甲基苯丙胺中毒mG1uR5 的表达

目的:研究代谢性谷氨酸受体5(mG1uR5)在甲基苯丙胺中毒的损伤机制中的作用。方法:设立实验组,对照组。实验组分别给予20 mg/kg,10 mg/kg腹腔注射MA;对照组分别给予同剂量的生理盐水。末次注射后24 h内腹腔注射戊巴比妥钠麻醉大鼠后用4%多聚甲醛灌注、取脑后行代谢性谷氨酸受体5的免疫组织化学染色,观察并计数mG1uR5在不同脑区的表达。结果:实验组mG1uR5在大脑纹状体、海马的表达较对照组显著增强,差异有显著性(P<0.05),并呈剂量依赖性。结论:mG1uR5参与了甲基苯丙胺中毒的损伤机制。     

代谢型谷氨酸受体的药理学、生理学及其与癫痫的关系

代谢型谷氨酸受体属G蛋白偶联受体超家族成员,对调节神经元的奋性和维持神经细胞的正常功能具有重要作用。每种代谢型谷氨酸受体亚型的药理学特征和脑内表达方式不尽相同,发挥的生理功能也不同。在癫痫的发病过程中,不同的代谢型谷氨酸受体起到不同的作用。本文针对代谢型谷氨酸受体近年来的药理学、生理学及其在癫痫发病中作用机制的若干研究进展予以综述。     

谷氨酸、NMDA 和吗啡对培养大鼠星形胶质细胞内钙振荡的影响

目的:研究谷氨酸、NMDA、吗啡对原代培养的大鼠星形胶质细胞的胞内钙信号的影响及受体作用机制.方法:利用Leica AF6000活细胞工作站,检测谷氨酸、NMDA、吗啡分别灌流前后Fura-2/AM加载的星形胶质细胞内钙信号的动态变化,进一步观 察分别阻断代谢性谷氨酸受体5 (mGluR5)、NMDA受体(NMDA receptor,NMDAR)和阿片μ受体对诱导的胞内钙振荡的影响.结果:谷氨酸、NMDA、吗啡均可明显升高胞内游离钙的浓度([Ca2+]i),而将其相应受体拮抗后,星形胶质细胞[Ca2+]i升高的现象可以被显著抑制.结论:离体培养的星形胶质细胞膜上存在mGluR5、NMDAR和阿片μ受体,这些受体的激活可以升高星影胶质细胞的[Ca2+]i,且这些受体依赖的[Ca2+]i的调控机制可能是星形胶质细胞与神经元交互作用的重要途径之一.     

甲基苯丙胺中毒mG1uR5的表达（英文）

目的：研究代谢性谷氨酸受体5（mG1uR5）在甲基苯丙胺中毒的损伤机制中的作用。方法：设立实验组,对照组。实验组分别给予20 mg/kg,10 mg/kg腹腔注射MA;对照组分别给予同剂量的生理盐水。末次注射后24 h内腹腔注射戊巴比妥钠麻醉大鼠后用4%多聚甲醛灌注、取脑后行代谢性谷氨酸受体5的免疫组织化学染色,观察并计数mG1uR5在不同脑区的表达。结果：实验组mG1uR5在大脑纹状体、海马的表达较对照组显著增强,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）,并呈剂量依赖性。结论：mG1uR5参与了甲基苯丙胺中毒的损伤机制。     

谷氨酸受体与药物成瘾的相关研究

谷氨酸是中枢神经系统中最重要的兴奋性神经递质,其受体分为离子型和代谢型,受体激活后通过对Na+、K+、Ca2+等阳离子调节或通过与G蛋白偶联,从而激活一系列信号转导途径,参与记忆形成。药物成瘾是一种慢性、复发性脑疾病,以强迫性药物寻求以及丧失对药物使用控制能力为主要特征。研究表明谷氨酸受体与药物成瘾的发生发展有关,就谷氨酸受体在药物成瘾中作用的研究做一综述。     

cAMP-PKA通路参与Ⅱ组代谢性谷氨酸受体对新生鼠离体延髓脑片呼吸节律性放电的调节

本研究旨在探讨cAMP-PKA通路在Ⅱ组代谢性谷氨酸受体对离体延髓脑片呼吸节律性放电的影响中的作用.制作新生大鼠离体延髓脑片标本,主要包含延髓面神经后核内侧区(medial region of the nucleus retrofacialis,mNRF),并完整保留舌下神经根,以改良Kreb's液(modified ...     

