甘蔗细胞质型苹果酸脱氢酶基因的克隆及其表达分析

对甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum L.)叶片全长cDNA文库进行测序,获得了1个细胞质型苹果酸脱氢酶(cMDH)基因的全长cDNA序列,命名为Sc-cMDH。生物信息学分析表明,该基因全长1314 bp,开放阅读框为999 bp,编码332个氨基酸。Sc-cMDH与其他植物cMDH的氨基酸序列同源性高达86.5%～97.0%。Sc-cMDH包含典型的NAD+结合基元T11GAAGQI17和催化基元I184WGNH188,还有相当保守的6个半胱氨酸残基,因此推断该基因为细胞质型NAD-MDH。定量PCR分析结果表明,该基因在甘蔗叶片和根中的表达量高于茎。     

玉米苹果酸脱氢酶基因的分离与结构分析

以一个玉米（ＺｅａｍａｙｓＬ．）杂种一代超亲表达的ｃＤＮＡ片段为探针,从玉米幼苗期ｃＤＮＡ文库中筛选到一个全长１２８７ｂｐ的ｃＤＮＡ克隆。序列分析表明,该ｃＤＮＡ编码细胞质苹果酸脱氢酶,推导的氨基酸序列与龙须海棠（Ｍｅｓｅｍｂｒｙａｎｔｈｅｍｕｍ　ｃｒｙｓｔａｌｌｉｕｍ　Ｌ．）及拟南芥（Ａｒａｂｉｄｏｐｓｉｓ　ｔｈａｌｉａｎａ（Ｌ．）Ｈｅｙｎｈ．）同一编码基因的氨基酸序列同源性分别为９０％和８４％。这是禾谷类作物中首次克隆的编码细胞质苹果酸脱氢酶的完整基因。     

Isolation and Characterization of a cDNA Encoding Maize Cyto solic Malate Dehydrogenase

A cDNA fragment derived from a gene over-expressing in hybrid maize ( Zea mays L. ) was isolated with RT-PCR and used as probe to screen cDNA library of hybrid maize seedlings. A positive cDNA clone ZH02 corresponding to the full-length mRNA sequence was obtained, which was shown to have an open reading frame encoding 332 a.a. DNA and proteinase database search revealed that the deduced amino acid sequence of ZH02 has high similarity with the cMDH of Mesembryaathemum crystallium L. and Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. up to 90% and 84%, respectively. This is the first report of the full-length gene coding for the cereal cMDH.     

大麦初生叶中质外体的蛋白、酯酶和苹果酸脱氢酶同工酶(英文)

把6天株龄的大麦(Hordeum vylgare L.)初生叶的下表皮剥去后,以含pH6.5的200mmol/L NaCl缓冲液真空渗洗叶片36min,获得的细胞间隙洗液含有水溶性或弱离子结合态的质外体蛋白质和酶。渗洗过的叶片用缓冲液磨成匀浆和离心后,上清液含原质体蛋白质和酶。用1mmol/L NaCl可溶解离子结合态的质外体蛋白质和酶,两条(25和31kD)和7条(22,28,30,51,55,60和71kD)蛋白质带只分别在含有200mmol/L和1mmol/L NaGl的质外体提取液中测得。机械创伤诱导两条(32和33kD)可溶于200mmol/L NaCl的质外体蛋白带,在质外体还测到3条可溶于200mmol/L NaCl和4条可溶于1mmol/L NaCl的苹果酸脱氢酶同工酶。在质外体和共质体两部分均发现有酯酶Ⅰ同工酶,但移向阴极的酯酶同工酶Ⅰ只见于溶在200mmol/L NaCl的质外体中。移向阳极的酯酶Ⅱ同工酶仅见于共质体中。     

