CAM variations in the leaf-succulent Delosperma tradescantioides (Mesembryanthemaceae), native to southern Africa

Drought responses of diurnal gas exchange, malic acid accumulation and water status were examined in Delosperma tradescantioides , a succulent that grows in drought-prone microenvironments in summer rainfall and all-year rainfall regions of southern Africa. When well-watered, this species exhibited Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)-cycling, but its carbon fixation pattern changed during the development of drought, shifting to either low-level CAM or to CAM-idling. The rate and pattern of this change depended on environmental conditions, duration of water stress and leaf age. At the onset of drought, diurnal malate fluctuation increased, but was strongly depressed (by ca 70%) as drought continued, and when leaf water content and water potential were low (ca 35 and 50% of the initial levels, respectively). When rewatered, rates of growth and photosynthesis, gas exchange and water status recovered fully to pre-stressed values within two days. Whole-shoot carbon uptake rates suggested that leaf growth had continued unabated during a short-term (≅ one week) drought. This emphasises that CAM-idling allows the maintenance of active metabolism with negligible gas exchange when soil water is limiting. It is possible that old or senescent leaves may provide water for the expansion of developing leaves during initial periods of drought. Regardless of the water regime and environmental conditions, leaf nocturnal malate accumulation and water content were positively correlated and increased with leaf age. Thus the gradual loss of water from older mature leaves may induce CAM-idling, which reduces water loss. An important ecological consequence of this combination of CAM modes is the potential to switch rapidly between fast growth via C₃ gas exchanges when well-watered to water-conserving CAM-idling during drought.     

CAM variations in the leaf-succulent Delosperma tradescantioides (Mesembryanthemaceae), native to southern Africa

Drought responses of diurnal gas exchange, malic acid accumulation and water status were examined in Delosperma tradescantioides , a succulent that grows in drought-prone microenvironments in summer rainfall and all-year rainfall regions of southern Africa. When well-watered, this species exhibited Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)-cycling, but its carbon fixation pattern changed during the development of drought, shifting to either low-level CAM or to CAM-idling. The rate and pattern of this change depended on environmental conditions, duration of water stress and leaf age. At the onset of drought, diurnal malate fluctuation increased, but was strongly depressed (by ca 70%) as drought continued, and when leaf water content and water potential were low (ca 35 and 50% of the initial levels, respectively). When rewatered, rates of growth and photosynthesis, gas exchange and water status recovered fully to pre-stressed values within two days. Whole-shoot carbon uptake rates suggested that leaf growth had continued unabated during a short-term (∼ one week) drought. This emphasises that CAM-idling allows the maintenance of active metabolism with negligible gas exchange when soil water is limiting. It is possible that old or senescent leaves may provide water for the expansion of developing leaves during initial periods of drought. Regardless of the water regime and environmental conditions, leaf nocturnal malate accumulation and water content were positively correlated and increased with leaf age. Thus the gradual loss of water from older mature leaves may induce CAM-idling, which reduces water loss. An important ecological consequence of this combination of CAM modes is the potential to switch rapidly between fast growth via C₃ gas exchanges when well-watered to water-conserving CAM-idling during drought.     

开花期土壤短期干旱和复水对大豆光合作用和产量的影响

以大豆(Glycine max)为材料, 研究开花期土壤水分变动对叶片光合生理以及产量形成的影响, 以期为大豆的节水栽培和水分高效利用提供理论依据。研究发现, 大豆叶片气孔导度(Gs)对土壤水分的匮缺更加敏感。干旱胁迫降低了叶片的净光合速率(Pn), 但复水后, 叶片水势和净光合速率等在实验过程中都可以得到迅速恢复, 并且蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度和胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)在复水后的第3 天与对照相比显著提高, 表现出一定的超补偿效应。研究发现, 在开花期即使短期的土壤干旱, 也会对大豆后期的生物量及其分配产生较大的影响, 开花期干旱和复水, 显著降低了大豆叶片和茎的生物量, 使根茎比提高16.7% (P<0.05), 收获指数增加26.3%(P<0.05)。     

