Rediscovery of Ardisia gigantifolia and the reinstatement of A. kteniophylla (Primulaceae) – finding the correct name for the Chinese medicinal plant ’Zou Ma Tai’

With the rediscovery of Ardisia gigantifolia, the long‐standing confusion with A. pseudoverticillata, A. kteniophylla and A. dasyrhizomatica owing to the misinterpretation of the type of A. gigantifolia is clarified. It is shown that A. dasyrhizomatica is a later synonym of A. gigantifolia, while A. kteniophylla and A. pseudoverticillata are conspecific and represent another species for which A. kteniophylla is the earliest name available. Ardisia kteniophylla is the correct scientific name for the Chinese medicinal plant ’Zou Ma Tai’.     

Acht neue Arten der GattungAnthemis (Compositae) aus Persien

The following species are described as new:Anthemis mazandaranica in N. and NW. Iran is allied toA. coelopoda; A. moghanica in NW. Iran is close toA. candidissima andA. sintenisii; A. atropatana also in NW. Iran is similar toA. hyalina; A. gracilis in W. Iran is close toA. plebeia; A. bushehrica in SW. Iran is similar toA. susiana; andA. rhodocentra in S. and E. Iran and in Pakistan is akin toA. austro-iranica, A. gayana, andA. kandaharica.

Anschrift des Herausgebers: Hofrat Univ.-Prof. Dr.Karl Heinz Rechinger, Beckgasse 22, A-1130 Wien, Österreich.     

A revised synopsis of the genus Atractomorpha Saussure, 1862 (Orthoptera:Pyrgomorphidae), with an account of the African aberrans - group

Recent work has shown that the preliminary revision of Atractomorpha by Banerjee & Kevan (1960), while basically not altogether unsatisfactory, is in need of considerable modification. The most important changes made include the recognition, as good species, of a number of taxa previously relegated to synonymy or to subspecific status. Two previously undescribed species have been discovered in the African a&errans-group, and two new subspecies are erected. The conclusions are largely based upon a study of the phallic structures, which had not previously been deemed satisfactory in providing diagnostic characters. The variability of these structures in the various species is illustrated, including that due to immaturity in two of them. The concealed female copulatory structures are also figured. A new key to species and subspecies (as well as an abridged key) is presented. New species are:A. occidentalis and A. orientalis. New subspecies are:A. sinensis montana and A. psittacina affinis. Species resurrected from synonymy are:A. rufopunctata Bolivar, A. himalayica Bolivar, A. angusta Karsch, and A. similis Bolivar, of which A. australiana Bolivar proves to be a synonym, and not a subspecies of A. crenaticeps (Blanchard). The other species re-elevated from subspecific rank is A. rhodoptera Karsch. Further changes in synonymy are as follows:A. lanceolata Bolivar is a synonym of A. burri Bolivar and not of A. rhodoptera; A. dentifrons Bolivar is a synonym of A. similis and not of A. crenaticeps; A. brevicornis (Thunberg) is removed from partial synonymy with A. lata (Motschoulsky). A. blanchardi Bolivar is not synonymous with A. crenulata (Fabricius) but is conspecific with A. acutipennis (Guérin-Méneville) and is here tentatively recognized as a widely distributed south-west Asiatic subspecies (in place of A. brevis Uvarov, which, as now understood, is restricted to south-west Arabia). A. crenulata apparently has a more restricted distribution than previously thought, being largely replaced or complemented by A, angusta, except in India and Ceylon. Neotypes are designated for A. acutipennis blanchardi and for Truxalis oceanicus Montrouzier (=A. crenaticeps). Information regarding the type specimens of all nominal species of Atractomorpha except A. nipponica Steinmann is given, and lectotype designations are made wherever necessary. Photographs of almost all primary types, except that of A. nipponica, that have not previously been so illustrated are present. This last species may be a synonym of A. rufopunctata.     

