豚草防治措施综合评价

运用层次分析法对豚草生物防治、化学防治和不实施任何防治措施的空白对照进行综合评价.对3种防治措施的综合效益和综合成本进行计算和排序,作为选择豚草防治措施的准则.结果表明：豚草生物防治所获得的综合效益最高,综合成本最低;空白对照的综合效益最低,综合成本最高;化学防治的综合效益和综合成本居中.豚草生物防治效益成本比最高,说明其是一种最为理想的防治措施,值得推广应用.     

豚草防治措施综合评价

运用层次分析法对豚草生物防治、化学防治和不实施任何防治措施的空白对照进行综合评价.对3种防治措施的综合效益和综合成本进行计算和排序,作为选择豚草防治措施的准则.结果表明：豚草生物防治所获得的综合效益最高,综合成本最低;空白对照的综合效益最低,综合成本最高;化学防治的综合效益和综合成本居中.豚草生物防治效益成本比最高,说明其是一种最为理想的防治措施,值得推广应用.     

CPG Control for Biped Hopping Robot in Unpredictable Environment

A CPG control mechanism is proposed for hopping motion control of biped robot in unpredictable environment.Based on analysis of robot motion and biological observation of animal's control mechanism,the motion control task is divided into two simple parts:motion sequence control and output force control.Inspired by a two-level CPG model,a two-level CPG control mechanism is constructed to coordinate the drivers of robot joint,while various feedback information are introduced into the control mechanism.Interneurons within the control mechanism are modeled to generate motion rhythm and pattern promptly for motion sequence control; motoneurons are modeled to control output forces of joint drivers in real time according to feedbacks.The control system can perceive changes caused by unknown perturbations and environment changes according to feedback information,and adapt to unpredictable environment by adjusting outputs of neurons.The control mechanism is applied to a biped hopping robot in unpredictable environment on simulation platform,and stable adaptive motions are obtained.     

Comparing apples and oranges--model-based assessment of different tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis control strategies

The current control strategies for tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis in cattle (trypanocidal drugs, tsetse control and trypanotolerant cattle) are briefly reviewed and their adoption rates in different geographic regions of sub-Saharan Africa are presented. The impact of these control strategies and the potential use of vaccines, should they be developed, on trypanosomosis transmission were compared using a mathematical model. The relative trypanosomosis prevalence compared with no control was estimated across a range of control coverages (from none to complete control coverage) by varying the change in specific model parameters influenced by individual control measures. Based on this comparison, the relative rankings of the effect of control strategies on reducing disease prevalence were: vector control, vaccination, and drug use, in that order. In this model, trypanotolerance was assumed to decrease disease prevalence, but not to influence transmission. Differences in the predicted impact of control measures on the transmission of human sleeping sickness are discussed. Finally, the role of transmission model outputs as inputs for economic models to guide investment decisions for trypanosomosis control is emphasised.     

外来入侵种互花米草防治研究进展

互花米草在其原产地具有保滩护堤、促淤造陆等生态功能,但在被引入其他地区后,常给当地生态系统带来诸多负面影响,因此,互花米草常被视为入侵种,对互花米草的入侵性以及防控方面的研究成为一大热点.本研究从物理防治、化学防治、生物防治、生物替代防治、综合防治和防控策略6个方面综述了互花米草防治的最新研究进展,对各类措施的理论基础、技术方案、防治效果和环境影响等方面进行了分析,指出了现有防治技术的不足,并提出生态风险分区防控等建议.     

Long-term studies on the economic impact of ticks on Sanga cattle in Zambia

Three different tick control policies were tested in groups of traditionally managed Sanga cattle in the Central Province of Zambia over a period of 3 years. One group was given strategic tick control using 12 pyrethroid acaricide spray applications between the onset and the end of the wet season (October to March). The productivity of this herd was compared with that of a group with no tick control and a group under an intensive tick control regimen of spraying every week in the wet season and every 2 weeks in the dry season (36 applications per year). The highest output was associated with intensive tick control, followed by strategic control and then no tick control policies. However, when the costs of tick control were taken into account, the strategic tick control policy produced the best economic result, followed by the intensive and then the no tick control policies. Neither the strategic nor the intensive tick control policy was sufficient to prevent the transmission of East Coast fever (ECF) infection when this disease was introduced to the area.     