辣椒开花结果期对干旱胁迫的形态与生理响应

在遮雨网室选用抗旱性较强的农城椒二号和抗旱性较弱的陕蔬2001,研究辣椒在轻度、中度和重度干旱胁迫下不同时间的生长、产量、渗透调节物质、保护酶活性的变化规律及其生理调节机制。结果表明:随干旱胁迫时间的延长,辣椒的株高、分枝数、叶面积、单位面积产量、叶绿素含量和叶片相对含水量的抗旱系数呈下降趋势,下降速率与干旱胁迫程度呈正相关,与品种的抗旱性呈负相关;脯氨酸、丙二醛含量和细胞膜透性相对值随干旱胁迫时间的延长呈上升趋势;POD、SOD、CAT活性和可溶性蛋白相对值随着干旱胁迫时间的延长先升高后下降,抗旱性强的材料增加幅度低于抗旱性弱的材料;可溶性糖含量的相对值在轻度和中度干旱胁迫下呈上升趋势,在重度干旱胁迫下呈上升—下降趋势,且抗旱性强的材料上升速度大于抗旱性弱的材料。相关分析表明,干旱胁迫下,产量与株高、分枝数、叶片叶绿素含量、叶面积、叶片相对含水量抗旱系数呈显著正相关;与细胞膜透性、CAT活性和可溶性蛋白含量抗旱系数呈显著负相关。主成分分析表明,用作辣椒抗旱性鉴定的主要指标是单株产量、株高、叶面积、分枝数、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、MDA、叶绿素含量和细胞膜透性及叶片相对含水量,叶片POD、SOD、CAT活性、脯氨酸含量可做为辣椒抗旱性鉴定的次要鉴选指标。     

短期干旱对水稻叶水势、光合作用及干物质分配的影响

采用盆栽水分试验,研究了不同生育期短期干旱处理对水稻叶水势、光合作用和干物质分配的影响．结果表明,干旱胁迫后,水稻叶水势低于对照,午后叶水势回升缓慢。凌晨叶水势随土壤含水量的降低而降低,表现为阈值反应。叶片净光合速率与凌晨叶水势密切相关,低于凌晨叶水势临界值,水稻叶片净光合速率急剧下降在水稻抽穗期和灌浆期叶片净光合速率显著下降的凌晨叶水势临界值为-1.04和-1．13MPa,对应的土壤含水量阈值分别为饱和含水量的61.0％和50．9％,土壤水势分别为-0．133和-0．240MPa干旱胁迫下单叶净光合速率的日变化规律表现为：胁迫较轻时,单叶净光合速率在正午附近出现低谷;胁迫严重时,净光合速率全天低于对照,且不及对照的一半。短期干旱后,水稻叶、根、穗的分配指数均降低,茎鞘的分配指数升高。本研究可为水稻节水灌溉管理和水分限制下水稻的生长模拟提供生理基础和理论依据。     

高羊茅叶片表皮蜡质含量与其抗旱性的关系

以14个高羊茅品种为试验材料,在田间试验中对干旱高温胁迫下的叶片表皮蜡质含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度等生理指标测定分析。结果表明,干热胁迫下高羊茅品种间的叶片表皮蜡质含量和水分利用效率均存在极显著差异(P<0.01);叶片蜡质含量与综合抗旱性和水分利用效率的等级相关系数分别为0.78(P<0.01)和0.68(P<0.01);蜡质含量越高的品种,其叶片气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度越低,水分利用效率越高,但所有品种的水分利用效率绝对值都较低。研究发现,在干热胁迫时,高羊茅叶片表皮蜡质可通过对气孔导度的调节来减少气孔蒸腾,提高水分利用效率,最终提高其抗旱性;表皮蜡质含量可以作为高羊茅品种抗旱性鉴定的一个新指标。     