谷氨酸信号通路及其在骨力学信号转导通路中潜在的功能

自在中枢神经系统中发现谷氨酸发挥功能以来,谷氨酸受体及其在突触内膜偶联的信号通路,就成为神经系统研究的重要内容。近年的研究显示,谷氨酸受体及其胞内信号通路在包括骨在内的非神经组织中表达和发挥功能,在骨细胞中有表达谷氨酸受体、转运子的证据,因而有假说认为谷氨酸成了骨中力学信号潜在的转导子,但还缺乏有利的证据支持。简要综述了谷氨酸信号通路及其在骨中的功能,并就其在骨力学信号转导中潜在的功能和作用机制进行了探讨。     

关于mGluR在脆性X综合征发病机制中的研究新进展

脆性X综合征为最常见的遗传性智力低下性疾病之一,是由于FMR1基因异常导致其编码的脆性X智力低下蛋白减少或缺失所致.研究发现脆性X综合征尸解病人和FMR1基因敲除小鼠(KO鼠)神经元树突棘发育不成熟,模型小鼠海马区代谢性谷氨酸受体所触发的长时程抑制(LTD)延长,不成熟的树突棘导致突触功能障碍被认为是脑功能异常的基础.最近的研究表明,应用代谢性谷氨酸受体拮抗剂能改善由FMRP缺失所导致的突触和行为缺陷,表明mGluR功能过度激活可能参与了脆性X综合征的发病过程,但具体机制不明.FMRP是一种mRNA结合蛋白,可作为翻译抑制因子负性调节突触后膜mRNA的翻译和表达.因此推测FMRP缺乏和减少可能导致mGluR激发的mRNA翻译增多,参与神经系统发育的蛋白过度表达,而影响树突棘的发育,但具体机制仍不清楚.本文对mGluR和脆性X综合征的研究历史和最新进展进行了讨论.     

mGluRs调节皮层-纹状体突触可塑性与运动防治帕金森病的研究进展

皮层-纹状体谷氨酸(glutamate,Glu)能通路的异常兴奋是帕金森病(Parkinson'sdisease,PD)的关键病理基础.代谢性谷氨酸受体(metabotropic glutamate receptors,mGluRs)可通过调节突触前Glu释放和突触后传递调控皮层-纹状体突触可塑性,是PD临床治疗的重要...     

胶质细胞谷氨酸转运体及其在脑缺血和脑缺血预适应中的变化

兴奋性氨基酸转运体(excitatory amino acid transporters,EAATs)是摄取细胞外液谷氨酸、保持细胞外谷氨酸低浓度的主要机制,已发现了五种EAATs,其中胶质细胞谷氨酸转运体在终止谷氨酸能神经传递、维持细胞外液谷氨酸浓度处于低水平方面发挥更重要作用。胶质细胞谷氨酸转运体的表达和功能受谷氨酸及其受体、垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活多肽、生长因子、内皮素、一氧化氮等许多因素的影响,其表达减少及功能降低与脑缺血损害的发生和发展密切相关,脑缺血预适应可通过调控其表达或改善其功能而诱导脑缺血耐受。     

