用HLA基因频率计算人群间的遗传距离

本文用白细胞抗原(HLA)的基因频率按Nei氏法计算了中国11个民族和其他人种与国家的六个人群间的遗传距离,并按Sneath和Sokal氏聚类原则绘制了这些群体的系统树。得出的结果与用红细胞血型资料所计算的结果基本吻合,群体间遗传距离和群体分布的地理距离呈一定平行关系。     

STATISTICAL TESTS OF HOST-PARASITE COSPECIATION

A history of cospeciation (synchronous speciation) among ecologically associated, but otherwise distantly related, species is often revealed by a strong correspondence of their phylogenies. In this paper, we present several tests of cospeciation that use maximum-likelihood and Bayesian methods of phylogenetic estimation. The hypotheses tested include: (1) topological agreement of phylogenies for coevolving groups; (2) identical speciation times of associated species; and (3) identical evolutionary rates in genes of associated species. These tests are applied to examine a possible instance of host-parasite coevolution among pocket gophers and lice using mitochondrial COI DNA sequences. The observed differences between gopher and louse trees cannot be explained by sampling error and are consistent with a rate of host switching about one-third the host speciation rate. A subset of the gopher-louse data is consistent with a common history of evolution (i.e., the topologies and speciation times are identical). However, the relative rate of nucleotide substitution is two to four times higher in the lice than in the gophers.     

A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCE TESTS WITH REPLICATIONS

This paper proposes a statistical method for difference tests with repetitions. Classical methods for difference tests are based upon the binomial distribution, and are not concerned with the number of repetitions per judge. But when more than one replication of a difference test is required, judgements from different judges are more independent than replicates from the same judge; these two cannot be combined in the classical methods. In this paper, we propose another approach that takes into account two points: the number of repetitions per judge, and the differences within subjects. Two examples are presented to illustrate this approach.     

五种落叶松遗传关系的等位酶分析

由于种间形态上的微弱区别,落叶松属的系统分类一直很混乱,落叶松属的系统发生也知之甚少。本文分析了西伯利亚落叶松(Larix sibirica Ledeb.),卡氏落叶松(L.cajanderi Mayr.),兴安落叶松(L.gmelinii Rupr.),苏氏落叶松(L.sukaczewii Dil.)和杂交种切氏落叶松L.czekanowskii(L.gmelinii×L.sibirica)天然种群的遗传结构。采用水平切片淀粉凝胶电泳技术,等位酶分析手段对5个酶系统(AAT,IDH,DIA,PGM,SKDH)的8个基因位点进行了遗传结构分析。结果表明各种间遗传距离(D)在0.067~0.260之间,明显大于各种群内居群间的遗传距离。等位酶的分析结果揭示了5种落叶松的遗传关系。结合以上每种落叶松的形态学、生物学和生态学特性,等位酶的证据了支持兴安落叶松、西伯利亚落叶松、卡氏落叶松、苏氏落叶松作为独立种的观点。     

THE DETERMINATION OF GENETIC COVARIANCES AND PREDICTION OF EVOLUTIONARY TRAJECTORIES BASED ON A GENETIC CORRELATION MATRIX

There is much interest in measuring selection, quantifying evolutionary constraints, and predicting evolutionary trajectories in natural populations. For these studies, genetic (co)variances among fitness traits play a central role. We explore the conditions that determine the sign of genetic covariances and demonstrate a critical role of selection in shaping genetic covariances. In addition, we show that genetic covariance matrices rather than genetic correlation matrices should be characterized and studied in order to infer genetic basis of population differentiation and/or to predict evolutionary trajectories.     

满江红鱼腥藻遗传多样性的RAPD分析

共生在水生蕨类植物满江红(又称“红萍”:Azolla)叶腔中的固氮兰细菌曾被认为是一个种满江红鱼腥藻(Anabaena azollae Strasb.).但由于现存的满江红在分类学上有2个亚属,7个种1,对不同满江红叶腔中鱼腥藻的鉴别,多年来引起人们的重视.80年代,鱼腥藻的单克隆抗体和RFLP的研究,发现了它与宿主分类上一定程度的对应关系2,3.90年代以后,Van Coppenolle和Eskew分别以RAPD-PCR和DAF-PCR对从满江红共生体中提取的DNA进行了分析4,5,但后者发现了共生体中藻的DNA对整个PCR产物的干扰作用会影响满江红属本身系统分类.       

13种石斛属植物遗传多样性的AFLP分析

采用AFLP技术对13种石斛属植物的遗传多样性进行了分析。选择性扩增引物组合E ACT/M CAC、E AAC/M CAC和E ACA/M CAC分别对这13种材料进行扩增,得到丰富的条带。在100-300bp共得到346条带,多态性带342条,多态性百分率为98.8%。聚类分析结果表明,在相似系数0.54处,可将13种材料分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类。Ⅰ类包括:串珠石斛、铁皮石斛、广东石斛、重唇石斛、晶帽石斛、细叶石斛、滇桂石斛、报春石斛、玫瑰石斛、球花石斛;Ⅱ类包括:鼓槌石斛;Ⅲ类包括:美花石斛(花,浅红)、美花石斛(花,淡白)。AFLP分析结果与传统分类学的结果基本一致,表明该标记技术对石斛属植物的遗传多样性和分类研究是可行的。     

兰属14种植物遗传多样性RAPD及AFLP分析

用RAPD和AFLP技术分析了14种兰属植物的遗传多样性.RAPD筛选出12个随机引物和AFLP 3对选择性引物组合均扩增出了丰富的多态性片段.分析结果按UPGMA类平均法进行聚类,所得到的RAPD和AFLP聚类结果基本一致,显示建兰与墨兰,寒兰与峨眉春蕙以及大雪兰与独占春之间的亲缘关系最近.     

