钙荧光探剂的研究及其在生命科学中的应用

钙荧光探剂测量活细胞胞浆游离Ｃａ２＋浓度的方法在钙研究中已成为一种越来越重要的技术。特别是由于新的一代荧光探剂的合成和激光共聚焦显微镜的发展,使其应用更加广泛。由于国内使用这种技术的实验室逐渐增多,本文将系统介绍钙荧光探剂的发展、测量原理和方法、新的常用钙荧光探剂的比较及其在生命科学中的应用。     

大鼠脑片中细胞内游离钙动态变化的研究

目的：探索大鼠急性脑片中电刺激诱发的细胞内钙的动态变化规律。方法：采用表面灌流的急性脑片模型,结合电生理和激光共聚焦技术,利用细胞内钙荧光探针进行细胞内游离钙标记,观察电刺激诱发的脑片中神经细胞内游离钙的变化情况。结果：急性脑片组织中,钙标记染料的神经细胞内钙探针荧光强度,电刺激后出现显著增强,且具有波样特征,而Suramin明显抑制此反应,表现为钙探针荧光强度下降和钙反应时间出现延迟,两组之间差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）.结论：刺激诱发的大鼠急性脑片中瞬时动态钙信号变化具有一定的时空发生特征,且这种钙信号的时空变化过程可能与嘌呤能信号的作用有关。     

Ca~（2＋）对叶绿素a／b钙结合蛋白波谱学特性的影响（Ⅱ）

用钙螯合亲和层析分离纯化得到的叶绿素ａ／ｂ钙结合蛋白,其荧光发射峰在６８０±１ｎｍ,钙结合后导致荧光发射峰强度降低。当再加入ＥＧＴＡ,螯合钙后,其荧光发射峰强度得以部分恢复。该蛋白在结合钙后,其圆二色谱也发生变化。这些结果表明该蛋白质的构象在结合钙后发生了变化。该蛋白质的荧光激发光谱在４４０ｎｍ和４７０ｎｍ处的激发峰表明此蛋白结合有叶绿素ａ和叶绿索ｂ。本文对叶绿素ａ／ｂ钙结合蛋白在光系统Ⅱ中的可能功能进行了讨论。     

基于钙黄绿素的荧光分光光度法测定谷胱甘肽

目的：基于钙黄绿素的荧光分光光度法建立一种测定谷胱甘肽的新方法。方法：在pH=8.0介质中,铜（Ⅱ）与钙黄绿素配位引起荧光猝灭,由于谷胱甘肽与铜（Ⅱ）的亲和力很强,可从钙黄绿素-铜离子的络合物中夺取铜离子而使钙黄绿素游离出来使荧光强度得以恢复,荧光恢复的程度与加入谷胱甘肽的浓度在一定浓度范围内成线性。结果：据此建立了一种测定谷胱甘肽的新方法,该方法的线性范围为2.0×10-6～1.4×10-5mol.L-1,F=8.1964C＋196.43,检测限为1.0×10-6mol/L。结论：用此法测定谷胱甘肽简便快速,灵敏度高。     

基于钙黄绿素的荧光分光光度法测定谷胱甘肽

目的:基于钙黄绿素的荧光分光光度法建立一种测定谷胱甘肽的新方法。方法:在pH=8.0介质中,铜(Ⅱ)与钙黄绿素配位引起荧光猝灭,由于谷胱甘肽与铜(Ⅱ)的亲和力很强,可从钙黄绿素-铜离子的络合物中夺取铜离子而使钙黄绿素游离出来使荧光强度得以恢复,荧光恢复的程度与加入谷胱甘肽的浓度在一定浓度范围内成线性。结果:据此建立了一种测定谷胱甘肽的新方法,该方法的线性范围为2.0×10-6～1.4×10-5mol.L-1,F=8.1964C+196.43,检测限为1.0×10-6mol/L。结论:用此法测定谷胱甘肽简便快速,灵敏度高。     

基于钙黄绿素- 铜(Ⅱ)荧光体系测定乙酰半胱氨酸

目的:基于钙黄绿素-铜(Ⅱ)荧光体系测定乙酰半胱氨酸。方法:在pH=8.0的Na2HPO.412H2O-KH2PO4缓冲液中,以492 nm为激发波长,520 nm为发射波长测定乙酰半胱氨酸溶液的荧光强度。结果:在pH=8.0的Na2HPO.412H2O-KH2PO4缓冲液中,二价铜离子与钙黄绿素配位引起荧光猝灭。由于乙酰半胱氨酸中巯基上的硫离子与Cu2+的亲和力很强,可从钙黄绿素-铜(Ⅱ)的络合物中夺取铜离子而使钙黄绿素游离出来,从而使体系的荧光得以恢复,并且荧光恢复的程度与加入乙酰半胱氨酸的量在一定范围内成线性。结论:建立了一种测定乙酰半胱氨酸的荧光分析新方法,该方法的线性范围为6.0 10-6～1.4 10-5 mol/L,检出限为4.010-6 mol/L。     