突触前代谢型谷氨酸受体调节神经递质的释放

谷氨酸通过激活离子型受体（iGluR)介导快速兴奋性突触传递,参与脑内几乎所有生理过程。谷氨酸过量释放可导致与脑缺血,缺氧及变性疾病有关的兴奋毒作用,最终引起神经元的死亡。代谢型谷氨酸受体（mGluRs)是一个与G－蛋白偶联的受体家族,分三型共八个亚型。其中Ⅱ和Ⅲ型mGluRs主要位于突触前,发挥对谷氨酸释放的负反馈调节。Ⅲ型mGluRs中的mGluR7位于谷氨酸能末梢突触前膜的活性区,发挥自身受体的作用,对正常情况下突触传递过程的谷氨酸释放进行负反馈调节;而属于Ⅱ型的mGluR2及属于Ⅲ型的mGluR4和mGluR8,则位于远离突有膜活性区的外突触区,因而正常突触传递过程中释放的谷氨酸量不能激活它们。只有在突触传递增强的情况下才被激活,抑制递质的释放。国外,mGluRs还分布在GABA能纤维末梢,通过突触前机制抑制GABA的释放。对突触前膜受体尤其是位于外突触区的mGluRs受体的研究,将有可能开发出理想的工具药,从而预防和阻止谷氨酸过量释放引起的神经毒及神经元的死亡。     

Mechanisms of metabotropic glutamate receptor desensitization: role in the patterning of effector enzyme activation

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) constitute an unique subclass of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). These receptors are activated by the excitatory amino acid glutamate and play an essential role in regulating neural development and plasticity. In the present review, we overview the current understanding regarding the molecular mechanisms involved in the desensitization and endocytosis of Group 1 mGluRs as well as the relative contribution of desensitization to the spatial-temporal patterning of glutamate receptor signaling. Similar to what has been reported previously for prototypic GPCRs, mGluRs desensitization is mediated by second messenger-dependent protein kinases and GPCR kinases (GRKs). However, it remains to be determined whether mGluRs phosphorylation by GRKs and beta-arrestin binding are absolutely required for desensitization. Group 1 mGluRs endocytosis is both agonist-dependent and -independent. Agonist-dependent mGluRs internalization is mediated by a beta-arrestin- and dynamin-dependent clathrin-coated vesicle dependent endocytic pathway. The activation of Group 1 mGluRs also results in oscillatory Gq protein-coupling leading to the cyclical activation of phospholipase Cbeta thereby stimulating oscillations in both inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate formation and Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores. These glutamate receptor-stimulated Ca(2+) oscillations are translated into the synchronous activation of protein kinase C (PKC), which has led to the hypothesis that oscillatory mGluRs signaling involves the repetitive phosphorylation of mGluRs by PKC. However, recent experimental evidence suggests that oscillatory signaling is an intrinsic glutamate receptor property that is independent of feedback receptor phosphorylation by PKC. The challenge in the future will be to determine the structural determinants underlying mGluRs-mediated spatial-temporal signaling as well as to understand how complex signaling patterns can be interpreted by cells in both the developing and adult nervous systems.     

Mechanisms underlying excitatory effects of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors via inhibition of 2P domain K+ channels

Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are implicated in diverse processes such as learning, memory, epilepsy, pain and neuronal death. By inhibiting background K(+) channels, group I mGluRs mediate slow and long-lasting excitation. The main neuronal representatives of this K(+) channel family (K(2P) or KCNK) are TASK and TREK. Here, we show that in cerebellar granule cells and in heterologous expression systems, activation of group I mGluRs inhibits TASK and TREK channels. D-myo-inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate and phosphatidyl-4,5-inositol-biphosphate depletion are involved in TASK channel inhibition, whereas diacylglycerols and phosphatidic acids directly inhibit TREK channels. Mechanisms described here with group I mGluRs will also probably stand for many other receptors of hormones and neurotransmitters.     

Coordinate regulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors

Recent studies aimed at identifying the mechanisms that regulate the signaling of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) have revealed that both protein kinase and protein phosphatase activity are important in directly modulating mGluR function. The inter-relationship between phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of mGluRs seems to be an important determinant in regulating mGluR function and the subsequent neuromodulatory events elicited by activation of mGluRs.     