The current status of biological control of weeds in southern China and future options

China has become one of the countries most seriously affected by invasive alien weeds in the world. Weeds impact agriculture, the environment and human health, and conventional control methods such as herbicides are expensive, damaging to human health and unsustainable. As the impacts and costs of weed control in China increase, there is an urgent need to manage some of the more important weeds through more sustainable methods. Classical biological control of invasive alien weeds is environmentally-friendly and sustainable. Biological control in China began in the 1930s with the introduction of two agents into Hong Kong for the control of Lantana camara. Since then, a further seven biological control agents have been introduced into China to control four weed species. In addition, 11 biological control agents targeting seven weed species have naturally spread into China. Together, these biological control agents are helping to control some of China's worst weeds. However, these efforts are only a small portion of the weeds that could be targeted for weed biological control. This paper reviews the current status of weed biological control efforts against introduced weeds in ten provinces and regions in southern China and provides a platform to identify the most effective and appropriate weed biological control opportunities and programmes to pursue in the future. Introducing additional safe and effective biological control agents into China to help manage some of the worst weeds in the region should reduce the use of herbicides and impacts on human health and the environment, while increasing productivity and food security.     

Modeling biological motor control for human locomotion with functional electrical stimulation

This paper develops a novel control system for functional electrical stimulation (FES) locomotion, which aims to generate normal locomotion for paraplegics via FES. It explores the possibility of applying ideas from biology to engineering. The neural control mechanism of the biological motor system, the central pattern generator, has been adopted in the control system design. Some artificial control techniques such as neural network control, fuzzy logic, control and impedance control are incorporated to refine the control performance. Several types of sensory feedback are integrated to endow this control system with an adaptive ability. A musculoskeletal model with 7 segments and 18 muscles is constructed for the simulation study. Satisfactory simulation results are achieved under this FES control system, which indicates a promising technique for the potential application of FES locomotion in future.     

Hierarchical control of biotechnological complex systems

Application of hierarchical control for solution of some nonlinear optimization problems in fermentation systems, with the use of microprocessors, is described. Results presented show some advantages of the method of hierarchical control in comparison to some traditional one-level optimization methods. The advantage of the hierarchical control method is in less demand on memory and computing power of the control computer as the standard methods.In solving this problem two control schemes are used. In the first control scheme the method of objective coordination is used. In the second one the prediction method of coordination is used, with the aim to minimize selected disturbances in state and control variables.     

基于RNA干扰CMTM7 对肺腺癌A549细胞凋亡的影响

目的:探讨基于RNA干扰CMTM7对肺腺癌A549细胞凋亡的影响。方法:选择肺腺癌A549细胞株分为si RNA组、阴性对照组与空白对照组,在对数生长的A549细胞中转染RNA干扰CMTM7载体、脂质体空载体和不进行转染,观察A549细胞的生长、凋亡与细胞周期状况。结果:MTT实验显示si RNA转染组的抑制率明显高于阴性对照组和空白对照组(P0.05),阴性对照组与空白对照组的对比无明显差异(P0.05)。流式细胞术实验表明si RNA转染组的细胞凋亡率明显高于阴性对照组和空白对照组(P0.05),阴性对照组与空白对照组的对比无明显差异(P0.05)。流式细胞术实验表明si RNA转染组的G0/G1期细胞数目较阴性对照组和空白对照组增多明显(P0.05),同时si RNA转染组的S、G2/M期细胞数目较阴性对照组和空白对照组明显减少(P0.05),阴性对照组和空白对照组对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:RNA干扰CMTM7能够促进肺腺癌A549细胞凋亡,抑制肿瘤细胞的生长,其作用机制可能通过干扰细胞周期而实现。     

