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对特异核苷酸序列的高选择性检测在生物医学研究和临床检测中日趋重要. 纳米金特殊的光学性质、电学性质、化学性质、以及良好的生物相容性,使之成为检测生物大分子的首选工具.本文介绍了几种典型的基因突变检测及单核苷酸多态性(SNP)分析系统:基因芯片、生物传感器和光学检测系统.综述了多种颇有新意的检测方法和原理,详细阐明了它们的检测机制和研究进展,分析并比较了纳米金不同的作用方式,为纳米金在突变检测上的进一步研究提供了一定思路和参考. 相似文献
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目的研究SNP在近交系大鼠遗传检测中的应用。方法 选取大鼠20号染色体MHC所在P12区上的9个SNP位点,应用新建立的高保真酶特异性检测SNP基因分型技术对五种常用近交系大鼠(BN、F344、WKY、LEW、SHR)和两种新培育近交系大鼠(MIJ和HFJ)进行SNP多态性分析。结果五种常用近交系的SNP检测结果与Rat Genome Database网站提供的基因型数据一致,并检测确立了新品系的SNP基因型。同时绘制出七种近交系大鼠在该9个SNP位点的遗传扩增图谱。结论运用所筛选的9个SNP位点进行大鼠多态性分析,能够快速、可靠地对BN、F344、WKY、LEW、SHR及MIJ、HFJ进行遗传监测。 相似文献
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基于贝叶斯网潜类模型的高维SNPs分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用贝叶斯(Bayesian)网的潜类模型对GAW17高维SNPs数据进行分析,为复杂性状疾病遗传以及基因定位等方面的研究提供新的方法支持。本研究从GAW17提供的包含697个个体22条常染色体的上万个SNP中,随机挑选出1号染色体上12个基因的29个SNPs作为研究对象。按照累计信息贡献率达到95%的原则,应用贝叶斯网潜变量模型选出C1S11408,C1S3201,C1S1786等15个与X0互信息量大的SNPs位点来对研究人群进行分类与解释。结果表明697个个体总的被分为2个潜在类别,各类别的概率分别为0.68和0.32。对两类人群的疾病分布状况进行分析,结果表明二者不一致,第二个类别人群患病率(38.64%)明显高于第一个类别人群(25.99%)(χ2=11.46,P=0.001)。由此可见,两类人群疾病患病率的差别正是由选出的15个SNPs造成的,从而有理由认为这些SNPs为可疑致病位点,为进一步的研究提供明确的思路。 相似文献
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单核苷酸多态性(Single Nucleotide Polymorphism,SNP)是人类基因组中最常见的遗传多态,在遗传学研究的很多方面具有重要的作用。它的搜寻正受到广泛关注。近年来,国际上出现了一种基于生物信息学的发掘SNP新方法。本文对该方法的两种策略及其各自所存在的问题作一介绍。Abstract:Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP), the most common form of human genetic variation, represents a valuable resources for a variety of genetic research. There is considerable interest in the discovery of it. Recently, a new method based on bioinfomatics has been developed for the discovery of SNP. In this paper, the two strategy of this method and their respective problem are discussed. 相似文献
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连帅彬郭东亮戴宪华 《现代生物医学进展》2012,12(18):3577-3580
在人类基因组中结构变异(SVs),拷贝数变化(CNVs),单核苷酸多态性(SNP)是非常普遍的,而且和人类健康与疾病密切相关,因此检测这些结构变异对于人类生命健康非常重要。基于第二代基因测序平台,目前已经有很多结构变异检测算法,这些算法主要分为五大类:微阵列方法、读对方法、读深方法、分裂读取方法、序列组装方法。本文系统地阐述了这五类方法的基本原理、优缺点以及使用范围,并简要介绍了每一种方法的经典检测算法及应用范围、检测性能等,并对未来检测算法的研究提出了展望。 相似文献
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利用Illumina HiSeqTM2000对山地虎耳草和棒腺虎耳草进行转录组测序,分析和比较其SSR和SNP特征。结果表明:山地虎耳草63 763条Unigene序列中含有4 622个SSR,发生频率为7.25%,有110种重复基元,平均每10.00kb出现一个SSR位点;棒腺虎耳草60 972条Unigene序列中含有4 542个SSR,发生频率为7.45%,有85种重复基元,平均每10.40kb出现一个SSR位点,略低于山地虎耳草。山地虎耳草和棒腺虎耳草转录组序列的SSR优势基元均为三核苷酸重复。2个物种的转录组SSR以5~10次的较低重复次数为主,长度主要集中于12~30bp,具有较高的多态性。山地虎耳草和棒腺虎耳草中分别获得118 424个和112 006个SNP位点,编码区的SNP位点分别占30.40%和28.59%,且在编码SNP中同义突变所占比例(30.27%、28.48%)远高于非同义突变(0.13%、0.11%)。比较发现,2个物种的各项检索结果基本一致,推测与选取的组织部位、组织的发育阶段以及物种的亲缘关系有关。 相似文献
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四引物扩增受阻突变体系PCR(Tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system PCR,Tetra-primer ARMS PCR)技术是一种在普通PCR基础上发展起来的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)分型技术。该项技术综合了扩增受阻突变体系(Amplification refractory mutation system,ARMS)和四引物PCR(tetra-primer PCR)技术的优点,是对等位基因特异性PCR法的改良。它具有操作简便、分型快速、费用低廉等特点,在国内外生命科学领域尤其是遗传育种领域的应用越来越广泛。本文介绍了四引物扩增受阻突变体系PCR的技术原理及优势、结果检测手段和反应体系改进方法,并在此基础上对该技术在遗传育种研究中的应用进行综述。 相似文献
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基于R的结构方程模型在生态学中的应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
结构方程模型已经成为当前生态数据分析的主要方法之一。与其他多变量统计方法不同,结构方程模型的建模过程由理论假设驱动,且可以同时量化多个变量间的直接和间接因果关系。然而,由于结构方程模型引入国内生态学领域的时间相对较短,研究者经常在实际应用中遇到各种问题,各种使用错误也屡见不鲜。对此,本文系统阐述了结构方程模型的建模原理、建模流程、模型评价、模型修正等方面内容,并且结合具体研究案例介绍了结构方程模型分析的两个主流R包—lavaan和piecewiseSEM。其中,lavaan可以分析纳入了潜变量的结构方程模型,piecewiseSEM则可以解决各观测数据不独立以及响应变量残差不满足多元正态分布等问题。本文将有助于研究者准确理解结构方程模型并能扩大其在生态学中的应用。 相似文献