Characterization of a metabotropic glutamate receptor in the honeybee (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Apis mellifera</Emphasis>): implications for memory formation

G-protein-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptors (GPC mGluRs) are important constituents of glutamatergic synapses where they contribute to synaptic plasticity and development. Here we characterised a member of this family in the honeybee. We show that the honeybee genome encodes a genuine mGluR (AmGluRA) that is expressed at low to medium levels in both pupal and adult brains. Analysis of honeybee protein sequence places it within the type 3 GPCR family, which includes mGlu receptors, GABA-B receptors, calcium-sensing receptors, and pheromone receptors. Phylogenetic comparisons combined with pharmacological evaluation in HEK 293 cells transiently expressing AmGluRA show that the honeybee protein belongs to the group II mGluRs. With respect to learning and memory AmGluRA appears to be required for memory formation. Both agonists and antagonists selective against the group II mGluRs impair long-term (24 h) associative olfactory memory formation when applied 1 h before training, but have no effect when injected post-training or pre-testing. Our results strengthen the notion that glutamate is a key neurotransmitter in memory processes in the honeybee.     

The role of group II and III metabotropic glutamate receptors in modulation of miniature synaptic activity in frog spinal cord motoneurons

The results of present work demonstrate significant modulating effects mediated by group II and III mGluRs on miniature postsynaptic potentials (mPSP) of the frog spinal motoneurons. The mode of group II and III mGluRs ligands influences, i. e. the changes in the mPSPs average frequency without significant changes in their average amplitude, suggests the presynaptic mechanism of modulation by the change in transmitter release. Selective antagonists of group II and III mGluRs (EGLU and MAP4) increased the average frequency of mPSPs by 52.8 +/- 30.2% (in 4 of 6 motoneurons) and by 54.7 +/- 23.7% (in all 7 motoneurons), respectively. Application of the group III mGluRs agonist LAP4 decreased the mPSPs frequency by 21.8 +/- 5.2% in 3 of 5 motoneurons. The efficiency of the antagonist usage and comparative low efficiency of the agonist suggest that presynaptic mGluRs at motoneuronal synapses under normal condition possess some level of tonic activity. The lack of group II mGluR antagonist effect on some motoneurons appears to be explained by specific localization of the group II mGluRs in preterminal area which is distant from the transmitter release site. The hetero-receptor modulation of pharmacologically isolated inhibitory miniature activity and its glycine- and GABAergic fractions by group III mGluRs was investigated. MAP4 application has been shown to increase the glycine-mediated mlPSPs frequency more than GABA-mediated mlPSPs frequency: in average by 97.6 +/- 20.7% (n = 7) and 54.6 +/- 20.8% (n = 5), respectively. This difference may be due to the segregation of the postsynaptic glycine- and GABA-receptors. The preliminary examination of the convergence of the presynaptic mGluRs and metabotropic GABA(B) receptors influences on GABA-mediated IPSPs was undertaken. It has been shown that presynaptic GABA(B) receptors are tonically active under normal condition. Under condition of GABA(B) receptor blockage by phaclofen, the application of group III mGluR agonist L-AP4 elicited typical effect which was completely taken off by subsequent application of the group III mGluRs antagonist MAP4. This result is in accordance with the assumption that the effects mediated by GABA(B) receptors and mGluRs are independent.     

Glutamate,Glutamate Receptors,and Downstream Signaling Pathways

Glutamate is a nonessential amino acid, a major bioenergetic substrate for proliferating normal and neoplastic cells, and an excitatory neurotransmitter that is actively involved in biosynthetic, bioenergetic, metabolic, and oncogenic signaling pathways. Glutamate signaling activates a family of receptors consisting of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs), both of which have been implicated in chronic disabling brain disorders such as Schizophrenia and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer''s, Parkinson''s, and multiple sclerosis. In this review, we discuss the structural and functional relationship of mGluRs and iGluRs and their downstream signaling pathways. The three groups of mGluRs, the associated second messenger systems, and subsequent activation of PI3K/Akt, MAPK, NFkB, PLC, and Ca/CaM signaling systems will be discussed in detail. The current state of human mGluR1a as one of the most important isoforms of Group I-mGluRs will be highlighted. The lack of studies on the human orthologues of mGluRs family will be outlined. We conclude that upon further study, human glutamate-initiated signaling pathways may provide novel therapeutic opportunities for a variety of non-malignant and malignant human diseases.     