A Taxonomic Study of the Genus Agathidium Panzer (Coleoptera: Leiodidae) from Korea, Part II. Subgenus Agathidium

A taxonomic study of the subgenus Agathidium of the genus Agathidium Panzer in Korea is presented. Four species [Agathidium (Agathidium) coreanum Angelini, A. (A.) crassicorne Portevin, A. (A.) merkli Angelini, and A. (A.) oblongum Angelini] are recognized. Agathidium (A.) mequignoni Roubal recorded by Angelini is misidentification of A. (A.) crassicorne Portevin. Spermatheca of A. (A.) merkli is illustrated for the first time. A key to the species, diagnoses and illustrations of diagnostic characters are provided.     

Two new species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anthobothrium</Emphasis> van Beneden, 1850 (Tetraphyllidea: Phyllobothriidae) from carcharhinid sharks,with a redescription of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anthobothrium laciniatum</Emphasis> Linton, 1890

Anthobothrium laciniatum Linton, 1890 is redescribed based on specimens taken from the dusky shark Carcharhinus obscurus (Lesueur) collected from the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, and a neotype is designated. A. laciniatum differs from A. cornucopia van Beneden, 1850, A. altavelae Euzet & Ben Hassine, 2002, A. lesteri Williams, Burt & Caira, 2004 and A. spinosum Subhapradha, 1955 in total length. It further differs from A. cornucopia, A. altavelae and A. spinosum in proglottid number, and differs from A. galeorhini Suriano, 2002, A. cornucopia, and A. spinosum in testis number. A. lyndoni n. sp. is described from the sandbar shark C. plumbeus (Nardo). This new species differs from A. laciniatum in ovarian width and from A. cornucopia, A. altavelae, A. galeorhini and A. spinosum in the total number of proglottids. It further differs from A. cornucopia, A. galeorhini, and A. spinosum in total length, and from A. cornucopia and A. galeorhini in the number of testes. A. lyndoni n. sp. differs from A. lesteri in bothridial muscle and ovarian morphology. Anthobothrium caseyi n. sp. is described from Prionace glauca (Linnaeus). This new species differs conspicuously from the other six species of Anthobothrium van Beneden, 1850 (sensu stricto) in the shape of its proglottid laciniations. The taxonomic status of 43 species that have been associated with Anthobothrium is addressed. Taxonomic actions regarding Anthobothrium during the past century have resulted in a polyphyletic taxon.     

Alchemilla (Rosaceae) in the Massif Central (France). Introduction and one new Species Alchemilla reflexa sp. nov

A new species of Alchemilla L. (Rosaceae), A. reflexa Frost‐Ols., is described and illustrated. A. reflexa is characterized by deflexed indumentum on petioles and stems, orbicular leaves with imbricate basal lobes and crimson‐magenta coloured basal stipules. It is distributed in the Massif Central, France, where it is widespread, and in northeastern Pyrenees (déps. Ariège and Aude). A. reflexa is compared with two species previously recorded from the Massif Central with doubt, A. exigua Buser and A. strigosula Buser and with A. filicaulis Buser that can be misidentified as A. reflexa in the field. An introduction to past treatments of Alchemilla in the Massif Central is provided as well as a discussion of some morphological elements used for delimiting Alchemilla taxa.     

CHROMOSOME NUMBERS OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF ANTENNARIA GAERTNER (ASTERACEAE: INULEAE)