不同基因型小麦幼苗抗旱抗盐性比较研究

利用等渗的NaCl和PEG处理8种不同基因型小麦进化材料,在处理的3d,6d,9d分别采样测定叶片相对含水量,胁迫敏感指数,游离脯氨酸,可溶性糖,无机离子Na^ ,K^ 含量及荧光参数Fv/m生理指标等。结果表明;在相同渗透势胁迫下,NaCl胁迫引起的小麦叶片荧光参数Fv/m的下降;胁迫敏感指数,脯氨酸,可溶性糖,Na^ 含量的增加均大于PEG胁迫引起的变化,而叶片相对含水量的K^ 含量的下降却小于PEG胁迫下的变化,含有DD染色体组的2n小麦较含有BB和AA的2n小麦有较强的抗旱抗盐性,且由它与4n小麦（AABB）杂交合成的6n小麦（AABBDD）较2n和4n小麦有较强的抗旱抗盐性,且由它与4n小麦（AABB）杂交合成的6n小麦（AABBDD）较2n和4n小麦有较强的抗旱抗盐性,说明DD染色体组上具有控制小麦抗旱和抗盐的有效基因。     

土壤干旱对黄土高原3个常见树种幼苗水分代谢及生长的影响

应用盆栽试验,在人工控制土壤水分条件下对黄土高原3个常见树种丁香(Syringa oblata)、杠柳(Perip-loca sepium)和连翘(Forsythia suspensa)幼苗的生长及水分生理代谢进行了研究.结果表明,随干旱胁迫程度加剧,各树种耗水量明显减少;不同树种单株耗水量差异明显,表现为:连翘>杠柳>丁香.3树种新生枝条生长和叶面积扩展速率明显受土壤含水量影响,均表现为适宜水分>中度干旱>严重干旱,且在同一胁迫水平下,连翘>杠柳>丁香.随干旱胁迫程度的加剧和干旱时间的延长,丁香、杠柳和连翘叶片的含水量、游离脯氨酸以及叶绿素含量均有不同程度的变化,连翘和杠柳的叶片含水量在3种水分条件下均明显高于丁香,杠柳叶片游离脯氨酸含量明显高于丁香和连翘,连翘体内脯氨酸含量最低,丁香和连翘的叶绿素a/b值随土壤含水量的减少逐渐降低,杠柳则表现出相反趋势.不同树种对土壤干旱和高温的响应机制不同,但它们都具有较强的抗旱能力,适应黄土高原干旱的自然条件.     

不同叶位大豆叶片细胞壁弹性调节与抗旱性关系

干旱条件下,不同叶位的大豆叶片的弹性调节表现出明显差异：初生叶和顶端幼叶(顶叶)不存在弹性调节,而第一、第三、第五复叶均存在弹性调节,弹性调节能力的大小依次为第五复叶>第三复叶>第一复叶;各叶位叶片的水势值(ψw)干旱时均下降,但降低值无明显差异;各叶片的相对含水量(RWC)干旱时的变化为：初生叶和顶叶的下降值较大,三种复叶的下降值较小,其顺序为：第一复叶>第三复叶>第五复叶。细胞壁弹性调节的存在增强了植物的抗旱性,弹性调节能力的大小与抗旱能力的大小成正比。     

Physiological and structural changes in response to altered precipitation regimes in a Mediterranean macchia ecosystem