一类依赖于NAD的玉米胞质型苹果酸脱氢酶基因的克隆及其序列分析

苹果酸脱氢酶普遍存在于各种生物中,它负责催化草酰乙酸和苹果酸之间的相互转换.根据其辅酶的特异性和在细胞内的分布及其生理功能的不同,苹果酸脱氢酶在高等植物中可以区分出不同的类型,依赖于NAD的细胞质型苹果酸脱氢酶是其中研究较少的一类.根据已发表的其他高等植物的依赖于NAD的胞质型苹果酸脱氢酶基因的保守序列,运用SMART RACE RT-PCR技术,从玉米叶片中分离了cyMDH 的1 264 bp全长cDNA序列,通过生物信息学分析发现,该序列含有一个999 bp的完整的开放阅读框,其共编码332个氨基酸(GenBank登陆号 EU625276).序列联配与树状分析结果表明,该玉米cyMDH 序列与多个物种的cyMDH 基因具有高度的同源性.组织特异性表达分析显示MDH基因在玉米叶片中表达量最高,在茎、根中亦有低水平表达.本研究将为更深入的研究玉米cyMDH 基因的分子调控机理奠定基础.     

粉尘螨线粒体样苹果酸脱氢酶基因cDNA克隆和分子特征分析

摘要 目的：获取粉尘螨线粒体样苹果酸脱氢酶蛋白（mitochondrial-like malate dehydrogenase，mMDH）的编码基因并了解其分子特征。方法：以粉尘螨Total RNA为模板，RT-PCR扩增获得mMDH编码基因后、构建原核表达质粒，转化E.coil BL21(DE3)感受态细胞中，IPTG诱导表达，SDS-PAGE和Western Blot鉴定目的蛋白表达情况。采用NCBI、EXPASY在线生物信息学软件分析该基因编码蛋白质的生物学特征。结果：获得粉尘螨线粒体样苹果酸脱氢酶蛋白的编码基因，全长1032bp。构建的原核表达质粒pET28a(+)-mMDH，经转化和诱导表达后，SDS-PAGE和Western Blot可见目的蛋白条带。该基因编码的蛋白质由343个氨基酸组成，相对分子质量（Mr）36014.54Da，亚细胞定位主要在细胞质和细胞核，含有34个磷酸化位点（19个丝氨酸，12个苏氨酸和3个酪氨酸）。糖基化预测结果显示其含有2个N-糖基化位点（123位存在糖基化位点NASI和151位存在糖基化位点NSTV）和1个0-糖基化位点。二级结构主要为?琢-螺旋和无规则卷曲。三维建模可观察到该蛋白为二聚体结构，CD-Search保守区域分析后显示其属于NADB-Rossmann家族，具有MDH-glyoxysomal-mitochondrial结构域。PyMol可视化后可在三维结构中观察到保守区域位点。将该基因推导出的氨基酸序列进行Blast获得同源基因，粉尘螨与屋尘螨、梅氏嗜霉螨进化关系较近，独成一簇。结论：获得粉尘螨线粒体样苹果酸脱氢酶蛋白的编码基因全长及其原核表达质粒，并对其生物学特征进行分析，为进一步探讨该基因的生理功能、开发尘螨控制措施奠定基础。     

钙对盐胁迫下冰叶日中花不同器官离子含量和根部K~+、Na~+吸收的影响

以冰叶日中花(Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.)实生苗为材料,经NaCl、NaCl+ CaCl_2、NaCl+LaCl_3处理后,利用电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪检测叶、茎、根中Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)含量,计算K~+/Na~+、Ca~(2+)/Na~+和Mg~(2+)/Na~+比值,利用非损伤微测技术测定根尖Na~+流和K~+流,研究盐胁迫下钙在维持离子平衡中的作用。结果显示,NaCl处理后,冰叶日中花各器官中Na~+含量增加,K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)含量降低,离子比值降低;CaCl_2处理降低了Na~+含量,提高了K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)含量,离子比值升高,而LaCl_3处理后的结果相反。经NaCl处理24 h后,冰叶日中花根尖Na~+和K~+明显外流,加入CaCl_2后,Na~+外流速度显著增加,K~+外流速度受到抑制,而加入LaCl_3后则降低了Na~+的外流速度,促进了K~+的外流。研究结果表明冰叶日中花受到盐胁迫后,钙参与了促进根部Na~+外排、抑制K~+外流的过程,进而保持各器官中较低的Na~+含量,表明钙在维持和调控离子平衡中起到重要作用。     

Identification and Biochemical Characterization of a Thermostable Malate Dehydrogenase from the Mesophile Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)

