fed on the diet supplemented with the highest level of Cr (2.0 mg Cr/kg) showed a decrease in Cr carcass content.Histological examination to evaluate the impact of different Cr supplementation on liver and gut tissues showed notable changes. The higher level of Cr (2.0 mg Cr/kg) in the diet gave rise to elevated hepatocyte vacuolization and changes in gut tissue morphology.It appeared that Cr chloride significantly improved growth within a defined range (0.2–1.5) mg Cr/kg without any negative impact, while 2.0 mg Cr/kg in carp diet seems to be the threshold for the initiation of toxicity.     

The influence of sulphur,molybdenum and cadmium exposure on the growth of goat,cattle and pig

A three factorial designed feeding experiment with common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) was carried out in an intensive experimental rearing system. Fish (initial body weight 200 g) were fed on two different levels of dietary energy (16 and 18 MJ DE/kg DM), two different levels of protein (320 and 420 g CP/kg DM) and also two different feeding intensities (100% and 75% of the maximum intake). The experiment was terminated when fish reached a mean body weight of 1300 g.

Growth, feed utilization and nutrient composition of the whole body and fillet were observed. The highest growth was obtained when the fish were fed on the diet containing high dietary energy and high dietary protein with satiation feeding. High dietary energy, high dietary protein and restriction of feed intake improved feed conversion ratios. High dietary energy, low dietary protein and restrictive feeding increased energy utilization. Low dietary protein and restrictive feeding resulted in better protein utilization.

Fish fed with high dietary energy contained more fat and less protein in their carcasses. A lower fat content but higher protein and higher ash content in fish carcasses was shown when fish were fed with a diet high in protein and fed restrictively.     

Threonine Affects Intestinal Function,Protein Synthesis and Gene Expression of TOR in Jian Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

This study aimed to investigate the effects of threonine (Thr) on the digestive and absorptive ability, proliferation and differentiation of enterocytes, and gene expression of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). First, seven isonitrogenous diets containing graded levels of Thr (7.4–25.2 g/kg diet) were fed to the fishes for 60 days. Second, enterocyte proliferation and differentiation were assayed by culturing enterocytes with graded levels of Thr (0–275 mg/l) in vitro. Finally, enterocytes were cultured with 0 and 205 mg/l Thr to determine protein synthesis. The percent weight gain (PWG), specific growth rate, feed intake, feed efficiency, protein retention value, activities of trypsin, lipase and amylase, weights and protein contents of hepatopancreas and intestine, folds heights, activities of alkaline phosphatase (AKP), γ- glutamyl transpeptidase and Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase in all intestinal segments, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) activities in hepatopancreas, and 4E-BP2 gene expression in muscle, hepatopancreas and intestinal segments were significantly enhanced by Thr (p<0.05). However, the plasma ammonia concentration and TOR gene expression decreased (p<0.05). In vitro, Thr supplement significantly increased cell numbers, protein content, the activities of GOT, GPT, AKP and Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, and protein synthesis rate of enterocytes, and decreased LDH activity and ammonia content in cell medium (p<0.05). In conclusion, Thr improved growth, digestive and absorptive capacity, enterocyte proliferation and differentiation, and protein synthesis and regulated TOR and 4E-BP2 gene expression in juvenile Jian carp. The dietary Thr requirement of juvenile Jian carp was 16.25 g/kg diet (51.3 g/kg protein) based on quadratic regression analysis of PWG.     

饲料中添加胆汁酸对牛蛙生长性能、体组成和营养物质表观消化率的影响

试验研究了饲料中添加胆汁酸对牛蛙Rana (Lithobates) catesbeiana生长性能、体成分和营养物质表观消化率的影响。基础饲料以鱼粉、豆粕为主要蛋白源, 棕榈油为主要脂肪源, 在基础饲料中分别添加0、100、200和300 mg/kg的胆汁酸(含量99.1%)制作4种等氮等能的试验饲料。试验将144只牛蛙初始体重(75.014.23) g随机分为4组, 每组3个重复, 每个重复12只牛蛙, 进行为期8周的生长试验。结果显示: 各试验组牛蛙成活率和摄食率差异不显著(P0.05)。200 mg/kg胆汁酸添加组牛蛙的增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率和氮保留率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。在饲料中添加胆汁酸显著降低了牛蛙脏体指数和全体的脂肪含量(P0.05), 但不影响肌肉粗脂肪以及全体和肌肉水分、粗蛋白、粗灰分含量(P0.05)。各处理组间血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度均无显著变化(P0.05), 血清尿素氮含量随着饲料中胆汁酸添加量的增加而降低, 添加300 mg/kg胆汁酸组牛蛙血清尿素氮含量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。血糖水平则随着胆汁酸添加量的增加而先降低后升高, 其中100 mg/kg胆汁酸添加组牛蛙血糖水平最低(P0.05)。100 mg/kg胆汁酸添加组牛蛙肠道脂肪酶活力显著高于对照组和300 mg/kg胆汁酸添加组(P0.05), 与200 mg/kg胆汁酸添加组之间差异不显著(P0.05), 蛋白酶活力与脂肪酶活力有相似的变化趋势, 而淀粉酶活力未受胆汁酸添加水平影响。各处理组饲料营养物质的表观消化率随饲料中胆汁酸添加量的增加而先升高后降低, 其中饲料添加200 mg/kg胆汁酸显著增加了牛蛙对饲料营养物质的表观消化率(P0.05)。结果表明: 在饲料中添加适量的胆汁酸能提高牛蛙对饲料的消化率, 提高饲料效率, 从而促进牛蛙的生长, 同时可促进蛙体脂肪代谢, 降低机体脂肪沉积, 提高牛蛙可食部分比例。根据本试验结果, 建议牛蛙饲料中胆汁酸添加水平为200 mg/kg。       