基于钙黄绿素-铜（Ⅱ）荧光体系测定乙酰半胱氨酸

目的：基于钙黄绿素-铜（Ⅱ）荧光体系测定乙酰半胱氨酸。方法：在pH=8.0的Na2HPO.412H2O-KH2PO4缓冲液中,以492 nm为激发波长,520 nm为发射波长测定乙酰半胱氨酸溶液的荧光强度。结果：在pH=8.0的Na2HPO.412H2O-KH2PO4缓冲液中,二价铜离子与钙黄绿素配位引起荧光猝灭。由于乙酰半胱氨酸中巯基上的硫离子与Cu2＋的亲和力很强,可从钙黄绿素-铜（Ⅱ）的络合物中夺取铜离子而使钙黄绿素游离出来,从而使体系的荧光得以恢复,并且荧光恢复的程度与加入乙酰半胱氨酸的量在一定范围内成线性。结论：建立了一种测定乙酰半胱氨酸的荧光分析新方法,该方法的线性范围为6.0 10-6～1.4 10-5 mol/L,检出限为4.010-6 mol/L。     

荧光标记mRNA差异显示技术

目的：应用荧光标记的ｍＢＮＡ差异显示技术。方法：提取未经过／经过ＩＦＮ－ＬＰＳ处理的三组人单核细胞系Ｕ９３７的总ＲＮＡ并以此为模板,采用荧光标记的锚定引物,通过逆转录、差异显示ＰＣＲ反应,经５．６％变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离差异条带,回收后将其再扩增。结果：三组样本的ＤＤ－ＰＣＲ产物电泳显示长３００ｂｐ￣２．０ｋｂ不等的扩增片段,条带清晰、明亮,背景低,各样本相互间的差异不仅呈有无的变化,亦表现出     

小鼠巨噬细胞吞噬马尔尼菲青霉酵母相细胞的实验观察

目的探讨小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞对马尔尼菲青霉酵母相细胞的影响,为研究抗马尔尼菲青霉的免疫机制提供一定的实验依据。方法将马尔尼菲青霉酵母相细胞与小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞在体内和体外两种方式下进行共培养,分别于60min、120min、240min和360min后进行菌落形成单位(CFU)计数,统计分析体内组与体外组CFU数结果的差异性。利用钙荧光白染色巨噬细胞胞内的马尔尼菲青霉酵母相细胞,荧光显微镜下观察细胞形态特征的变化。结果经体内和体外两种方式共培养,两组之间的CFU计数差异无统计学意义,但两组内不同时间点的CFU计数差异存在统计学意义。荧光显微镜下可见巨噬细胞内的酵母细胞被钙荧光白染上淡蓝色荧光。结论小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞在体内、外对马尔尼菲青霉酵母相细胞不起明显的杀灭或溶解作用,其最大的吞噬时间为共培养240min。钙荧光白染色可快速有效的区分巨噬细胞与真菌,是一种良好的检测真菌方法。     

构建钙荧光探针细胞用于探究胞浆和线粒体钙对ATP刺激的响应

目的:构建表达基因编辑钙探针(GECIs)的细胞系HeLa-GECIs,探究细胞应答外界ATP刺激中钙离子在细胞内的响应和变化。方法:分别用能够直接通过荧光强度反映细胞胞浆内和线粒体内钙离子相对浓度的2种钙探针cyto-GCaMP6和4mt-GCaMP6感染HeLa细胞,获得2种表达钙离子探针的HeLa细胞系;在感染了2种腺病毒探针24 h后,用共聚焦荧光显微镜检测荧光探针在HeLa细胞内的表达情况;在表达2种钙探针的细胞的培养基中加入外源ATP,用Time-lapse成像动态观测技术观察HeLa细胞内钙离子对外环境中ATP的响应。结果:共聚焦荧光显微镜观察,确定95%以上的细胞表达了对应的钙离子指示荧光探针;Time-lapse成像动态观测技术观察发现,在细胞培养基中加入ATP后,细胞胞浆钙探针荧光强度瞬时(3～6 s)升至10倍,200 s后逐渐降低到基础水平;线粒体钙到达峰值(4倍)的时间稍滞后(5～8 s),并且回落更慢,300 s时至1.5倍。在ATP受体P2X7抑制剂A438079预处理的实验组,上述胞浆钙和线粒体钙浓度上升不明显。结论:构建了能在活体细胞内通过荧光探针实时监测钙离子响应胞外ATP刺激的细胞实验体系,为进一步深入探究ATP等危险信号导致细胞的炎性损伤机制奠定了基础。     

Simultaneous quantification of alprazolam, 4- and alpha-hydroxyalprazolam in plasma samples using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry

A sensitive and specific method was developed for quantification of alprazolam and its two metabolites 4-hydroxyalprazolam and alpha-hydroxyalprazolam in plasma. The work up procedure was solid phase extraction. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used for separation, detection and quantification of the analytes. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 0.05 ng/mL for alprazolam and the two metabolites. The extraction recovery was more than 82% for alprazolam and its metabolites. The within- and between-assay coefficients of variation were in the range of 1.9-17.9%. The method was used for determination of the pharmacokinetics parameters of alprazolam and its two metabolites in healthy Caucasian subjects who ingested 1mg of alprazolam.     

