Spatial heterogeneity of DTPA-extractable zinc in cultivated soils induced by city pollution and land use

The spatial heterogeneity of DTPA-extractable zinc in the cultivated soils of Shenyang suburbs in Liaoning Province of China was investigated, and its map was drawn by the methods of geostatistics combined with geographic information system. The data of soil DTPA-extractable zinc fitted normal distribution after logarithm transformation, and its semivariogram fitted a spherical model. The semivariogram indicated that the spatial dependence of soil DTPA-extractable zinc content was moderate, with the spatial dependence range of 1.69 km and the fractal dimension of 1.96. Stochastic factors contributed to 49.9% of the spatial variability, while structural factors contributed to 50.1% of it. The spatial heterogeneity of soil DTPA-extractable zinc shown by a kriged interpolation map was deeply influenced by stochastic factors such as city pollution, land use pattern and crop distributions. For example, the average content of Zn in vegetable garden soils was 2.5-4 times as much as in their originated soils, and was lower in paddy soils than in their originated soils. The areas with a higher content of soil DTPA-extractable zinc appeared in the near suburbs and the riverside along Hunhe River and the wastewater drainage of Xihe River, and the extremely high values in the near suburb of the city's residential area were a striking feature, indicating the key role of city pollution in the spatial heterogeneity of soil DTPA-extractable zinc. When recorded in the form of a soil pollution map,the results of such a survey make it possible to identify the unusually polluted areas, and to provide more information for precise agriculture and environmental control.     

Spatial heterogeneity of DTPA-extractable zinc in cultivated soils induced by city pollution and land use

The spatial heterogeneity of DTPA-extractable zinc in the cultivated soils of Shenyang suburbs in Liaoning Province of China was investigated, and its map was drawn by the methods of geostatistics combined with geographic information system. The data of soil DTPA-extractable zinc fitted normal distribution after logarithm transformation, and its semivariogram fitted a spherical model. The semivariogram indicated that the spatial dependence of soil DTPA-extractable zinc content was moderate, with the spatial dependence range of 1.69 km and the fractal dimension of 1.96. Stochastic factors contributed to 49.9% of the spatial variability, while structural factors contributed to 50.1% of it. The spatial heterogeneity of soil DTPA-extractable zinc shown by a kriged interpolation map was deeply influenced by stochastic factors such as city pollution, land use pattern and crop distributions. For example, the average content of Zn in vegetable garden soils was 2.5-4 times as much as in their originated soils, an     

土地利用强度变化的空间异质性研究

以晋江市为例,以系统网格采样法获取研究样本,以地统计学理论和半方差函数为工具,探讨晋江市1989～2001年人类对土地景观干扰活动的空间异质性.结果表明,研究时段人类干扰活动存在明显的空间异质性,尤其是NE-SW向的方向性结构突出,主要原因在于交通干线的影响;各级行政中心成为其生长极点;交通干线与行政中心联合作用,使人类干扰呈现明显的点-轴格局.     

沈阳市郊耕地土壤交换性Ca含量的空间异质性特征

利用地统计学和地理信息系统相结合的方法研究了沈阳市郊耕地土壤(0～20crn)交换性钙含量的空间异质性特征,绘制了交换性钙含量的空间分布图。结果表明,土壤交换性钙含量经对数转换后基本符合正态分布,变异函数的最佳理论模型为球状模型,交换性钙含量具有很强的空间相关性,空间自相关距离为15．8km,其空间异质性主要受成土母质和土壤类型等结构性因子的影响。     

Spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients and plant species in herb-dominated communities of contrasting land use

Recent interest in spatial pattern in terrestrial ecosystems has come from an awareness of the intimate relationship between spatial heterogeneity of soil resources and maintenance of plant species diversity. Soil and vegetation can vary spatially in response to several state factors of the system. In this study, we examined fine-scale spatial variability of soil nutrients and vascular plant species in contrasting herb-dominated communities (a pasture and an old field) to determine degree of spatial dependence among soil variables and plant community characteristics within these communities by sampling at 1-m intervals. Each site was divided into 25 1-m² plots. Mineral soil was sampled (2-cm diameter, 5-cm depth) from each of four 0.25-m² quarters and combined into a single composite sample per plot. Soil organic matter was measured as loss-on-ignition. Extractable NH₄ and NO₃ were determined before and after laboratory incubation (28 days at 27°C) to determine potential net N mineralization and nitrification. Cations were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. Vegetation was assessed using estimated percent cover. Most soil and plant variables exhibited sharp contrasts between pasture and old-field sites, with the old field having significantly higher net N mineralization/nitrification, pH, Ca, Mg, Al, plant cover, and species diversity, richness, and evenness. Multiple regressions revealed that all plant variables (species diversity, richness, evenness, and cover) were significantly related to soil characteristics (available nitrogen, organic matter, moisture, pH, Ca, and Mg) in the pasture; in the old field only cover was significantly related to soil characteristics (organic matter and moisture). Both sites contrasted sharply with respect to spatial pattern of soil variables, with the old field exhibiting a higher degree of spatial dependence. These results demonstrate that land-use practices can exert profound influence on spatial heterogeneity of both soil properties and vegetation in herb-dominated communities.     