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为研究沱江浮游生物群落结构的时空特征,并探讨影响其形成的环境因子,于2013年对沱江10个采样断面按季节进行采样分析。研究期间共检出浮游甲壳动物13种,以中小型枝角类和剑水蚤为主; 尽管桡足类密度与枝角类接近,但由于体型原因桡足类生物量始终占据优势地位。检出浮游植物7门95种,优势属7个,全年均以硅藻为主。两类生物在上游资阳市区的断面中总生物量最高,中游农村断面最低; 其生物量季节变化也趋于一致,均在丰水季节8月取得最高值,枯水季节2月最低。与历史数据相比,呈现出浮游植物增多,浮游甲壳动物减少的趋势。根据结构方程模型(SEM)和冗余分析(RDA)的结果,浮游甲壳动物生物量在浮游植物生物量和溶氧高的环境中较大,桡足类对溶氧的要求比中小型枝角类高。浮游植物对高温、高营养和高pH较偏好,尤其是一些优势属。尽管受浮游植物生物量影响,浮游动物对浮游植物的控制力却极弱。在流速缓慢且污染较严重的城市江段浮游植物密度已高达2.7107 cells/L,浮游动物尽管能选择性地以部分浮游植物为食,对其控制力却极弱,如不加强污染控制,沱江可能有暴发水华的危险。 相似文献
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定量分析滨海湿地近岸海域水质环境与浮游动物群落结构之间的关系对揭示海水水质环境健康状态具有重要意义。2019年12月在鸭绿江口湿地国家级自然保护区近岸海域开展了浮游动物和水环境因子调查,运用冗余分析和结构方程模型等方法探讨了水质环境对冬季浮游动物群落结构的影响。研究区共鉴定出浮游动物14种以及浮游幼虫5大类,桡足类最多占比52.63%;保护区不同功能分区间浮游动物群落结构总体差异不大,多样性指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数平均值分别为1.34、0.51和0.59;浮游动物的种群分布与海水化学需氧量、溶解性无机氮、浮游植物群落多样性指数和铜元素含量关系显著;结构方程模型模拟结果表明,海水富营养化水平对浮游动物丰富度的效应系数为-0.26,具有显著的直接影响(P=0.01),重金属污染水平通过影响浮游植物丰富度(效应系数为-0.41,P<0.001)间接对浮游动物丰富度产生作用(间接效应系数为-0.2)。研究结果将有助于深化对海水环境和浮游动物群落结构协同演变过程的认识,为滨海湿地近岸海洋生态系统科学管理提供理论支撑。 相似文献
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Generalized spatial structural equation models 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
It is common in public health research to have high-dimensional, multivariate, spatially referenced data representing summaries of geographic regions. Often, it is desirable to examine relationships among these variables both within and across regions. An existing modeling technique called spatial factor analysis has been used and assumes that a common spatial factor underlies all the variables and causes them to be related to one another. An extension of this technique considers that there may be more than one underlying factor, and that relationships among the underlying latent variables are of primary interest. However, due to the complicated nature of the covariance structure of this type of data, existing methods are not satisfactory. We thus propose a generalized spatial structural equation model. In the first level of the model, we assume that the observed variables are related to particular underlying factors. In the second level of the model, we use the structural equation method to model the relationship among the underlying factors and use parametric spatial distributions on the covariance structure of the underlying factors. We apply the model to county-level cancer mortality and census summary data for Minnesota, including socioeconomic status and access to public utilities. 相似文献
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Hélène Jacqmin-Gadda Cécile Proust-Lima Jeremy M.G. Taylor Daniel Commenges 《Biometrics》2010,66(1):11-19
Summary . Latent class models have been recently developed for the joint analysis of a longitudinal quantitative outcome and a time to event. These models assume that the population is divided in G latent classes characterized by different risk functions for the event, and different profiles of evolution for the markers that are described by a mixed model for each class. However, the key assumption of conditional independence between the marker and the event given the latent classes is difficult to evaluate because the latent classes are not observed. Using a joint model with latent classes and shared random effects, we propose a score test for the null hypothesis of independence between the marker and the outcome given the latent classes versus the alternative hypothesis that the risk of event depends on one or several random effects from the mixed model in addition to the latent classes. A simulation study was performed to compare the behavior of the score test to other previously proposed tests, including situations where the alternative hypothesis or the baseline risk function are misspecified. In all the investigated situations, the score test was the most powerful. The methodology was applied to develop a prognostic model for recurrence of prostate cancer given the evolution of prostate-specific antigen in a cohort of patients treated by radiation therapy. 相似文献