冬虫夏草研究进展

冬虫夏草是一种名贵的药用真菌 ,由于其自身独特的药用价值而成为各国研究的热点。其生物学特性、化学成分已经阐明 ,从先前的天然采集到现在的菌体人工培养 ,这种根本性的过渡也极大丰富了它的产量和应用。目前对其药用机理已研究清楚 ,药用范围也十分广泛。挖掘和开发这一名贵中药 ,在我国乃至世界医药上均具有十分重要的意义。     

State‐dependent cooperation in burying beetles: parents adjust their contribution towards care based on both their own and their partner's size

Handicapping experiments on species with biparental care show that a focal parent increases its contribution when its partner is handicapped. Such results are interpreted as evidence for negotiation, whereby each parent adjusts its amount of care to that of its partner. However, it is currently unclear whether the focal parent responds to a change in its handicapped partner's behaviour or state. To address this gap, we conducted an experiment on the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides where we first generated different‐sized males and females by varying the duration of larval development. We then used a 2 × 2 factorial design in which a small or large male was paired with a small or large female. Small females provided less direct care (food provisioning and interactions with larvae) than large females, and both males and females provided less direct care when paired with a small partner. Thus, the focal parent adjusted its contribution towards care based on both its own state and that of its partner. There was also evidence for negotiation between the two parents as the focal parent adjusted its contribution based on the amount of care by its partner. However, there was no evidence that negotiation accounted for how the focal parent responded to its partner's size. Our results have important implications for our understanding of biparental cooperation as they show that each parent adjusts its contribution not only based on the amount of care provided by its partner but also based on its own state and its partner's state.     

Identification of an actin-like protein and of its messenger ribonucleic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

We have identified a yeast protein that resembles actins from other eucaryotes in its tight binding to pancreatic deoxyribonuclease I, its copolymerizaton with purified muscle actin, its one-dimensional peptide map, and its apparent polymerization into 7-nm filaments. The yeast actin-like protein yielded a single spot on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, suggesting that a single protein species was present. On sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the actin-like protein had an apparent molecular weight of 45,000 compared with 42,000 for muscle actin. In an attempt to identify the messenger ribonucleic acid coding for the actin-like protein, yeast polyadenylic acid-rich ribonucleic acid was translated in wheat germ and reticulocyte cell-free protein-synthesizing systems. The actin-like protein was identified among the translation products of the reticulocyte system by its tight binding to deoxyribonuclease I, its comigration with the in vivo-synthesized actin-like protein during sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, an the similarity of its peptide map to that of the in vivo-synthesized protein. A yeast protein synthesized in the wheat-germ system was also found to bind to deoxyribonuclease I and to copolymerize with muscle actin. However, its apparent molecular weight was about 35,000, suggesting that it was a product either of incomplete translation or of proteolytic cleavage of the actin-like protein.     

小鼠cAMP应答元件结合蛋白基因在大肠杆菌中的表达

采用PCR技术,删除了小鼠CREBcDNA5′端和3′端非编码序列,并引入便于基因操作的酶切位点。经30次循环的扩增,得到改造后的CREBcDNA,全长1071bp。亚克隆后,对此扩增片段进行了限制性内切酶物理图谱分析,测定了DNA序列,并以其为插入物,构建了pBV220-PCR-CREB重组表达载体。经Western印迹法分析证明,在大肠杆菌中的表达获得成功 。     

Validation of a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method to assess the metabolism of bupropion in rat everted gut sacs

We have developed a rapid, sensitive and selective LC-MS method for the simultaneous assay of bupropion and its metabolite hydroxybupropion during its intestinal absorption, studied with the rat everted gut sac model. The method was validated in the concentration range of 1-15 microM (0.024-3.58 microg/mL) for bupropion and 0.005-1 microM (0.00127-0.25 microg/mL) for hydroxybupropion with 10 microL injected. Bupropion is used as a probe for the activity of the CYP2B6 isoenzyme of the P450 family of enzymes in man. Its major metabolite hydroxybupropion was found in the serosal media of the gut sac showing that the isoenzyme of the 2B group was active in the intestinal mucosa and metabolized bupropion during its passage across the mucosa. The metabolite was also quantified in the mucosal media indicating its ability to cross the apical membrane of the epithelial cells.     