Ca2+-dependent binding of calcium-binding protein 1 to presynaptic group III metabotropic glutamate receptors and blockage by phosphorylation of the receptors

Presynaptic group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and Ca(2+) channels are the main neuronal activity-dependent regulators of synaptic vesicle release, and they use common molecules in their signaling cascades. Among these, calmodulin (CaM) and the related EF-hand Ca(2+)-binding proteins are of particular importance as sensors of presynaptic Ca(2+), and a multiple of them are indeed utilized in the signaling of Ca(2+) channels. However, despite its conserved structure, CaM is the only known EF-hand Ca(2+)-binding protein for signaling by presynaptic group III mGluRs. Because the mGluRs and Ca(2+) channels reciprocally regulate each other and functionally converge on the regulation of synaptic vesicle release, the mGluRs would be expected to utilize more EF-hand Ca(2+)-binding proteins in their signaling. Here I show that calcium-binding protein 1 (CaBP1) bound to presynaptic group III mGluRs competitively with CaM in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner and that this binding was blocked by protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated phosphorylation of these receptors. As previously shown for CaM, these results indicate the importance of CaBP1 in signal cross talk at presynaptic group III mGluRs, which includes many molecules such as cAMP, Ca(2+), PKC, G protein, and Munc18-1. However, because the functional diversity of EF-hand calcium-binding proteins is extraordinary, as exemplified by the regulation of Ca(2+) channels, CaBP1 would provide a distinct way by which presynaptic group III mGluRs fine-tune synaptic transmission.     

代谢型谷氨酸受体在突触可塑性中的作用

突触可塑性是近几年神经科学研究的热点之一,因为它对于理解神经系统的学习、学习和记忆、多咱神经疾病等许多过程有着重要的意义。除了离子型谷氨酸受体外,代谢型谷氨酸受体也参与了一些脑区中不同形式的突触可塑性变化。本文就代谢型谷氨酸受体选择性激动剂和拮抗剂对长时程增强和长时程抑制的作用进行了综述,以助于人们进一步理解突触可塑性的细胞和分子机制。     

Role of group-II and -III metabotropic glutamate receptors in the modulation of miniature synaptic activity in frog spinal-cord motoneurons

Results of the present work demonstrate the pronounced modulating effects mediated by group-II and-III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) on miniature postsynaptic potentials (mPSPs) of frog spinal motoneurons. The character of the effects of the group-II and-III mGluRs ligands, i.e., changes in the mPSPs frequency and the absence of significant changes in their amplitude, indicates the presynaptic mechanism of the modulation due to a change of the process of transmitter release. The application of ethylglutamate (EGLU) and methylaminophosphobutyrate (MAP4), which are selective antagonists of group-II and-III mGluRs, increased frequency of mPSPs by an average of 52.8 ± 30.2% (in four out of six motoneurons) and by 54.7 ± 23.7% (in all 7 motoneurons), respectively. The application of group-III mGluRs agonist L-aminophosphobutyrate (L-AP4) decreased the mPSP frequency by 21.8 ± 5.2% in three out of five motoneurons. The efficiency of the use of an antagonist and the comparatively low efficiency of the agonist suggest that presynaptic mGluRs are tonically activated during motoneuronal synapses. The absence of a group-II mGluR antagonist effect in some motoneurons appears to be explained by the specific localization of group-II mGluRs in the preterminal area distant from the transmitter release site. The modulation of pharmacologically isolated inhibitory miniature activity and its glycine and GABAergic fractions due to the group-III mGluRs-mediated heteroreceptor was investigated. The MAP4 application was shown to increase the glycine-mediated mIPSPs frequency to a greater degree than the GABA-mediated mIPSPs frequency, as their modulations were equal to an average of 97.6 ± 20.7% (n = 7) and 54.6 ± 20.8% (n = 5), respectively. This difference might possibly be due to the segregation of the postsynaptic glycine and GABA_A receptors. The study of the convergence of the modulating effects of the presynaptic mGluRs and metabotropic GABA_B receptors has shown that, under the condition of the blockage of the tonically active GABA_B receptor by phaclofen, the application of the group-III mGluR agonist L-AP4 produces the typical effect, which was completely eliminated by subsequent application of the group-III mGluRs antagonist MAP4. This result agrees with the point of view regarding the independence of effects mediated by GABA_B receptors and group-III mGluRse.