Intermittent control: a computational theory of human control

The paradigm of continuous control using internal models has advanced understanding of human motor control. However, this paradigm ignores some aspects of human control, including intermittent feedback, serial ballistic control, triggered responses and refractory periods. It is shown that event-driven intermittent control provides a framework to explain the behaviour of the human operator under a wider range of conditions than continuous control. Continuous control is included as a special case, but sampling, system matched hold, an intermittent predictor and an event trigger allow serial open-loop trajectories using intermittent feedback. The implementation here may be described as ??continuous observation, intermittent action??. Beyond explaining unimodal regulation distributions in common with continuous control, these features naturally explain refractoriness and bimodal stabilisation distributions observed in double stimulus tracking experiments and quiet standing, respectively. Moreover, given that human control systems contain significant time delays, a biological-cybernetic rationale favours intermittent over continuous control: intermittent predictive control is computationally less demanding than continuous predictive control. A standard continuous-time predictive control model of the human operator is used as the underlying design method for an event-driven intermittent controller. It is shown that when event thresholds are small and sampling is regular, the intermittent controller can masquerade as the underlying continuous-time controller and thus, under these conditions, the continuous-time and intermittent controller cannot be distinguished. This explains why the intermittent control hypothesis is consistent with the continuous control hypothesis for certain experimental conditions.     

Microbial control in Asia: a bellwether for the future?

Advances and barriers faced by microbial control efforts in Asia offer instructive insights for microbial control in general. The papers in this series, which are based on plenary lectures given at the Society for Invertebrate Pathology 2006 meeting in Wuhan, China, explore the history and current status of microbial control in China, Japan, and Southeast Asia, and in doing so, bring to light the following key assumptions that deserve further examination; (1) the adoption rate of microbial control is well documented; (2) microbial control agents can compete directly with conventional insecticides; (3) microbial control agents are relatively easy and inexpensive to produce and develop; (4) patents will promote innovation and investor interest in microbial control. Alternative viewpoints are presented that can hopefully aid in future efforts to develop more safe and effective microbial control agents.     

Parallel Explicit and Implicit Control of Reaching

Background

Human movement can be guided automatically (implicit control) or attentively (explicit control). Explicit control may be engaged when learning a new movement, while implicit control enables simultaneous execution of multiple actions. Explicit and implicit control can often be assigned arbitrarily: we can simultaneously drive a car and tune the radio, seamlessly allocating implicit or explicit control to either action. This flexibility suggests that sensorimotor signals, including those that encode spatially overlapping perception and behavior, can be accurately segregated to explicit and implicit control processes.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We tested human subjects'' ability to segregate sensorimotor signals to parallel control processes by requiring dual (explicit and implicit) control of the same reaching movement and testing for interference between these processes. Healthy control subjects were able to engage dual explicit and implicit motor control without degradation of performance compared to explicit or implicit control alone. We then asked whether segregation of explicit and implicit motor control can be selectively disrupted by studying dual-control performance in subjects with no clinically manifest neurologic deficits in the presymptomatic stage of Huntington''s disease (HD). These subjects performed successfully under either explicit or implicit control alone, but were impaired in the dual-control condition.

Conclusion/Significance

The human nervous system can exert dual control on a single action, and is therefore able to accurately segregate sensorimotor signals to explicit and implicit control. The impairment observed in the presymptomatic stage of HD points to a possible crucial contribution of the striatum to the segregation of sensorimotor signals to multiple control processes.     

Systematic identification of cell size regulators in budding yeast

Cell size is determined by a complex interplay between growth and division, involving multiple cellular pathways. To identify systematically processes affecting size control in G1 in budding yeast, we imaged and analyzed the cell cycle of millions of individual cells representing 591 mutants implicated in size control. Quantitative metric distinguished mutants affecting the mechanism of size control from the majority of mutants that have a perturbed size due to indirect effects modulating cell growth. Overall, we identified 17 negative and dozens positive size control regulators, with the negative regulators forming a small network centered on elements of mitotic exit network. Some elements of the translation machinery affected size control with a notable distinction between the deletions of parts of small and large ribosomal subunit: parts of small ribosomal subunit tended to regulate size control, while parts of the large subunit affected cell growth. Analysis of small cells revealed additional size control mechanism that functions in G2/M, complementing the primary size control in G1. Our study provides new insights about size control mechanisms in budding yeast.     