The effects of dietary vitamin C on growth,liver vitamin C and serum cortisol in stressed and unstressed juvenile soft-shelled turtles (Pelodiscus sinensis)

We studied the effect of dietary vitamin C on growth, liver vitamin C and serum cortisol levels in stressed and unstressed juvenile soft-shelled turtles. Turtles were fed with vitamin C supplementation at dosages of 0, 250, 500, 2500, 5,000 or 10,000 mg/kg diet for 4 weeks. Vitamin C supplementation exerted significant effects on specific growth rate and liver vitamin C concentrations. The specific growth rate peaked in the group fed at 500 mg/kg diet, while liver vitamin C levels increased with increasing dietary vitamin C levels. Serum cortisol concentrations did not differ between groups of turtles fed diets supplemented with vitamin C in the range of 0-10,000 mg/kg. After acid stress, hepatic vitamin C levels were unaffected, while serum cortisol in the control group was significantly elevated (P<0.01). The other five groups of turtles did not show significant changes in serum cortisol compared with pre-stress levels.     

Effect of taurine on the glycemia level and the activity of hydrolases in the intestinal mucosa in carp (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyprinus carpio</Emphasis> L.)

Upon a single injection, taurine (50 and 300 mg/kg) and its amide derivative taurepar (50 mg/kg), irrespective of diet and kinds of stress, as a rule, slightly influence the glycemia level in carp. A long-term load of taurine (a total dose of 1250 mg/kg) significantly reduces the glucose concentration in the blood of fishes kept on a carbohydrate diet. Both preparations existentially change the ratio of proteolytic (PA) and amylolitic (AA) activities in all studied fish. As a result, the G/P coefficient increases considerably. It is suggested that the increase in glycosidase activity under taurine injections has an adaptive significance for benthophagous carp, a large part of the diet of which consists of carbohydrate components.     

The effect of dietary mercury on vanadate toxicity in the chick

Three experiments were conducted investigating the interaction of dietary vanadate and mercury on the growth of chicks. The growth-retarding effect of 30 mg vanadium/kg diet was completely overcome by the inclusion of 500 mg mercury/kg diet. Restricting the feed intake of the mercury-supplemented animals to approximately those receiving vanadate alone still resulted in an amelioration of the growth retarding effect of vanadate. Analyses of femurs and kidneys revealed that mercury added to a vanadium-containing diet increased the vanadate concentration of the femur and had no effect on the vanadium concentration in the kidney. As little as 25 mg mercury/kg diet significantly reduced the growth retarding effect of vanadium. The inclusion of 100 mg mercury/kg in the diet resulted in a significant increase in renal glutathione concentration.     

Dietary pharmacological or excess zinc and phytase effects on tissue mineral concentrations, metallothionein, and apparent mineral retention in the newly weaned pig

Feeding pharmacological zinc (Zn) to weaned pigs improves growth, and dietary phytase improves P and Zn availability. Metallothionein (MT) increases in the duodenum, kidney, and liver of pigs fed 1000 mg Zn/kg with phytase or 2000 mg Zn/kg with or without phytase when fed for 14 d postweaning. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of feeding pharmacological Zn and phytase on tissue minerals, MT, mineral excretion, and apparent retention. Twenty-four newly weaned pigs (20 d; 7.2 kg) were individually fed twice daily, a basal diet supplemented with 0, 1000, or 4000 mg Zn/kg as Zn oxide, without or with phytase (500 phytase units [FTU]/kg) for 14 d, followed by a basal diet (100 mg Zn/kg) without phytase for 7 d. Pigs fed 4000 mg Zn/kg without phytase had higher (p=0.01) plasma, hepatic, renal Zn, renal Cu, and hepatic, renal, and jejunal MT than pigs fed the basal diet or 1000 mg Zn/kg. Duodenal MT was higher (p=0.0001) in pigs fed 1000 and 4000 mg Zn/kg than in pigs fed the basal diet. In pigs fed 1000 and 4000 mg Zn/kg, Zn loading occurred during the first 11 d of supplementation; by d 14, excess Zn was being excreted in the feces.