Spatial variation of soil quality and pollution assessment of heavy metals in cultivated soils of Henan Province,China

Abstract

Eight chemical and physical characteristics and seven biological properties of the soils from five cultivated areas in the Henan Province were quantified. Concentrations of Cu, Cr, Zn and Mn were determined using the flame atomic absorption spectrometry. In addition available phosphorus, chloride, soluble salt and pH were measured. The activities of enzymes were determined by a literature method. The results showed that the concentrations of Mn, Zn and Cr had close relationships with that of available phosphorus, and their concentrations increased with the prolonged application of organic and mineral fertilisers and pesticides-fungicides. The activities of cellulase have a relationship to the concentrations of Zn and Mn at 0.95 levels respectively, Zn and Mn stimulate many enzyme activities. The relationship between protease and available phosphorus was nearly distinctive at 0.95 levels, relating with the use of nitrogen fertiliser in the farmlands. Local organic manures and urea fertilisers did not change the soil characteristics to a great extent. However, the soils showed moderate and moderate-to-strong contamination by Mn and Zn in the study areas. Wastewater and groundwater irrigation, pesticides-fungicides, and fertiliser may be responsible for the elevated concentrations of Zn and Mn in the soil samples.     

喀斯特峰丛坡地不同土地利用方式下土壤N、P空间变异特征

基于网格点(5 mx5 m)采样法采集土壤样品,利用经典统计学和地统计学方法,研究了喀斯特峰丛坡地不同土地利用方式(火烧迹地、刈割地、草地、封育地)下表层(0～20cm)土壤氮、磷的空间变异特性.结果表明:研究区4种不同土地利用方式土壤全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、速效氮(AN)、速效磷(AP)均为中等程度变异,含量分别为5.40 ～6.26 g·kg-1、1.24 ～1.44 g·kg-1、365.87～507.32 mg·kg-1、3.91 ～8.04 mg·kg-1,封育地、火烧迹地土壤质量优于草地和刈割地;4种土地利用方式中火烧AN、火烧AP、刈割AN、封育TN的半方差函数最佳拟合模型为球状模型,火烧TN、刈割TN、刈割AP最佳拟合模型为指数模型,其他指标的最佳拟合模型均为高斯模型.刈割TP、火烧TP、草地TP、刈割TN、火烧AP、草地AP、封育TP表现为强烈的空间自相关性,其他土壤养分表现为中等的空间自相关.4种土地利用类型土壤TN与AN、TP与AP具有相似的空间分布格局.火烧、刈割处理TN和AN呈凹形分布,TP和AP呈单峰分布特征,中下坡含量最高,往两端含量逐渐降低;草地TN、AN、TP、AP 4种养分含量均随着坡位的升高而降低;封育样地中4种养分呈类似凹形分布,中间含量低,两端略微升高.土地利用方式的变化改变了喀斯特峰丛坡地土壤养分质量,造成了土壤养分空间格局的变化,因此,在地形破碎、土层浅薄的喀斯特地区进行生态恢复与重建时,应采取合理土地利用方式,进行保护和适度开发,提高喀斯特退化生态系统土壤质量.     

广西森林土壤主要养分的空间异质性

通过对广西区7大森林片区的11个主要森林类型样地土壤养分含量进行分析,利用地统计学方法,研究了广西区森林主要土壤养分的空间变异状况及分布格局,探讨了其相关的生态学过程,以期为广西区森林分区与林间采取不同措施管理提供科学依据。结果表明:广西区森林土壤主要养分基本属于中等变异,速效养分变异大于全量养分,其中AP、AK变异程度最大;广西森林土壤主要养分的半变异函数均表现出一定的空间结构特征,TN、TP、AP表现为中等强度的空间自相关,TK、AN、AK表现为强烈的空间自相关;不同土壤养分空间结构不同,Kriging等值线图表明广西区氮素含量比较丰富、K含量中等、P含量较少,北部片区土壤养分含量普遍大于南部片区,这可能与气候、降雨、人工种植森林树种、地形、林地管理措施等有关。     