We identified and characterized a malate dehydrogenase from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) (ScMDH). The molecular mass of ScMDH was 73,353.5 Da with two 36,675.0 Da subunits as analyzed by matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The detailed kinetic parameters of recombinant ScMDH are reported here. Heat inactivation studies showed that ScMDH was more thermostable than most MDHs from other organisms, except for a few extremely thermophile bacteria. Recombinant ScMDH was highly NAD⁺-specific and displayed about 400-fold (k _cat) and 1,050-fold (k _cat?K _m) preferences for oxaloacetate reduction over malate oxidation. Substrate inhibition studies showed that ScMDH activity was inhibited by excess oxaloacetate (K _i=5.8 mM) and excess L-malate (K _i=12.8 mM). Moreover, ScMDH activity was not affected by most metal ions, but was strongly inhibited by Fe²⁺ and Zn²⁺. Taken together, our findings indicate that ScMDH is significantly thermostable and presents a remarkably high catalytic efficiency for malate synthesis.     

Malate Dehydrogenase Isozymes (MDH; EC 1.1.1.37) in Long-Term Callus Culture of Cereus peruvianus (Cactaceae) Exposed to Sugar and Temperature Stress

Malate dehydrogenase (MDH; EC 1.1.1.37) isozymes in long-term callus tissue culture of Cereus peruvianus were studied in starch gel electrophoresis to investigate the control of differential Mdh gene expression under sugar and temperature stress. While two cytosol MDH isozymes showed an unchanged phenotype when the callus tissues were transferred to medium maintained at 22 or 37°C and containing different concentrations of sucrose, glucose, and fructose, the different combinations of five mitochondrial MDH (mtMDH) and two microbody MDH (mbMDH) showed different MDH isozyme patterns in the callus populations. Differential expression of mtMDH isozymes seems to be modulated at the posttranslational level in callus tissues exposed to different concentrations and types of sugar and to high-temperature and low-temperature stress. An inductor effect on the expression of mbMDH isozymes was observed under stress conditions and in long-term callus tissue, and they may also present different responses.     

The Role of Malate Dehydrogenase Isoforms in the Regulation of Anabolic and Catabolic Processes in the Colorless Sulfur Bacterium Beggiatoa leptomitiformis D-402

The functional role of tetrameric and dimeric isoforms of malate dehydrogenase in the carbon metabolism of the colorless sulfur bacterium Beggiatoa leptomitiformis, strain D-402, was studied. This strain can grow both lithotrophically and organotrophically. By use of inhibition analysis, the tetrameric isoenzyme was shown to operate in the glyoxylate cycle and the dimeric form was found to be involved in the TCA cycle. The dynamics of the dimeric isoenzyme conversion to the tetrameric isoform was found to be determined by the rate of thiosulfate oxidation. The regulation of the carbon metabolism in Beggiatoa leptomitiformis is supposed to be accomplished by means of structural and functional changes in the protein molecule of malate dehydrogenase.     

The Non-Ionic Detergent Brij 58 Conserves the Structure of the Tonoplast H+-ATPase of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. During Solubilization and Partial Purification

The effects of solubilization with Triton X-100 or Brij 58 on the polypeptide composition and the substrate affinity of the tonoplast H⁺-ATPase of plants of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum performing C₃ photosynthesis or crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) have been compared. Although all known subunits of the tonoplast H⁺-ATPase were present in the fraction of solubilized proteins after treatment with Brij 58 or Triton X-100, with Triton X-100 the apparent K_M value for ATP hydrolysis was increased by a factor of 1.8 and 1.5 in preparations from C₃ and CAM plants, respectively, even at low concentrations in contrast to treatment with Brij 58. This is explained by structural changes of the tonoplast H⁺-ATPase due to the Triton X-100 treatment. After solubilization with Brij 58 the tonoplast H⁺-ATPase was partially purified by Superose-6 size-exclusion FPLC. When Brij 58 was present, addition of lipids to the chromatography buffer was not necessary to conserve enzyme activity in contrast to previously described purification methods using Triton X-100. The substrate affinity of the partial purified H⁺-ATPase was similar to the substrate affinity obtained for ATP-hydrolysis of native tonoplast vesicles, indicating that the enzyme structure during partial purification was conserved by using Brij 58. The results underline that the lipid environment of the tonoplast H⁺-ATPase is important for enzyme structure and function.     

