Mapping of mouse carbonic anhydrase-3, Car-3: another locus in the homologous region of mouse chromosome 3 and human chromosome 8

At least six separate genes determining tissue- and organelle-specific isoforms of carbonic anhydrase are known. We have determined the chromosome location of one of these genes, carbonic anhydrase-3 (Car-3), in the mouse and carried out a linkage analysis of Car-1, Car-2, and Car-3. Car-3 has been assigned to band 3A2 by in situ hybridization. We identified a PstI restriction fragment length polymorphism between Mus spretus and Mus mus domesticus and, by using an interspecific backcross, showed that Car-3 is 2.4 +/- 1.7% SE from both Car-1 and Car-2, calculating genetic distance as percentage recombination. No recombinants were found between Car-1 and Car-2 in 100 backcross offspring, and when these data are combined with earlier results, these two loci are estimated to be 1.2 cM from each other at the 95% confidence interval. The three homologous carbonic anhydrase loci in man had earlier been assigned to 8q22, and the finding of linkage of Car-3 to Car-1 and Car-2 in the mouse adds another locus to the conserved segments on mouse chromosome 3 and human chromosome 8.     

Distribution of AMP-deaminase isozymes in rat tissues

1. The distribution of AMP deaminase isozymes in rat tissues was analyzed by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membrane, by chromatography on phosphocellulose column, and by the application of immunological technique employing specific antisera against three parental AMP deaminases (isozymes A, B and C). Skeletal muscle extracts and diaphragm extracts contain a single identical isozyme, isozyme A. The major isozyme species of liver, kidney and testes are also identical and they are isozyme B. Heart extracts contains isozyme C exclusively. Extracts of brain, lung and spleen contain five isozymes, presumably a complete set of five B-C hybrids. 2. Developmental patterns of AMP deaminase isozyme were studied. In early postnatal life, extracts of heart, liver, kidney and lung contain five isozymes similar to those observed in adult brain. During postnatal development, a shift to isozyme C occurs in heart, whereas a shift to isozyme B occurs in liver and kidney. Five isozymes in lung remain throughout development. In brain a shift of B to five isozymes is observed during development. Isozyme A is the predominant form in muscle throughout postnatal development. 3. AMP deaminase in the regenerating liver was analyzed, but the data indicated that there was no change of isozyme distribution during hepatic regeneration.     

Evolution of mammalian carbonic anhydrase loci by tandem duplication: Close linkage of Car-1 and Car-2 to the centromere region of chromosome 3 of the mouse

Electrophoretic variants of two carbonic anhydrase enzymes, CAR-1 (CA I) and CAR-2 (CA II), have been found in the laboratory mouse, Mus musculus. These two loci are closely linked to each other and are located on chromosome 3 near its centromere. The close linkage of Car-1 and Car-2 supports the hypothesis that the present-day carbonic anhydrase loci are the result of tandem duplication of an earlier carbonic anhydrase locus with subsequent divergence. The red blood cells of mice of the subspecies M. m. casteneus have significantly reduced levels of CAR-1 and CAR-2.This research was supported in part by Research Grants GM-20919 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences and CA-01074 from the National Cancer Institute, and by Contracts E(11-1)-3267 with the Energy Research and Development Administration and NO1-ES-4-2159 with the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. The Jackson Laboratory is fully certified by the American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care.     

Evidence of Lactate Dehydrogenase in Anaplasma marginale

Extracts from preparations of partially purified Anaplasma marginale revealed low levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Enzyme inhibition by immune sera further indicated that A. marginale possesses a protein moiety the same as that of the normal red blood cell (RBC), although data suggested an alteration of LDH(1) from that observed in normal RBC. Bimodal isozyme distribution was detected after electrophoresis of the extracts. One isozyme approached the cathode and the other the anode, and both appeared to be nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent. Heterogeneity of parasite and host cell isozymes was established on the basis of zone electrophoresis on cellulose acetate strips.     

Purification and characterization of two isozymes of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase from the mouse.