Biological control and sustainable food production

The use of biological control for the management of pest insects pre-dates the modern pesticide era. The first major successes in biological control occurred with exotic pests controlled by natural enemy species collected from the country or area of origin of the pest (classical control). Augmentative control has been successfully applied against a range of open-field and greenhouse pests, and conservation biological control schemes have been developed with indigenous predators and parasitoids. The cost-benefit ratio for classical biological control is highly favourable (1:250) and for augmentative control is similar to that of insecticides (1:2-1:5), with much lower development costs. Over the past 120 years, more than 5000 introductions of approximately 2000 non-native control agents have been made against arthropod pests in 196 countries or islands with remarkably few environmental problems. Biological control is a key component of a 'systems approach' to integrated pest management, to counteract insecticide-resistant pests, withdrawal of chemicals and minimize the usage of pesticides. Current studies indicate that genetically modified insect-resistant Bt crops may have no adverse effects on the activity or function of predators or parasitoids used in biological control. The introduction of rational approaches for the environmental risk assessment of non-native control agents is an essential step in the wider application of biological control, but future success is strongly dependent on a greater level of investment in research and development by governments and related organizations that are committed to a reduced reliance on chemical control.     

Risk-Adjusted Control Charts: Theory,Methods, and Applications in Health

Control charts, the most popular tool of statistical process control, appeared in the literature to ensure that an industrial process is operating only with natural variability, i.e., under statistical control. In the last decades, control charts have been also widely used to assess the quality of non-industrial processes, such as medicine and public health. Mainly in the last two decades, a modification of standard and advanced control charts appeared in the bibliography to improve the monitoring mainly of medical processes. This is the risk-adjusted control charts which take into consideration the varying health conditions of the patients. These charts are used to monitor certain medical processes such as surgeries, mortality, and doctors’ experience. In this paper, we have tried to present all the risk-adjusted control charts presented in the literature appropriately categorized. The risk-adjusted charts have been grouped into three categories: control charts for continuous variables, control charts for attributes (non-continuous variables), time-weighted control charts. The application of risk-adjusted control charts in practical medical processes is also discussed. This review paper highlights the value of the risk-adjusted control charts.

     

Schistosomiasis control in China

This review on the control of schistosomiasis in China consists of the disease in the past, epidemiology, control programme, control approaches, achievements, problems existed and an appendix: the criteria for control and elimination of schistosomiasis in China.     

Elusive control

The concept of a single rate-limiting step was proven to be too simplistic for understanding control and regulation of metabolism. Consequently, searches have identified relatively few steps with high control. Here we review a number of such searches and indicate what mechanisms may be responsible for this elusiveness of control. It turns out that this elusiveness of control has itself led to increased understanding of the roles played in metabolic control and regulation of such diverse factors as distributiveness of control, condition dependence, enzyme elasticity, homeostasis, control hierarchies, the input into a pathway, coenzyme sequestration, and redundancy and diversity of control function.     

Feedforward-feedback control of dissolved oxygen concentration in a predenitrification system

As the largest single energy-consuming component in most biological wastewater treatment systems, aeration control is of great interest from the point of view of saving energy and improving wastewater treatment plant efficiency. In this paper, three different strategies, including conventional constant dissolved oxygen (DO) set-point control, cascade DO set-point control, and feedforward-feedback DO set-point control were evaluated using the denitrification layout of the IWA simulation benchmark. Simulation studies showed that the feedforward-feedback DO set-point control strategy was better than the other control strategies at meeting the effluent standards and reducing operational costs. The control strategy works primarily by feedforward control based on an ammonium sensor located at the head of the aerobic process. It has an important advantage over effluent measurements in that there is no (or only a very short) time delay for information; feedforward control was combined with slow feedback control to compensate for model approximations. The feedforward-feedback DO control was implemented in a lab-scale wastewater treatment plant for a period of 60 days. Compared to operation with constant DO concentration, the required airflow could be reduced by up to 8–15% by employing the feedforward-feedback DO-control strategy, and the effluent ammonia concentration could be reduced by up to 15–25%. This control strategy can be expected to be accepted by the operating personnel in wastewater treatment plants.