The Activity of Xylose Reductase and Xylitol Dehydrogenase in Yeasts

The activity and the cofactor specificity of xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase were studied in extracts of yeasts from the genera Candida, Kluyveromyces, Pachysolen, Pichia,and Torulopsis grown under microaerobic conditions. It was found that xylitol dehydrogenase in all of the yeast species studied is specific for NAD⁺; xylose reductase in the xylitol-producing species C. didensiae, C. intermediae, C. parapsilosis, C. silvanorum, C. tropicalis, Kl. fragilis, Kl. marxianus, P. guillermondii, andT. molishiama is specific for NADPH; and xylose reductase in the ethanol-producing species P. stipitis, C. shehatae, and Pa. tannophilus is specific for both NADPH and NADH.     

Identification of sn-Glycerol-1-phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity from Genomic Information on a Hyperthermophilic Archaeon,Sulfolobus tokodaii Strain 7

sn-Glycerol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase is responsible for the formation of sn-glycerol-1-phosphate, the backbone of membrane phospholipids of Archaea. This activity had never been detected in cell-free extract of Sulfolobus sp. Here we report the detection of this activity on the thermostable ST0344 protein of Sulfolobus tokodaii expressed in Escherichia coli, which was predicted from genomic information on S. tokodaii. This is another line of evidence for the general mechanism of sn-glycerol-1-phosphate formation by the enzyme.     

Maternal Coordination of the Daily Rhythm of Malate Dehydrogenase Activity in Testes from Young Rats: Effect of Maternal Sympathetic Denervation of the Pineal Gland and Administration of Melatonin

Chronic sympathetic denervation of the pineal gland by bilateral removal of the superior cervical ganglia (SCG) was performed on female rats 30 days before impregnation. The offspring, maintained in the dark from birth, had disruption of the malate dehydrogenase circadian rhythm in the testes at 25 days of age. A daily injection of melatonin (1 mg/kg s.c. at 10:00 or 18:00 h) to denervated mothers from the 14th day of pregnancy up to the 10th day postpartum produced one daily phase in the enzyme activity of testes in the offspring. Entrainment of daily enzyme activity also was obtained when the hormone was administered orally to the pups during the postnatal period or when pups were reared by intact (not denervated) foster mothers. The results indicate the involvement of the maternal pineal gland in the maternal transfer of photoperiodic information necessary for the coordination of the circadian system in young rats.     

Maternal Coordination of the Daily Rhythm of Malate Dehydrogenase Activity in Testes from Young Rats: Effect of Maternal Sympathetic Denervation of the Pineal Gland and Administration of Melatonin

Chronic sympathetic denervation of the pineal gland by bilateral removal of the superior cervical ganglia (SCG) was performed on female rats 30 days before impregnation. The offspring, maintained in the dark from birth, had disruption of the malate dehydrogenase circadian rhythm in the testes at 25 days of age. A daily injection of melatonin (1 mg/kg s.c. at 10:00 or 18:00 h) to denervated mothers from the 14th day of pregnancy up to the 10th day postpartum produced one daily phase in the enzyme activity of testes in the offspring. Entrainment of daily enzyme activity also was obtained when the hormone was administered orally to the pups during the postnatal period or when pups were reared by intact (not denervated) foster mothers. The results indicate the involvement of the maternal pineal gland in the maternal transfer of photoperiodic information necessary for the coordination of the circadian system in young rats.     

D-乳酸脱氢酶基因克隆及其表达

构建了一株产D ,L 乳酸的乳杆菌 (Lactobacillussp .)MD 1的基因文库。利用乳酸脱氢酶和丙酮酸裂解酶缺陷的EscherichiacoliFMJ1 4 4作为宿主 ,在厌氧条件下通过互补筛选获得乳酸脱氢酶基因 (ldh) ,非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳 (Native PAGE)检测证明其阳性克隆表现出D 乳酸脱氢酶 (D LDH)活性。核酸序列分析表明 ,ldhD的ORF编码 331个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白质有两个保守区域 ,其中V1 47～D1 76 区是NADH的结合位点 ,R77～E1 0 7区据报道是酶的活性部位。该菌株D LDH和D羟基异己酸脱氢酶 (D HicDH)属于NADH依赖性脱氢酶家族 ,ldhD和其他乳杆菌属的ldhD及D HicDH基因和编码的氨基酸序列相似性较低 ,核酸序列相似性最高达 4 9 33% ,氨基酸序列相同性最高为 4 2 % ,是一个新的D 乳酸脱氢酶基因     