Two isozymes of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (ATP:3-phospho-D-glycerate 1-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.2.3), designated PGK-A and PGK-B, were purified from separate extracts of muscle and testicular tissue of DBA/2J mice, respectively. A similar procedure was used to purify the corresponding isozymes from C57BL/6J mice in order to make inter-strain comparisons. The purification involved the use of affinity chromatography with an 8-(6-aminohexyl)amino-ATP-Sepharose column and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. Lactate dehydrogenase isozyme LDH-X was also co-purified from extract of mouse testes by this two-step procedure. The same isozyme isolated from either mouse strain was found to be identical in physical and biochemical properties. Both isozymes are monomeric as determined by gel filtration chromatography and by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, the isozymes have similar molecular weights, of 47 000 +/- 2000 and exhibit similar Km values for both coenzymes and substrate, as well as temperature dependence of enzyme activity. However, it was observed that the B isozyme is more labile than the A isozyme by denaturation at high temperature, urea and acidic pH.     

Mx1 causes resistance against influenza A viruses in the Mus spretus-derived inbred mouse strain SPRET/Ei

Inbred SPRET/Ei mice, derived from Mus spretus, were found to be extremely resistant to infection with a mouse adapted influenza A virus. The resistance was strongly linked to distal chromosome 16, where the interferon-inducible Mx1 gene is located. This gene encodes for the Mx1 protein which stimulates innate immunity to Orthomyxoviruses. The Mx1 gene is defective in most inbred mouse strains, but PCR revealed that SPRET/Ei carries a functional allele. The Mx1 proteins of M. spretus and A2G, the other major resistant strain derived from Mus musculus, share 95.7% identity. We were interested whether the sequence variations between the two Mx1 alleles have functional significance. To address this, we used congenic mouse strains containing the Mx1 gene from M. spretus or A2G in a C57BL/6 background. Using a highly pathogenic influenza virus strain, we found that the B6.spretus-Mx1 congenic mice were better protected against infection than the B6.A2G-Mx1 mice. This effect may be due to different Mx1 induction levels, as was shown by RT-PCR and Western blot. We conclude that SPRET/Ei is a novel Mx1-positive inbred strain useful to study the biology of Mx1.     

Analysis of neuraminidase isozyme phenotypes in mammalian tissues: an electrophoretic approach

A simple cellulose acetate electrophoretic method for visualizing mammalian neuraminidase isozymes has been developed. Application of the method with rat and mouse liver extracts reveals the presence of two distinct isozymes in each species. Each isozyme exhibits tremendous variation in activity between inbred strains. The two isozymes vary independently of one another suggesting that their activities are controlled by different genes. The neuraminidase phenotypes detected in these inbred strains via electrophoresis are consistent with published accounts of neuraminidase phenotypes determined fluorometrically in whole liver homogenates, but also indicate the presence of a second isozyme not perceived by this other procedure.     

Discrimination of walleye, Stizostedion vitreum vitreum (Mitchill), stocks by isozyme analysis with cellulose acetate

Summary. Five walleye, Stizosfedion vitreum vitreum (Mitchill), populations from within the state of Minnesota were examined for isozyme gene frequencies. Of 26 loci identified and scored, nine polymorphic loci were found. The ADH*, MDH-3* and PROT-4* loci were found to be the most informative for distinguishing the populations. A north-south cline in the frequency of PROT-4* alleles was found, with a higher frequency of the fast allele being found in the southern population. This is probably a reflection of genetic isolation caused by glaciation. Cellulose acetate was used to resolve the isozymes. The advantages of cellulose acetate over starch in terms of decreased run time, smaller sample and stain volumes and superior resolution advocate the use of cellulose acetate for fish isozyme analyses. Comparisons between starch and cellulose acetate separations showed similar results with some exceptions. Cellulose acetate resolved FH* and PROT-2* polymorphisms that were not resolved on starch, but failed to resolve the MDH-1 locus. These differences did not affect the results.     