Significant decrease in precipitation up to 15–20% has been observed in the Mediterranean area in the last two decades as a consequence of climate change. To simulate an analogous scenario, the precipitation regime was altered in replicated experimental plots in a Mediterranean macchia dominated by Arbutus unedo L. species. Two different levels of soil water content (SWC) were obtained during the summer: a mean value of 7% was obtained in water-depleted (D) plots by a partial (−20%) rain exclusion treatment using rain gutters; while a mean value of 14% in SWC was obtained in watered (W) plots supplying water by a sprinkler net. The physiological and structural changes were investigated over the course of two consecutive years by measurement of water potential, gas exchange leaf carbon isotopes, leaf pigments and growth. Apart from short-term responses, mainly related to the elastic response of stomatal conductance to soil water, a more long-lasting and significant acclimation to water availability was observed as a result of the increase in hydraulic resistance in the soil–plant continuum, which persisted even after the return to full water availability during the fall and winter. This response involved the permanent down-regulation of stomatal conductance and photosynthesis, accumulation of photo-protective pigments, as well as a reduction in shoot growth, leaf area index and an increase in shoot-bearing flowers in D plots. This acclimation response prevented the onset of any run-away damage thereby reducing the forest vulnerability to drought. Furthermore, the imposed drought induced a slight increase or no change in intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUE_int), as a result of the parallel increase in stomatal and non-stomatal limitations; conversely integrated WUE (i.e., estimated from leaf carbon isotopes) was not affected by drought.     

干旱胁迫下AMF对云南蓝果树叶片解剖结构的影响

苯菌灵为杀真菌剂,在土壤含水量为32.32％、29.63％、25.86％、19.39％、12.93％和6.46％的条件下,分别添加苯菌灵和不添加苯菌灵,形成“低AMF”和“高AMF”处理。该研究以云南蓝果树幼苗叶片为材料,利用盆栽试验研究了干旱胁迫下丛枝菌根真菌( AMF)对云南蓝果树幼苗叶片解剖结构及抗旱性的影响。结果表明：添加苯菌灵处理显著降低了不同水分处理条件下AMF侵染率,随着干旱胁迫程度加剧,云南蓝果树幼苗根部的AMF侵染率显著降低。轻度胁迫条件下(土壤含水量为29.63％),叶片解剖结构参数未发生显著变化;土壤含水量低于25.86％,云南蓝果树幼苗表现出较高的抗旱性,苯菌灵处理可以显著影响叶片角质层厚度、栅栏组织厚度和上表皮厚度等7个叶片结构指标,证明了高AMF可以增强代表云南蓝果树幼苗叶片抗旱性的结构性状。土壤含水量为25.86％、19.39％和12.93％时苯菌灵处理的效果较土壤含水量为6.46％时更显著,这是因为6.46％的土壤含水量严重抑制AMF的侵染,说明AMF侵染程度会影响云南蓝果树幼苗的抗旱性。进一步用隶属函数值法对10个叶片性状进行综合评价,发现高AMF处理可增强云南蓝果树幼苗的抗旱性。该研究结果为AMF在濒危物种云南蓝果树保护过程中的合理利用提供了理论依据。     

Effects of dew on eco-physiological traits and leaf structures of Leymus chinensis and Agropyron cristatum grown under drought stress北大核心CSCD

Aims: To investigate the effects of dew on plants, we conducted the experiment to determine the physiological characteristics and leaf structures of Leymus chinensis and Agropyron cristatum in response to increasing dew under drought stress. Methods: Four treatments (no dew, three times dew and five times dew per week under drought stress, and well-watering) were designed to examine leaf relative water content, water potential, net photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, biomass, and leaf structures of L. chinensis and A. cristatum. Important findings: There was a significant increase in the relative water content and water potential by simulated dew increase for two plants species under drought stress (p < 0.05). For A. cristatum, simulated dew increase significantly enhanced the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate of plants under drought stress (p < 0.05). On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate for L. chinensis among treatments. Simulated dew increase improved the aboveground biomass and root biomass of two species. The ratio of yellow leaves to the total leaves was decreased by simulated dew increase for two species. Dew increase also protected leaf structures against the drought stress, suggesting that the dew increase can slow down the death process of leaves resulted from drought stress. Therefore, the study demonstrated that dew increased the available water for the leaves of L. chinensis and A. cristatum grown in the drought stress and thus had positive effects on the photosynthesis, water physiology and plant development.     