Chromosome numbers are presented for 99 populations of 13 species of Antennaria, including A. plantaginifolia, A. neglecta, A. virginica, A. solitaria, A. racemosa, A. corymbosa. A. rosea, A. media, A. Parlinii, A. fallax, A. neodioica, A. canadensis, and A. petaloidea. Four species from the eastern United States (A. plantaginifolia, A. neglecta, A. solitaria, and A. virginica) were determined as diploid (n = 14), and these are all sexual. Diploid counts were also obtained for two sexual species (A. racemosa and A. corymbosa) from the western United States. Chromosome counts are presented for two heteroploid agamic complexes occurring in the eastern United States; these include what have traditionally been referred to as A. Parlinii, A. fallax, A. neodioica, A. canadensis, and A. petaloidea. Determinations of 2n = 56, 70, 84, and 112 were obtained for the A. Parlinii and A. fallax groups, where 2n = 84 had been the only number previously reported. Numbers of 2n = 84 were confirmed for A. petaloidea and A. canadensis and 2n = 56 for A. neodioica. The western United States polyploid species (A. rosea and A. media) are reported as 2n = 56. The presence of apomixis is correlated with polyploidy. The distribution of chromosome numbers in eastern United States Antennaria demonstrates that two diploids and many polyploids occur above the glacial margin, and thus there is an increase in the frequency of polyploidy with latitude. Colonization of the glaciated region by Antennaria following the recession of the Wisconsin ice sheet is also discussed. Many of the polyploids occur only in the glaciated region, thus suggesting a recent origin for these cytotypes. There is evidence indicating that the original base number in Antennaria may be x = 7.     

GYNOGENETIC REPRODUCTION IN HYBRID MOLE SALAMANDERS (GENUS AMBYSTOMA)

Ambystoma platineum, a unisexual clonal triploid taxon of mole salamander, originated by hybridization between the Mendelian species A. jeffersonianum and A. laterale. Studies of lampbrush chromosomes indicated that A. platineum reproduces gynogenetically, that is, sperm from a sexual host species is required to activate egg development but makes no genetic contribution to the developing embryo. Nevertheless, electrophoretic diversity in populations of some hybrid Ambystoma suggested continual in situ recreation of unisexual hybrids and bidirectional gene exchange between the parental species and the hybrids. A. platineum usually lives with, and is sexually dependent on, one of its parental species, A. jeffersonianum. In central Indiana, however, A. platineum populations have shifted their host dependency to A. texanum. Such A. texanum-dependent populations of A. platineum provide an almost ideal system for studying reproductive mode in A. platineum, because both replacement of a jeffersonianum or laterale genome of A. platineum by a texanum genome, and movement of genes from A. platineum to the host species, A. texanum, would be readily detected by electrophoretic markers. Our samples of A. texanum provided no evidence for the transfer of jeffersonianum or laterale genes into A. texanum. Similarly, among 32 A. platineum sampled from six localities in east-central Illinois and central Indiana, we find no texanum alleles, and thus no evidence for genome replacement. The one diploid hybrid individual contained only a jeffersonianum and a laterale genome; because of the absence of either parental species from these populations, this hybrid could only have come from a diploid ovum produced by A. platineum. Both morphometric and electrophoretic results for the two tetraploid individuals indicate that they resulted from fertilization of triploid oocytes of A. platineum by sperm of A. texanum. Because genome replacement in A. texanum-dependent populations of A. platineum is irreversible, the persistence of A. platineum in A. texanum-dependent populations demonstrates conclusively that the major mode of reproduction in A. platineum populations is clonal: A. platineum produces mainly triploid eggs that develop gynogenetically.     

中国绮夜蛾属Acontia Ochsenheimer分类学修订（鳞翅目：夜蛾科：绮夜蛾亚科）

首次报道尺蛾科泽尺蛾属Zamarada Moore, 1887和超泽尺蛾Z. excisa Hampson, 1891在我国分布,给出了形态描述和特征图。     

The adults of the Australian Megaloptera 1

A key to the supraspecific taxa of the Australian Megaloptera, as recognized in this paper, is presented. Identification of species and subspecies is possible by comparison with illustrations of genitalia which are presented for all known forms. Their geographical ranges are quoted. Species status is proposed for phaeoscius Riek and polypastus Riek, both originally described as subspecies of Archichauliodes guttiferus (Walker). A new subgenus of Archichauliodes, Apochauliodes is erected. Stenosialis Tillyard is re‐instated. The adults of the following new taxa are described: Archichauliodes cervulus, A. collifer, A. conversus, A. cuspidatus, A. isolatus, A. lewis, A. neoguttiferus. A. pictus, A. piscator, A. rieki, A. simpsoni, A. uncinatus, Protochauliodes biconicus incertus, P. b. tooloomensis, P. kirramae, Austrosialis maxmouldsi, Stenosialis hollowayi. Also presented is the hitherto undescribed female of Archichauliodes phaeoscius Riek. Austrochauliodes Riek is regarded a junior synonym of Protochauliodes Weele. Archichauliodes australica Kimmins is synonymized with Archichauliodes anagaurus Riek. Five species groups are defined and proposed for the subdivision of Archichauliodes s. str.     