西双版纳地区土地利用的空间分析

利用西双版纳地区2003年TM数据,对土地利用结构及土地利用与海拔、坡度、水系等自然地理要素相互关系的空间进行分析.结果表明,耕地、林地和草地是该地区土地利用的主体,其中林地面积13 420 km²,占研究区总面积的74%;草地面积3 251 km²,耕地面积2 332 km²,分别占13%和18%.林地、耕地和草地面积随海拔高度具有单峰变化的曲线特征,在海拔1 000～1 200 m处林地分布最多,耕地和草地面积达到峰值时的海拔约为900 m.受人为活动影响强的用地类型坡度指数较低,城乡建筑用地和耕地的坡度指数为5°和14°,人为活动影响较弱的林地草地坡度指数较高,分别为22°和20°.河谷内随缓冲距离增加,土地利用呈现规律性变化,耕地、城镇居民点、未利用地3种土地利用方式主要集中在河谷底部近水域处,远离河谷林地草地组分增加明显.西双版纳地区自然生态系统相对原生,具有林地为基质,河流为廊道,坝区、沟谷农业景观镶嵌分布的特点.     

石羊河流域土地利用类型景观异质性

在GIS支持下,以TM/ETM遥感影像为数据源,利用人工解译方法得到石羊河流域14类景观,并结合数字高程模型(DEM),参考相关的地理基础图件,应用景观生态学理论和方法,采用景观空间格局指标对石羊河流域荒漠、绿洲为主的生态系统景观异质性做了分析。结果表明:耕地、林地、草地和沙地是主要的景观类型和结构成分,其相对频率平均值都在42%以上;在荒漠景观生态系统中,基质沙地的异质性是均质化方向上的异质性,而在绿洲景观生态系统中,基质林地、草地和耕地的异质性是异质化方向上的异质性;作为廊道的水系景观,其相对频率在荒漠和绿洲生态系统中都是较小的,且斑块和廊道异质性均表现为异质化方向上的异质性。研究结果对干旱内陆河流域土地有效利用及生态环境变化监测研究具有重要意义。     

海口市生态用地变化与安全格局构建

城市化过程中,城市生态用地变化与安全格局构建对于城市生态系统健康、城市居民生活质量和城市可持续发展有着重要意义,生态用地的变化直接影响生态安全格局变化,生态用地安全格局又对生态用地的规划有指导作用。基于GIS技术,对海口市1991年至2016年生态用地的时空变化过程进行研究,进而分析生态用地演变。选取高度、坡度、水资源安全作为生态安全影响单因子,并分级赋值,构建综合生态用地分布格局。以底线型生态用地为源,基于最小累计阻力模型(MCR),以阻力阈值作为分级边界,划分不同安全水平的生态用地区域,进而确定源间生态廊道、辐射道与战略点,构建生态用地安全格局。分析结果表明:1991年至2016年,海口市三类生态用地变化最大,其中林地减少13.33%,园地增加9.136%,坑塘水面增加3.71%。南渡江以西生态用地从以林地为主转为园地与建设用地为主,其余地区变化较少。生态用地安全变化区域集中在海口市西部与东部,其中西部高安全水平区减少,整体安全水平急剧恶化,东部高安全水平区略有提升。故需要制定和实施合理的生态用地保护政策,对生态用地格局进行优化调整,以期构建区域内生态环境协调发展的可行方案。     

赣江中上游地区土地利用变化空间分异与驱动因素

赣江中上游地区是东南丘陵重要的水土保持功能区,分析不同时空尺度下该区域土地利用变化及其驱动力,对维持与优化本地生态功能具有重要意义.本研究基于1 km空间分辨率的土地利用数据,分析1980-2018年赣江中上游地区的土地利用结构与土地利用动态度;并利用主成分分析法(PCA)、普通最小二乘法(OLS)和地理加权回归(GW...     

江门市新会区耕地土壤养分空间变异特征

运用地统计学方法,结合GIS技术研究了江门市新会区土壤pH值、有机质、阳离子交换量、全氮、有效磷和缓效钾种养分要素的空间分布特征.结果表明,各变量符合正态分布或经对数转换后符合正态分布.半方差函数分析结果显示,除全氮具有强空间相关外,其余均具有中等空间相关性.Kriging插值结果表明,研究区域耕地土壤pH值和阳离子交换量在东北部最高,有机质含量在中部和东北部较高;全氮含量在1.5～2.0g·kg^-1的面积占研究区域耕地面积的74.7%,主要分布于研究区域西部和东部地区;有效磷含量＞40mg·kg^-1的面积占研究区域耕地面积的48.7%,主要分布于研究区域东北部和西部;缓效钾含量在10～350mg·kg^-1的面积占研究区域耕地面积的48.1%,主要分布于研究区域东部、东北部和中部.     