Characterization of the esterase isozymes of Ips typographus (coleoptera,scolytidae)

Four esterase isozymes hydrolyzing α-naphthyl acetate (α-NA) were detected screening whole body homogenates of larvae and adults of Ips typographus by electrophoresis. Two of the four isozymes (isozymes 3 and 4) were not detected by α-NA staining in the pupal stage, but topical application of juvenile hormone III (JH III) on the pupa induced these isozymes. The JH esterase (JHE) activity on the gel was associated with the proteins of isozyme 2. The compounds OTFP, PTFP, and DFP inhibited this catalytic activity of isozyme 2 on the gel at low concentrations, whereas the proteins of isozyme 3 and 4 were affected only at higher concentrations. A quantitative developmental study was performed to characterize which of the esterases hydrolyzed JH III, using a putative surrogate substrate for JH (HEXTAT) and α-NA. The I₅₀ of several esterase inhibitors and the JH metabolites were also defined. All findings supported the results that a protein associated with isozyme 2 is catabolizing JH and that isozymes 3 and 4 are the main contributors to the general esterase activity on α-NA. The JHE from Tenebrio molitor was purified by affinity chromatography. Although the recovery was low, an analytical isoelectric focusing gel showed that the JHE activity of the purified enzyme. T. molitor cochromatographed at the same pl as the JHE activity of I. typographus. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 34:203–221, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Lactate dehydrogenase isozymes in xenotropic virus producing mice

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; E.C. 1.1.1.27) isozymes were compared in three inbred strains of mice, and two strains of wild mice, as well as the F1 hybrids and other genetic crosses involving two of the inbred strains. The strains examined were NZB/B1NJ, 129/J and C57BL/6J, Mus musculus molossinus and M. musculus castaneus. Genetic crosses were made between the xenotropic virus-producing NZB and the non-virus producing 129/J mice. Tissue specificity of LDH in these strains was studied using homogenates of kidney, liver, spleen and thymus. Polymorphism of the enzyme was studied by agarose gel electrophoresis. Enzyme polymorphism in the tissues of NZB and 129/J has not been previously reported. The liver and spleen tissues of 129/J showed the absence of LDH-1 and LDH-2 isozymes. Thymic homogenates of NZB showed a lack of expression of LDH-1, LDH-2 and LDH-3 isozymes. The F1, F2 and the backcross progeny from genetic crosses involving NZB, and 129/J mice showed an isozyme pattern more similar to the non-virus-producing 129/J strain than the virus-producing NZB. Evidence of genetic regulation at the LDH-B subunit appears to be the reason for the differential expression of the isozymes in NZB and 129/J strains. The other inbred strain of mice, C57BL/6J, also showed a greater similarity to the 129/J strain than NZB. The two strains of wild mice were similar in their expression of LDH-isozymes between each other and to the 129/J strain, with respect to the liver and spleen tissues.     

Sorbitol dehydrogenase genetics in the mouse: A ';null' mutant in a ';European' C57BL strain

A ';null' activity variant phenotype for sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) was observed in C57BL/LiA mice and used to examine the genetics of this enzyme. Linkage studies of the locus ( Sdh-1 ) with non-agouti (a) and a biochemical Iocus encoding liver L-α-hydroxyacid oxidase ( Hao-1 ) demonstrated that it is coincident with or closely linked to the structural locus, previously localized on chromosome 2. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) isozymes were also examined, since the liver A₂ isozyme exhibited some activity as a sorbitol dehydrogenase on cellulose acetate zymograms. It is apparent that SDH activity is not ';essential' in this mouse strain.     

Biosystematic study of mice of the genus Mus: karyotype and electrophoretic analysis of total proteins

Two forms of sympatric mice are captured in North - Tunisia: long - tailed mouse and short - tailed mouse. They are often considered as two semi - species of genus Mus, respectively Mus musculus musculus et Mus musculus spretus. They have the same Karyotype (2n = acrocentrics). The electrophoretic study of total proteins, shows up genetics differences. These two forms of mice may be considered as two different species, as like as mices of Europe: Mus musculus at long-tailed and Mus spretus at short tailed.     

Purification and properties of Acid phosphatase-1 from a nematode resistant tomato cultivar

In tomato the acid phosphatase-1 isozyme (Apase-1) is inherited as a single locus linked to the nematode resistance gene (Mi). The Apase-1¹ electrophoretic variant has been purified from a tomato cell suspension culture using ion exchange and concanavalin A sepharose affinity chromatography. A cellulose acetate electrophoresis method was used to distinguish Apase-1¹ rapidly from other Apase isozymes in tomato. The subunit molecular weight of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 31,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The native size of the enzyme, which is reported to be a dimer, was determined to be approximately 51,000 by high performance liquid chromatography gel filtration. Apase-1¹ has a lower pH optimum and a distinct substrate specificity as compared to Apases extracted from tomato fruit or from other plant species. The amino acid composition of Apase-1¹ is similar to that of a potato Apase.     