不同区域长柄扁桃抗旱性的研究

以采自河北、乌审旗、榆阳、神木、固阳5个地区的一年生长柄扁桃（Amygdalus pedunculata Pall.）实生苗为试材,研究其叶片在水分胁迫下的解剖结构与生理生化特性,来确定其抗旱性强弱。结果表明：（1）水分胁迫后各地区长柄扁桃的叶片解剖结构存在显著性差异,并由隶属函数法对解剖结构综合分析得出这5个地区长柄扁桃的抗旱性顺序为：榆阳〉神木〉固阳〉乌审旗〉河北。（2）随着干旱时间的延长,各地区长柄扁桃的叶片相对含水量、质膜透性、丙二醛含量均呈上升趋势,且抗旱性弱的值越大,变化幅度也较大;SOD和POD活性、游离脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量均随胁迫的加强呈先升高后降低或直接降低的趋势,且抗旱性越强活性值或含量越高。（3）在干旱胁迫下Chl a和Chl b都呈先升高后降低的趋势,但Chl b对水分胁迫的反应较Chl a敏感;Car则呈下降趋势,其中榆阳和神木地区的长柄扁桃在胁迫40 d后光合色素含量均为最高。研究发现：长柄扁桃通过调整自身的叶片结构和各项生理生化特性来减缓水分胁迫带来的伤害,并由各项指标综合分析得出5个地区长柄扁桃的抗旱性顺序为：榆阳〉神木〉固阳〉乌审旗〉河北,为进一步的品种选育奠定了基础,并为长柄扁桃的产业化开发提供了理论依据。     

Comparative studies on physiological and biochemical adaptation of Taxodium distichum and Taxodium ascendens seedlings to different soil water regimes

Responses of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) and pondcypress (Taxodium ascendens) seedlings in leaf gas exchange and root metabolism to a wide range of hydrological regimes were studied. Four water treatments included control (C), mild drought (MD), wet soil (WS) and flooding (FL). Both species showed no significant change in net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in response to flooding in contrast to significant reduction in Pn under mild drought conditions. In baldcypress, Pn was also maintained at control level compared to significant increase of Pn in pondcypress when subjected to the wet soil treatment. In flooding, both species showed significant increase in contents of malate and shikimate in their lateral roots and further in total roots, as compared to control. However, different adaptation to flooding was demonstrated in their taproots in contents of malate and shikimate. Furthermore, baldcypress seedlings showed significant reductions in lateral and total root biomass, in contrast with no significant change in that of pondcypress seedlings in response to flooding. In wet soil, no significant effects were revealed in contents of malate and shikimate in roots (including different root portions) of baldcypress seedlings in contrast to significant increase of their contents in lateral roots of pondcypress seedlings. No significant effects on root biomass were detected in either baldcypress or pondcypress seedlings in response to wet soil. When subjected to mild drought, baldcypress seedlings displayed no significant change in contents of malate and shikimate in roots, whereas pondcypress seedlings exhibited significant reduction in content of shikimate in lateral roots and total roots. In addition, root biomass of baldcypress seedlings showed no significant change, while lateral and total root biomass of pondcypress seedlings demonstrated significant increase when mild drought was imposed. These findings indicate that baldcypress and pondcypress appear to be promising candidates for reforestation in the Three Gorges Reservoir region due to their characteristics of water-tolerance and mild drought endurance. However, pondcypress is more resilient than baldcypress to the continuum of water availability conditions expected in the Three Gorges Reservoir region.     

Water economy and photosynthesis of the CAM plant Senecio medley-woodii during increasing drought

Abstract CO₂ gas exchange, transpiration and water uptake of the succulent Senecio medley-woodii were monitored simultaneously during a 10 day period of increasing drought. The measurements were performed with a combination of a CO₂ gas exchange chamber and a potometer system. Further, leaf water relations and CO₂ gas exchange of a branched potted plant were measured during 15 days of water shortage. The enhancement of CO₂ dark fixation at the beginning of drought modifies the leaf water relations according to the increased malate accumulation during the dark period. The enhancement of water uptake from dusk to dawn corresponds to the increase of Ψ_leaf during the same period. Therefore at the beginning of drought a short time improvement of plant water status through the increased CO₂ dark fixation and malate accumulation can be maintained.     