矿区土地利用生态风险的时空异质性

以微山县煤矿较集中、地面塌陷较严重的11个乡镇作为研究区,以遥感影像和土地利用现状数据为数据源,获取4期土地利用类型分布图,根据景观生态学理论构建景观意义上的土地利用生态风险指数,结合空间统计学及地统计学理论,探究2000—2016年研究区适宜尺度下土地利用生态风险的时空变化情况及空间异质性。结果表明:1 km×1 km规则网格是最佳研究尺度,在该尺度下研究区土地利用生态风险的空间分布呈集聚模式,且具有很强的空间正相关性;2000—2005年土地利用生态风险指数在小尺度上的随机变异逐渐被较大尺度上的空间结构性变异所取代,2005年生态风险总的空间变异程度较高,2005—2016年随机因素引起的空间变异程度增强;2000—2016年土地利用生态风险呈现由中高、高生态风险向中、中低生态风险转变的特征;生态风险恶化区和明显恶化区主要分布在东部矿区周边、道路沿线、地面塌陷较严重的区域,研究区西南部微山湖沿岸东西两侧,耕地的生态风险恶化程度2010—2016年较高;17年间微山湖湖区的生态风险稳定区和改善区大幅增加,生态风险明显下降。     

中国耕地用途转移对耕地生产力影响的预测与分析

依据DLS模型模拟了未来情景下中国耕地面积及其空间分布特征,在此基础上,应用ESLP估算了栅格尺度上的耕地生产力水平,分析了不同农业生态区耕地生产力的空间分异特征.基于以上两个模型的估算结果,分析了2000—2020中国耕地用途转移对耕地生产力的影响,提炼了影响耕地生产力变化的主要因素.结果表明:在耕地生产力有较大增长空间的地域,提高单位面积耕地生产力比耕地用途转移对耕地生产力总量的影响显著;但对于耕地生产力增长空间较小的地域,耕地用途转移对耕地生产力总量的影响显著.要保障国家粮食安全,既要合理控制耕地转移,保证中国1.2×108hm2耕地红线,又要增加投入、提高管理水平,增加单位面积的粮食产量.     

Habitat heterogeneity induced by pyrogenic organic matter in wildfire-perturbed soils mediates bacterial community assembly processes

Although pyrogenic organic matter (PyOM) generated during wildfires plays a critical role in post-fire ecosystem recovery, the specific mechanisms by which PyOM controls soil microbial community assembly after wildfire perturbation remain largely uncharacterized. Herein we characterized the effect of PyOM on soil bacterial communities at two independent wildfire-perturbed forest sites. We observed that α-diversity of bacterial communities was the highest in wildfire-perturbed soils and that bacterial communities gradually changed along a sequence of unburnt soil → burnt soil → PyOM. The microbial communities reconstructed from unburnt soil and PyOM resembled the real bacterial communities in wildfire-perturbed soils in their α-diversity and community structure. Bacterial specialists in PyOM and soils clustered in phylogenetic coherent lineages with intra-lineage pH-niche conservatism and inter-lineage pH-niche divergence. Our results suggest that PyOM mediates bacterial community assembly in wildfire-perturbed soils by a combination of environmental selection and dispersal of phylogenetic coherent specialists with habitat preference in the heterogeneous microhabitats of burnt soils with distinct PyOM patches.Subject terms: Forest ecology, Microbial ecology     

Global change pressures on soils from land use and management

Soils are subject to varying degrees of direct or indirect human disturbance, constituting a major global change driver. Factoring out natural from direct and indirect human influence is not always straightforward, but some human activities have clear impacts. These include land‐use change, land management and land degradation (erosion, compaction, sealing and salinization). The intensity of land use also exerts a great impact on soils, and soils are also subject to indirect impacts arising from human activity, such as acid deposition (sulphur and nitrogen) and heavy metal pollution. In this critical review, we report the state‐of‐the‐art understanding of these global change pressures on soils, identify knowledge gaps and research challenges and highlight actions and policies to minimize adverse environmental impacts arising from these global change drivers. Soils are central to considerations of what constitutes sustainable intensification. Therefore, ensuring that vulnerable and high environmental value soils are considered when protecting important habitats and ecosystems, will help to reduce the pressure on land from global change drivers. To ensure that soils are protected as part of wider environmental efforts, a global soil resilience programme should be considered, to monitor, recover or sustain soil fertility and function, and to enhance the ecosystem services provided by soils. Soils cannot, and should not, be considered in isolation of the ecosystems that they underpin and vice versa. The role of soils in supporting ecosystems and natural capital needs greater recognition. The lasting legacy of the International Year of Soils in 2015 should be to put soils at the centre of policy supporting environmental protection and sustainable development.