Notes on the genus Agnetina (= Phasganophora) (Plecoptera: Perlidae)

Genus Agnetina Klapálek, 1907 is removed from synonymy with Dinocras Klapálek, 1907 and synonymy between Agnetina and Phasganophora Klapálek, 1914 is established. A list of presently recognised nominal species of Agnetina is provided. For all west palaearctic species, i.e., A. elegantula (Klapálek), A. senilis Klapálek, A. werneri (Kempny), comb, n., lectotypes are designated. Distinctive characters of these three species are described, external male genitalia and eggs are illustrated. Asian A. brevipennis (Navás), comb, n., is briefly compared. A. dubia nom. n. is proposed to replace A. brevipennis Klapálek, 1921 (not Navás, 1912), a doubtful Asian species. A. pedata (Koponen, 1949) and A. undaata (Klapálek, 1921) are considered possible synonyms of A. senilis. which is for the first time recorded from Central Asia (Baikal area).     

An aureobasidin A resistance gene isolated from Aspergillus is a homolog of yeast AUR1, a gene responsible for inositol phosphorylceramide (IPC) synthase activity

The AUR1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mutations in which confer resistance to the antibiotic aureobasidin A, is necessary for inositol phosphorylceramide (IPC) synthase activity. We report the molecular cloning and characterization of the Aspergillus nidulans aurA gene, which is homologous to AUR1. A single point mutation in the aurA gene of A. nidulans confers a high level of resistance to aureobasidin A. The A. nidulans aurA gene was used to identify its homologs in other Aspergillus species, including A. fumigatus, A. niger, and A. oryzae. The deduced amino acid sequence of an aurA homolog from the pathogenic fungus A. fumigatus showed 87% identity to that of A. nidulans. The AurA proteins of A. nidulans and A. fumigatus shared common characteristics in primary structure, including sequence, hydropathy profile, and N-glycosylation sites, with their S. cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and Candida albicans counterparts. These results suggest that the aureobasidin resistance gene is conserved evolutionarily in various fungi. Received: 27 August 1998 / Accepted: 19 November 1998     

Taxonomic implications of genome size and pollen colour and vitality for species of Agapanthus L’Héritier (Agapanthaceae)

Nuclear DNA content (2C) and pollen vitality and colour are used as new criteria to investigate all species of the genus Agapanthus LHéritier. The species have the same chromosome number (2n=2x=30), with exception of four triploid plants found. The nuclear DNA content of the diploids, as measured by flow cytometry with propidium iodide, is demonstrated to range from 22.1–31.6 pg. This implies that the largest genome contains roughly 10¹⁰ more base pairs than the smallest. The species could be divided in two groups based on pollen colour and DNA content: a group with lilac pollen and a DNA content between 22.3 and 24.1 pg containing the species A. campanulatus Leighton, A. caulescens Sprenger and the rarer A. coddii Leighton, and a group with yellow/brownish pollen and a DNA content from 25.2–31.6 pg containing the species A. praecox Willd., A. inapertus Beauv. and A. africanus (L.) Hoffmanns. Four other taxa, recognized by Leighton (1965) are treated as follows: A. comptonii Leighton, has a nuclear DNA content similar to A. praecox and is considered to be a synonym of A. praecox subsp. minimus Leighton. A. walshii L. Bol., has with 31.6 pg the same high amount of DNA as A. africanus from the same area and is therefore renamed as a subspecies (A. africanus subsp. walshii (Leighton) Zonn. & Duncan comb. nov.). The nuclear DNA amounts of A. dyeri Leighton, including the geographically isolated plants from Mozambique, are shown to be identical to A. inapertus. Therefore A. dyeri is considered synonymous with A. inapertus subsp. intermedius Leighton. A. nutans Leighton is identical in DNA content to A. caulescens and is considered to be synonymous with that species. Concluding there are six species: A. campanulatus Leighton, A. caulescens Sprenger, A. coddii Leighton, A. praecox Willd., A. inapertus Beauv. and A. africanus (L.) Hoffmanns. Nuclear DNA content as measured by flow cytometry and pollen colour are shown to be relevant traits to throw light on the relationships between Agapanthus species.     