岩羊不同种群细胞色素b基因序列差异的初步分析

测定了来自四川和宁夏两个种群的岩羊Pseudois nayaur共10个个体的线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因全序列(1140 bp),分析了碱基组成和变异情况以及核苷酸序列差异,计算了岩羊种群的核苷酸多样性,采用简约法和距离矩阵法构建了不同的分子系统树,得到了相似的拓扑结构,从分子水平初步探讨了岩羊不同种群的遗传结构.结果显示:岩羊整个群体的遗传多态性较高,四川种群的遗传变异水平较宁夏种群的高;同时,四川种群岩羊个体之间的平均序列差异为2.15,宁夏种群岩羊个体之间的平均序列差异为0.71,四川种群和宁夏种群之间的序列差异为2.61,这反映了四川种群和宁夏种群种群内的差异以及四川种群和宁夏种群种群间的差异都属于个体间的变化;然而四川种群的个体11(Si11)与该种群内的其它个体的平均序列差异和平均Kimura两参数距离远高于它与宁夏种群个体间的相应数值,存在着较为明显的分歧.形成这一现象的原因可能要涉及到岩羊在中国的地理演化和扩散问题.     

MODELING THE GENETIC BASIS OF HETEROSIS: TESTS OF ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES

Houle (1994) showed that marker-associated heterosis due to general inbreeding depression could not be distinguished from direct overdominance at the marker locus by examining mean genotypic fitnesses, in the one-locus case. Indeed, both hypotheses equally fit the same regression model, referred to as the “adaptive distance model” (Smouse 1986). I here extend the analysis to several loci and to the relationship between marker genotype and variance in fitness. Several predictions differ between the overdominance and inbreeding hypotheses: (1) all locus-specific effects are equal under inbreeding, whereas they are not under overdominance; (2) the adaptive distance model has an increasingly low fit when the number of loci increases, under inbreeding, whereas it always explains the whole variance in fitness under overdominance; (3) a negative relationship is predicted between mean fitness and the variance in fitness, under inbreeding, which is not predicted under overdominance. Some statistical tests are derived from these predictions, that help to identify the genetic basis of heterosis. Simulations show that the power of these tests allows their application to real datasets.     

星豹蛛不同地理种群COⅠ基因序列差异初步分析

星豹蛛广泛分布于我国南北各省的农田、果园、菜田及森林等生态系统中,是农林害虫的重要天敌。本文测定了采自山西临汾、运城、晋中和忻州4个地区的星豹蛛地理种群细胞色素氧化酶亚基Ⅰ(COⅠ)基因部分序列(932bp),并对此序列及从NCBI网站GenBank上下载的采自国内10个省市星豹蛛相应序列一并进行遗传多样性研究,分析了碱基组成和变异情况以及核苷酸序列差异,采用距离矩阵邻接法和最大简约法构建了不同的分子系统树,得到了相似的拓扑结构,从分子水平初步探讨了星豹蛛不同地理种群的遗传结构。结果表明,星豹蛛地理种群间的COⅠ序列同源性达98%～100%,显示出较大的遗传差异。序列比对后从供试14个COⅠ序列中共检测出41个变异位点和6个单倍型,系统发育分析结果表明种群间存在一定的遗传分化。综合分析,星豹蛛不同地理种群之间的遗传差异较大,遗传多样性水平较高,进一步从分子遗传学角度证明了星豹蛛成为我国广布种的原因。     

10种冬青属植物遗传多样性RAPD和AFLPs分析

采用RAPD和AFLP技术,对10种冬青属植物基因组进行DNA片段扩增,以研究该属种间遗传多样性.结果表明:在RAPD分析中,通过对100种10个碱基随机引物的筛选,发现11种引物能得到多态性较高扩增产物,11种引物共扩增出301条多态性条带,多态率为98.63%.在AFLP分析中,3对选择性引物组合均扩增出了丰富的多态性片段.利用RAPD和AFLP技术分析,结果按UPGMA类平均法进行聚类,聚类结果显示冬青和代茶冬青,木姜冬青和浙江冬青以及光枝刺缘冬青与毛枝三花冬青之间的亲缘关系最近.     

基于线粒体控制区的中华绒螯蟹群体遗传多样性分析

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POPULATION GENETIC DIVERSITY OF PANTHERA PARDUS BASED ON MTDNA ND5 GENE SEQUENCES

测定山西7个不同地域金钱豹9个体mtDNA ND5基因部分序列,结合GenBank 下载的37条序列,进行遗传多样性分析,用豹属的狮Panthera leo和虎Panthera tigris作外群,构建其不同单倍型的NJ分子聚类关系.46条序列共产生18个单倍型,单倍型多样度和核苷酸多样度指数表明金钱豹的遗传多样性比较丰富,AMOVA分析显示其种群间出现显著的遗传分化.单倍型聚类分析表明,亚洲和非洲种群尽管有一定的分化,但其置信度很低,不足以形成各自独立的分支.     

基于线粒体DNA Cyt b序列的双齿围沙蚕群体遗传多样性分析

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POPU金钱豹mtDNA ND5基因序列及其遗传变异

测定山西7个不同地域金钱豹9个体mtDNA ND5基因部分序列,结合GenBank下载的37条序列,进行遗传多样性分析,用豹属的狮Panthera leo和虎Panthera tigris作外群,构建其不同单倍型的NJ分子聚类关系。46条序列共产生18个单倍型,单倍型多样度和核苷酸多样度指数表明金钱豹的遗传多样性比较丰富,AMOVA分析显示其种群间出现显著的遗传分化。单倍型聚类分析表明,亚洲和非洲种群尽管有一定的分化,但其置信度很低,不足以形成各自独立的分支。