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The diagnosis/prognosis problem has already been introduced by the authors in previous papers as a classification problem for survival data. In this paper, the specific aspects of the estimation of the survival functions in diagnostic classes and the evaluation of the posterior probabilities of the diagnostic classes are addressed; a latent random variable Z is defined to denote the classification of censored and uncensored individuals, where early censored individuals cannot be immediately classified as Z is not observed. Parameter estimation of the mixture survival model thus derived is carried out using a proper version of the EM algorithm with given prior probabilities on Z and diagnostic/prognostic information provided by the observable covariates is also included into the model. Numerical examples using AIDS data and a simulation study are used to better outline the main features of the model and of the estimation methodology. 相似文献
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太平湖浮游动物动态演替与环境因子的相关性研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
2012年11月至2014年10月, 对太平湖浮游动物群落进行了为期两年的调查研究。共鉴定出浮游动物45属89种, 其中轮虫 29属69种、枝角类5属7种、桡足类2属4种和原生动物9属9种; 优势种主要来自于轮虫异尾轮虫属(Trichocereca)和龟甲轮虫属(Keratella)。浮游动物的丰度值存在明显的季节变化, 表现为夏季最大, 平均达1326 ind./L, 秋季春季次之, 分别为608和605 ind./L, 冬季最小为216 ind./L; 垂直分布表现为春夏季太平湖表层浮游动物丰度最高, 中间层次之, 底层最小, 秋冬季则表现为中间层最高。浮游动物群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数中间层普遍高于表层和底层, Pielou均匀度指数表现为底层要高于表层和中间层, 季节变化表现为夏秋季显著高于冬春季的现象, 水质评价表明夏秋季水质好于春冬季。聚类和多维尺度分析表明: 太平湖浮游动物可分为夏秋季类群与春冬季类群, 两类群均表现为湖心与上下游区域群落结构差异较大, 其中春冬季类群差异较明显; 相关和逐步回归分析表明: 透明度和水温为太平湖浮游动物群落结构变化的主要环境影响因子; 依据结构方程模型(SEM)和冗余分析(RDA)的结果显示, 在溶解氧和水温较高的水环境中浮游动物丰度值表现为较大, 其中水温对轮虫的影响高于对枝角类和桡足类的影响。 相似文献
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Summary Randomized experiments are the gold standard for evaluating proposed treatments. The intent to treat estimand measures the effect of treatment assignment, but not the effect of treatment if subjects take treatments to which they are not assigned. The desire to estimate the efficacy of the treatment in this case has been the impetus for a substantial literature on compliance over the last 15 years. In papers dealing with this issue, it is typically assumed there are different types of subjects, for example, those who will follow treatment assignment (compliers), and those who will always take a particular treatment irrespective of treatment assignment. The estimands of primary interest are the complier proportion and the complier average treatment effect (CACE). To estimate CACE, researchers have used various methods, for example, instrumental variables and parametric mixture models, treating compliers as a single class. However, it is often unreasonable to believe all compliers will be affected. This article therefore treats compliers as a mixture of two types, those belonging to a zero‐effect class, others to an effect class. Second, in most experiments, some subjects drop out or simply do not report the value of the outcome variable, and the failure to take into account missing data can lead to biased estimates of treatment effects. Recent work on compliance in randomized experiments has addressed this issue by assuming missing data are missing at random or latently ignorable. We extend this work to the case where compliers are a mixture of types and also examine alternative types of nonignorable missing data assumptions. 相似文献