Phosphorylation Regulates the Ubiquitin-independent Degradation of Yeast Pah1 Phosphatidate Phosphatase by the 20S Proteasome

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pah1 phosphatidate phosphatase, which catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidate to diacylglycerol for triacylglycerol synthesis and simultaneously controls phosphatidate levels for phospholipid synthesis, is subject to the proteasome-mediated degradation in the stationary phase of growth. In this study, we examined the mechanism for its degradation using purified Pah1 and isolated proteasomes. Pah1 expressed in S. cerevisiae or Escherichia coli was not degraded by the 26S proteasome, but by its catalytic 20S core particle, indicating that its degradation is ubiquitin-independent. The degradation of Pah1 by the 20S proteasome was dependent on time and proteasome concentration at the pH optimum of 7.0. The 20S proteasomal degradation was conserved for human lipin 1 phosphatidate phosphatase. The degradation analysis using Pah1 truncations and its fusion with GFP indicated that proteolysis initiates at the N- and C-terminal unfolded regions. The folded region of Pah1, in particular the haloacid dehalogenase-like domain containing the DIDGT catalytic sequence, was resistant to the proteasomal degradation. The structural change of Pah1, as reflected by electrophoretic mobility shift, occurs through its phosphorylation by Pho85-Pho80, and the phosphorylation sites are located within its N- and C-terminal unfolded regions. Phosphorylation of Pah1 by Pho85-Pho80 inhibited its degradation, extending its half-life by ∼2-fold. The dephosphorylation of endogenously phosphorylated Pah1 by the Nem1-Spo7 protein phosphatase, which is highly specific for the sites phosphorylated by Pho85-Pho80, stimulated the 20S proteasomal degradation and reduced its half-life by 2.6-fold. These results indicate that the proteolysis of Pah1 by the 20S proteasome is controlled by its phosphorylation state.     

Biological waste gas treatment with a modified rotating biological contactor. Ι. Control of biofilm growth and long-term performance

In this work, we introduce a modified rotating biological contactor (RBC) system and demonstrate its feasibility by applying the newly devised process to the biological treatment of artificial waste gas. In the proposed system, the waste gas is introduced to the bioreactor in the spacings between the rotating discs through a hollow shaft, thus allowing for intimate gas–liquid contact. A 91-l modified RBC containing 20 biofilm support discs 40 cm in diameter was used in the experiments. Toluene was used as the model pollutant, and the system was operated under standard operating conditions for more than one year in order to investigate its long-term performance and assess its ability to control the growth of the biofilm. It was demonstrated that the proposed system allows to efficiently control the growth of the biofilm, thus overcoming the clogging problem inherent in most conventional methods for the biological treatment of waste gas. Moreover, the system was shown to exhibit stationary long-term performance for a period of more than one year, hence indicating its feasibility for industrial application.     

超级杂交稻两优培九及其亲本的光氧化特性

通过比较超级杂交稻两优培九和其亲本的光能利用与活性氧代谢的差异,为培育耐光氧化的杂交稻提供选亲配组的生理依据．使用TPS-光合仪和FMS2荧光仪(Hansateeh,UK)分别测定了人工光氧化处理后水稻叶片的光合速率与叶绿素荧光,同时测定了叶绿素、蛋白质和丙二醛的含量。以及超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶的活性．结果表明,两优培九的光合速率低于母本2．4％,高于父本23％;光氧化处理8d后,与母本相比。两优培九的叶绿素、蛋白质、原初光化学效率、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶分别高于母本33％、15％、30％、32％和100％;光化学猝灭系数和丙二醛分别低于母本9％和50％。与父本相比,则差异不大．超级杂交稻两优培九在光氧化条件下光能利用率较高,在耐光氧化特性上具有超亲的光合生理特性．     

Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of an extremely thermostable oligo-1,6-glucosidase gene from Bacillus thermoglucosidasius.

The gene for an extremely thermostable oligo-1,6-glucosidase (dextrin-6-alpha-D-glucanohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.10) of obligately thermophilic Bacillus thermoglucosidasius KP1006 was cloned within a 4.2-kilobase HindIII-PvuII fragment of DNA by using the plasmid pUC19 as a vector and Escherichia coli C600 as a host. The gene was transcribed, presumably from its own promoter, in E. coli. E. coli with the hybrid plasmid accumulated oligo-1,6-glucosidase mainly in the cytoplasm. The level of enzyme production was comparable to that observed for B. thermoglucosidasius. The enzyme coincided absolutely with the B. thermoglucosidasius enzyme in its molecular weight (60,000), in its electrophoretic behavior on denaturing and nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels, in the temperature dependency of its stability and activity, and in its antigenic determinants.