Regulation of murine telomere length by Rtel: an essential gene encoding a helicase-like protein

Little is known about the genes that regulate telomere length diversity between mammalian species. A candidate gene locus was previously mapped to a region on distal mouse Chr 2q. Within this region, we identified a gene similar to the dog-1 DNA helicase-like gene in C. elegans. We cloned this Regulator of telomere length (Rtel) gene and inactivated its expression in mice. Rtel(-/-) mice died between days 10 and 11.5 of gestation with defects in the nervous system, heart, vasculature, and extraembryonic tissues. Rtel(-/-) embryonic stem cells showed telomere loss and displayed many chromosome breaks and fusions upon differentiation in vitro. Crosses of Rtel(+/-) mice with Mus spretus showed that Rtel from the Mus musculus parent is required for telomere elongation of M. spretus chromosomes in F1 cells. We conclude that Rtel is an essential gene that regulates telomere length and prevents genetic instability.     

Identification of Distinct Internal and External Isozymes of Carbonic Anhydrase in Chlorella saccharophila

External carbonic anhydrase (CA) was detected in whole cells of alkaline-grown Chlorella saccharophila but was suppressed by growth at acid pH or growth on elevated levels of CO2. Internal CA activity was measured potentiometrically as an increase in activity in cell extracts over that of intact cells. Cells grown under all conditions had equal levels of internal CA activity. Two isozymes were identified after electrophoretic separation of soluble proteins on cellulose acetate plates. The fast isozyme was found in cells grown under all conditions, whereas the slow isozyme was found only in cells grown at alkaline pH. Western blot analysis following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using antibodies produced against the periplasmic form of CA from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii revealed a single band at 39 kD, which did not change in intensity between growth conditions and was associated only with proteins eluted from the fast band. The slow isozyme was inactivated by incubation of cell extract at 30[deg]C and by incubation in 10 mM dithiothreitol, whereas the internal form was unaffected. These results indicate that external and internal forms of CA differ in structure and their activities respond differently to environmental conditions.     

Mus musculus and Mus spretus homologues of the human telomere-associated protein TIN2

Telomere length is regulated by TRF1, which binds telomeric DNA, and TIN2, which binds TRF1. Laboratory mice (Mus musculus) have long telomeres, although a related mouse species, Mus spretus, has human-sized telomeres. Because differences in TIN2 might explain these differences in telomere length, we cloned cDNAs encoding murine TIN2s and compared their sequence to that of human TIN2. M. musculus (Mm) and M. spretus TIN2s were >95% identical, but shared only 67% identity with human TIN2. An N-terminal truncation, or N-terminal fragment, of MmTIN2 elongated M. spretus telomeres. These findings suggest that mouse TIN2, like human TIN2, negatively regulates telomere length, and that N-terminal perturbations have dominant-negative effects. Our findings suggest that differences in TIN2 cannot explain the telomere length differences among Homo sapiens, M. musculus, and M. spretus. Nonetheless, M. spretus cells appear be a good system for studying the function of mouse telomere-associated proteins.     

Mus Spretus Line-1 Sequences Detected in the Mus Musculus Inbred Strain C57bl/6j Using Line-1 DNA Probes

The inbred mouse strain, C57BL/6J, was derived from mice of the Mus musculus complex. C57BL/6J can be crossed in the laboratory with a closely related mouse species, M. spretus to produce fertile offspring; however there has been no previous evidence of gene flow between M. spretus and M. musculus in nature. Analysis of the repetitive sequence LINE-1, using both direct sequence analysis and genomic Southern blot hybridization to species-specific LINE-1 hybridization probes, demonstrates the presence of LINE-1 elements in C57BL/6J that were derived from the species M. spretus. These spretus-like LINE-1 elements in C57BL/6J reveal a cross to M. spretus somewhere in the history of C57BL/6J. It is unclear if the spretus-like LINE-1 elements are still embedded in flanking DNA derived from M. spretus or if they have transposed to new sites. The number of spretus-like elements detected suggests a maximum of 6.5% of the C57BL/6J genome may be derived from M. spretus.     