L—乳酸脱氢酶基因克隆及功能分析

构建了一株产D,L-乳酸的乳杆菌(Lactobaeillus sp．)MD—1的基因库。利用乳酸脱氢酶和丙酮酸裂解酶缺陷的Escherichia coli FMJ144作为宿主,通过互补筛选分离克隆到乳酸脱氢酶基因(ldhL)。核酸序列分析表明,该基因以ATG为起始密码子编码316个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白质,预测的分子量为33．84kD;5′端存在典型的启动子结构,3′端的终止子是不依赖于ρ因子的转录终止子。ldhL编码的蛋白质有3个保守区域,其中Gly13～Asp50保守区域是NADH的结合位点,Asp73～Ile100和Asn123～Arg154保守区是酶的活性部位。该ldhL和其他乳杆菌的ldhL基因和编码的氨基酸序列相似性较低,核苷酸序列相似性最高仅为64．1％,氨基酸序列相似性最高仅为68．9％,是新的L—乳酸脱氢酶基因。     

菠菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因在棉花中的过量表达和抗冻耐逆性分析

分离出菠菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因(SoBADH)构建成由CaMV35S驱动的双元植物表达载体pBSB, 农杆菌菌株LBA4404携带该载体转化棉花, 获得转基因棉花植株。65株转基因植株经过PCR筛选、Southern blotting分析证明有45株为成功的转化株, 外源基因已经被整合到棉花的染色体组中, 并以单拷贝插入居多。对部分株系的SoBADH基因的表达进行分析表明均有较高的mRNA和蛋白的表达。经测定这些株系中的甜菜碱脱氢酶活性显著提高, 达到0.66~1.70 nmol/min/mg水平。同时这些转基因株系在盐胁迫下比对照长势强, 株高和地上部分的鲜重显著高于非转基因对照; 在低温胁迫下, 这些转基因株系表现出显著的抗冻性能。结果表明菠菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶能够在异源植物棉花中过量表达, 并具有较高的酶活性, 转基因棉花可作为抗逆育种的种质材料。     

The Attractive Serratia plymuthica BMA1 Strain With High Rock Phosphate-Solubilizing Activity and Its Effect on the Growth and Phosphorus Uptake by Vicia faba L. Plants

Abstract

The present work aims to investigate the attractive ability of the newly isolated bacterium Serratia plymuthica BMA1, to release phosphorus (P) from rock phosphate (RP) and also to assess its beneficial effect in promoting the growth of Vicia faba. This strain exhibited the highest RP-solubilization activity ever reported, with 450?mg l^?1 of soluble P at 30?°C. At 10 and 20?°C, its RP-solubilization was estimated at 100 and 200?mg l^?1, respectively. HPLC analysis revealed that RP-solubilizing activity was associated with the release of gluconic acid. The hydroxyapatite (HA) solubilization activity concomitantly occurred with the secretion of gluconic acid and lactic acid. Under greenhouse conditions, application of BMA1 strain as an inoculant in presence of RP as the sole P source, considerably increased phosphorus uptake by V. faba L. and upgraded its overall growth in terms of dry weight and length by 76% and 39%, respectively. This growth promoting effect was accompanied by a substantial increase in chlorophyll contents. Additionally, phosphorus levels within roots and shoots of S. plymuthica BMA1-treated plants were approximately three times greater, compared to the non-inoculated control plants. When HA was used instead of RP, bacterization with BMA1 strain also enhanced the plant growth parameters and P contents, but significantly less than RP. These findings revealed that S. plymuthica BMA1 could be a potential candidate to improve the agronomic effectiveness of RP, toward a clean P-nutrition through the formulation of bio-phosphate fertilizers for plant growth promotion.