Effect of Far Red Light on Root Growth and on Xylem Sap in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Far red light given before darkness highly increased droughtresistance of cotton plants. There was higher stomatal resistancein leaves resulting in a lower transpiration rate. The aim ofthis work was to examine the effect of far red light on rootgrowth and its effect on water transfer measured by analysisof xylem sap obtained after cutting the hypocotyl. Short-termand long-term treatments of far red light were used. In thepresence of far red light, the amount of xylem sap decreasedwhile root resistance increased. Qualitative analysis of thexylem sap indicated an increase of amino acid content and analteration of potassium flux. Calcium flux was not significantlymodified. The change in potassium content of xylem sap is discussedwith regard to turgor and drought resistance. (Received June 9, 1984; Accepted October 8, 1985)     

水分胁迫下烯效唑对百日草幼苗光合特性及叶解剖结构的影响

以百日草‘芳菲1号’为试材,研究不同水分胁迫下烯效唑(S3307)对其幼苗生长、光合特性及叶解剖结构的影响,以明确S3307对百日草的抗旱作用及其机理。结果显示:(1)在水分胁迫下,百日草的生长均受到不同程度的抑制,叶绿素含量显著降低,光合作用受到抑制,叶解剖结构有所变化。(2)S3307处理后,均能够显著降低所对应的不同程度水分胁迫下百日草的株高,显著增加茎粗、叶面积、叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度和根冠比,显著增加叶绿素含量,提高百日草的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用效率(WUE)。研究表明,S3307能够提高百日草的抗旱性,而且在轻度和中度水分胁迫下Pn的下降主要是由气孔因素引起,而在重度水分胁迫下光合速率的下降是由非气孔因素引起的。     

Changes in the Levels of IAA and ABA in Cucumber Leaves under Progressive Soil Drought

Changes in the IAA and ABA contents in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) leaves during adaptation to drought were studied. An increase in the water-retaining capacity and heat resistance of leaves indicating the onset of adaptation occurred when the leaf growth has been already suppressed. There was a transient increase in the ABA content during the initial stage of adaptation. An increased IAA content was maintained for a longer period, throughout about two-third of the adaptation period. A second increase in the ABA content was observed before the onset of leaf permanent wilting, when IAA content already decreased. Our data suggest that not only ABA, but also IAA are involved in the development of defense responses during the adaptation to drought.     

Effects of dew on eco-physiological traits and leaf structures of Leymus chinensis and Agropyron cristatum grown under drought stress

Aims To investigate the effects of dew on plants, we conducted the experiment to determine the physiological characteristics and leaf structures of Leymus chinensis and Agropyron cristatum in response to increasing dew under drought stress.Methods Four treatments (no dew, three times dew and five times dew per week under drought stress, and well-watering) were designed to examine leaf relative water content, water potential, net photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, biomass, and leaf structures of L. chinensis and A. cristatum. Important findings There was a significant increase in the relative water content and water potential by simulated dew increase for two plants species under drought stress (p < 0.05). For A. cristatum, simulated dew increase significantly enhanced the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate of plants under drought stress (p < 0.05). On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate for L. chinensis among treatments. Simulated dew increase improved the aboveground biomass and root biomass of two species. The ratio of yellow leaves to the total leaves was decreased by simulated dew increase for two species. Dew increase also protected leaf structures against the drought stress, suggesting that the dew increase can slow down the death process of leaves resulted from drought stress. Therefore, the study demonstrated that dew increased the available water for the leaves of L. chinensis and A. cristatum grown in the drought stress and thus had positive effects on the photosynthesis, water physiology and plant development.