Altered Turnover of Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase in Erythroid Cells of Mice Expressing Hprt a and Hprt b Alleles

We have previously shown that mice expressing Hprt a allele(s) have erythrocyte hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) levels that are approximately 25-fold (Mus musculus castaneus) and 70-fold (Mus spretus) higher than in mice that express the Hprt b allele (Mus musculus domesticus; C57BI/6J; C3H/HeHa), and that these differences in erythrocyte HPRT levels are due to differences in the turnover rates of the HPRT A and B proteins as reticulocytes mature to erythrocytes. We show here that: the taxonomic subgroups of the genus Mus are essentially monomorphic for the occurrence of either the Hprt a or the Hprt b allele, with Hprt a being common in the aboriginal species (M. spretus, Mus hortulanus and Mus abbotti) and in several commensal species (Mus musculus musculus, M. m. castaneus, Mus musculus molossinus), while Hprt b is common in feral M. m. domesticus populations as well as in all inbred strains of mice tested; in all these diverse Mus subgroups there is a strict association of Hprt a with high and Hprt b with low levels of erythrocyte HPRT; and, the association between the occurrence of the Hprt a allele and elevated erythrocyte HPRT levels is retained following repeated backcrosses of wild-derived Hprt a allele(s) into the genetic background of inbred strains of mice with the Hprt b allele. Collectively, these observations indicate that the elevated and low levels of erythrocyte HPRT are specified by differences in the Hprt a and b structural genes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) isozymes in the gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica): Tissue and subcellular distribution and biochemical genetics of ALDH3

Polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing (PAGE-IEF), cellulose acetate electrophoresis, and histochemical techniques were used to examine the tissue and subcellular distribution, genetics and biochemical properties of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) isozymes in a didelphid marsupial, the gray short-tail opossum (Monodelphis domestica). At least 14 zones of activity were resolved by PAGE-IEF and divided into five isozyme groups and three ALDH classes, based upon comparisons with properties previously reported for human, baboon, rat, and mouse ALDHs. Opossum liver ALDHs were distributed among cytosol (ALDHs 1 and 5) and large granular (mitochondrial) fractions (ALDHs 2 and 5). Similarly, kidney ALDHs were distributed between the cytosol (ALDH5) and the mitochondrial fractions (ALDHs 2, 4, and 5), whereas a major isozyme (ALDH3), found in high activity in cornea, esophagus, ear pinna, tail, and stomach extracts, was localized predominantly in the cytosol fraction. Phenotypic variants of the latter enzyme were shown to be inherited in a normal Mendelian fashion, with two alleles at a single locus (ALDH3) showing codominant expression. The data provided evidence for genetic identity of corneal, ear pinna, tail, and stomach ALDH3 and supported biochemical evidence from other mammalian species that this enzyme has a dimeric subunit structure.     

Conservation of the immunoglobulin C lambda 5 gene in the Mus gene.

A gene encoding the lambda 5 light chain constant region was isolated from a genomic library from the SPE mouse strain (C lambda 5S). SPE is an inbred wild mouse strain belonging to the Mus 3 or Mus spretus group that has been genetically isolated from Mus 1 (the group to which laboratory mice belong) for a period of 1-3 million years. The sequence of the C lambda 5S gene shows strong homology to C lambda 5 of (C57BL/6J x DBA/2)F1 both in the coding region (98% identity) and in the 5'- and 3'-flanking regions (98 and 95% identity, respectively). Sequence comparison of C lambda 5 genes with C lambda 1 of BALB/c shows only few substitutions in the C lambda 5 coding regions and suggests that the three genes have a common ancestor. These data indicate that the C lambda 5 gene has evolved under strong selective pressure and probably encodes a functional gene product. The conservation of the C lambda 5 gene in various Mus species was observed by high stringency Southern blot analyses using a C lambda 5S probe on DNA sample from members of four different groups of wild mice. All the laboratory and wild mouse strains tested, including those with amplified sets of C lambda 1 and C lambda 2 hybridizing sequences, showed only single C lambda 5 hybridizing fragments. Little variation in size of restriction fragments detected with the C lambda 5 probe was seen in the different Mus species suggesting a high degree of conservation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)