The type species of Apiognomonia, A. veneta, with its Discula anamorph is distinct from A. errabunda

Species of Apiognomonia with their Discula anamorphic states in the Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, are known throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere and cause diseases such as sycamore or plane tree anthracnose. The genus Apiognomonia was described based on A. veneta as the type species; however, there has been disagreement about whether or not A. veneta is a synonym of A. errabunda. Using morphological, ecological, and DNA sequence data we conclude that A. errabunda and A. veneta are different species, although very closely related; thus, A. veneta is the correct name for the type species of Apiognomonia. This conclusion is based on a combined analysis of sequences from the ITS regions of nuclear rDNA for 51 isolates from host plants of eight genera and intron regions from actin, calmodulin and translation elongation factor 1-alpha for over 25 isolates. The type species of the genus Discula is D. nervisequa, the earliest available epithet for D. platani, the lectotype of Discula. D. nervisequa is the anamorph of A. veneta. Based on an examination of the type specimen, we determined that the commonly used name for the anamorph of A. errabunda, D. umbrinella, refers to another species. A. veneta and A. errabunda including their anamorphs are described and illustrated. An account of all synonyms and excluded synonyms is presented.     

A Bryophyte flora of Cornwall. II. Sphagna

Abstract

The taxonomy of Anomobryum julaceum and allied species with axillary bulbils in Europe and Asia is reviewed. A. concinnatum is regarded as a distinct species, occurring in W. and C. Europe, SW., N. and C. Asia and N. America. A. bavaricum has often been confused with A. concinnatum, but differs in its more numerous, small, reddish bulbils and in leaf shape; it is known only from the European Alps. The Asian A. nitidum also has numerous small reddish bulbils but it differs from A. bavaricum in leaf shape and bulbil form. A lectotype is designated for A. nitidum, of which A. gemmigerum and other nominal taxa are regarded as synonyms. Information is presented on geographical ranges and habitats of the four valid species.     

About the application of the Linnaean names Anthemis italica and A. tinctoria var. triumfettii (Asteraceae,Anthemidae)

The typification of the Linnaean names Anthemis italica and A. tinctoria var. triumfettii is discussed. Specimens from LINN (no. 1016.4) and SBT (no. 72) are designated as lectotypes. The name A. italica is proposed as a synonym of A. maritima, while A. tinctoria var. triumfettii is currently accepted under the genus Cota, as C. triumfettii.     

涪陵银莲花(毛茛科)的名实订正

通过标本检查,发现毛茛科涪陵银莲花(Anemone fulingensis W. T. Wang & Z. Y. Liu)与川西银莲花(A. prattii Huth ex Ulbr.)属于同一种植物,故将前者处理为后者的异名。揭示川西银莲花的花粉具6~10 带沟。澄清了川西银莲花的地理分布,讨论了与其近缘种滇川银莲花(A. delavayi Franch.)的形态区别。     

Aspergillus nomius,a new aflatoxin-producing species related to Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus tamarii

Aspergillus nomius is described and represents a new aflatoxigenic species phenotypically similar to A. flavus. Strains examined were isolated from insects and agricultural commodities. Separation from A. flavus is based on the presence of indeterminate sclerotia and a lower growth temperature. Comparisons of DNA relatedness show A. nomius to have only relatively recently evolved from A. flavus and A. tamarii.