池塘循环水养殖对混养草鱼食用品质的影响

为探究养殖模式对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)鱼肉品质的影响,实验对两种养殖模式下(传统池塘养殖和池塘循环水养殖)草鱼的食用品质进行了差异比较。结果表明,循环水养殖草鱼肌肉白度和弹性高于传统池塘养殖的草鱼,且其不饱和脂肪酸和必需氨基酸含量均显著高于传统池塘养殖;其中, n-3和n-6系列不饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于传统池塘养殖草鱼,是其1.2倍,使得草鱼的肌肉品质和营养品质更佳。此外,循环水养殖可降低草鱼中带有土腥味和青草味的己醛、庚醛和1-辛烯-3-醇等物质的含量,且鲜味核苷酸(IMP)含量高于传统池塘养殖草鱼,使得草鱼的风味更鲜美、浓厚。研究表明,循环水养殖草鱼的肌肉品质和营养特性均优于传统池塘养殖。     

不同养殖模式下三倍体虹鳟鱼肉品质差异的研究

以网箱(W)、工厂化循环水(G)和流水池塘(C)养殖4 kg左右的三倍体虹鳟为研究对象, 通过检测表观、肉质、气味及营养价值相关111个品质指标来评价不同养殖模式下三倍体虹鳟鱼肉品质的差异。结果表明, 在3种养殖模式下三倍体虹鳟鱼肉品质存在明显差异。其中, 网箱养殖三倍体虹鳟鱼肉色调角、硬度、内聚性、弹性、咀嚼性、汁液流失率和失水率均显著高于其他养殖模式(P<0.05), 而挥发性气味物质中1-庚醇、庚醛、辛醛、壬醛和气味活度总值显著低于其他养殖模式(P<0.05); 工厂化循环水养殖三倍体虹鳟肥满度和鱼肉的红色值、色度值、盐溶性蛋白含量、总脂肪酸含量和n-3脂肪酸含量显著高于其他养殖模式(P<0.05); 流水池塘养殖三倍体虹鳟肥满度、鱼肉的黄色值、色度值、水分、脂肪含量、n-3脂肪酸含量和多不饱和脂肪酸含量最低(P<0.05), 出肉率、黏附性、肌糖原含量及挥发性风味物质中1-辛烯-3-醇、2,3-辛二酮、戊醛、庚醛、辛醛、(E)-2-癸烯醛和气味活度总值最高(P<0.05)。总之, 三种养殖模式养殖的三倍体虹鳟品质各具特色: 网箱养殖三倍体虹鳟鱼肉质地坚实富有弹性, 挥发性风味物质含量较低; 工厂化循环水养殖三倍体虹鳟具有较红的肉色并富含不饱和脂肪酸; 流水池塘养殖三倍体虹鳟形体优美且出肉率相对较高, 挥发性风味物质含量丰富。     

兰州鲇与鲇、黄河鲤肌肉品质比较研究

为深入探究兰州鲇(Silurus lanzhouensis)肌肉品质特性, 对黄河中兰州鲇、鲇(Silurus asotus)和黄河鲤(Cyrinus carpio)肌肉品质指标进行了测定。结果表明: 兰州鲇肌肉的pH、滴水损失、熟肉率、胶原蛋白、肌原纤维耐折力、黏附性、内聚性、胶黏性、咀嚼性、弹性和回复性等指标与鲇差异不显著(P>0.05), 失水率、肌纤维直径和硬度在二者间差异显著(P<0.05); 兰州鲇肌肉的pH、肌纤维直径、硬度、黏附性、回复性、胶黏性和咀嚼性与黄河鲤差异不显著(P>0.05), 肌肉滴水损失、熟肉率、失水率、胶原蛋白、肌原纤维耐折力、内聚性和弹性在二者间差异显著(P<0.05)。相关性分析表明, 兰州鲇肌肉咀嚼性与硬度呈极正相关, 其关系式为: y=0.3651x+25.339(R=0.97); 回复性与内聚性呈极正相关, 其关系式为: y=0.6279x-0.0929(R=0.91); 胶黏性与硬度呈极正相关, 其关系式为: y=2.4104x-41.155(R=0.97)。对兰州鲇7个质构指标进行了主成分分析, 提取出3个主成分, 累计方差贡献率为96.08%, 其中硬度是影响兰州鲇质构特性的主要因素。黄河中兰州鲇和鲇作为鲇属鱼类中形态十分相似的两个物种, 在肌肉品质特性上既有很大的相似性, 又有一定的不同, 这可能与这两种鱼种质特性的异同有关。     

秦岭细鳞鲑野生种群与人工养殖种群肌肉营养成分的差异

秦岭细鳞鲑(野生种群)是国家Ⅱ级重点保护水生野生动物。为了揭示野生种群与人工养殖种群的性状差异，科学区分秦岭细鳞鲑野生种群与人工养殖种群，本实验探究了秦岭细鳞鲑野生种群和人工养殖种群肌肉营养成分的差异。结果表明：野生种群和人工养殖种群的肌肉一般营养成分占比、脂肪酸组成及含量、矿物质和微量元素含量等均存在显著差异，而氨基酸组成及含量总体上无显著差异；野生种群肌肉中水分、粗蛋白和粗灰分含量显著高于人工养殖种群(P<0.05),粗脂肪含量显著低于人工养殖种种群(P<0.05);C_12:0仅在野生种群中被检测到，野生种群饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸含量显著低于人工养殖种群(P<0.05),K、Na、Ca、Mg、P、Zn含量显著高于人工养殖种群(P<0.05)。综上，肌肉脂肪酸组成及含量、矿物质和微量元素含量差异较大，可作为野生种群与人工养殖种群鉴定的依据，为秦岭细鳞鲑的保护与管理提供参考。     

野生及人工养殖中华鲟幼鱼肌肉营养成分的比较

对野生及人工养殖中华鲟幼鱼的肌肉营养成分和营养品质进行了分析比较.结果表明:野生中华鲟幼鱼肌肉中水分、粗蛋白和粗灰分含量均显著高于人工养殖中华鲟(P＜0.05),而粗脂肪含量显著低于人工养殖中华鲟(P＜0.05).野生和人工养殖中华鲟幼鱼的氨基酸组成基本一致,均含有18种氨基酸,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)分别为72.02、66.21,其构成比例符合联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)的标准.脂肪酸中二十碳五烯酸(EPA)与二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)的含量野生中华鲟显著高于人工养殖中华鲟(P＜0.05),分别为22.99%、7.15%.矿物质含量丰富,微量元素含量野生中华鲟明显高于人工养殖中华鲟[动物学报 53(3):502-510,2007].     

含棉籽浓缩蛋白饲料添加酵母硒对草鱼生长性能和肌肉品质的影响

研究旨在探讨含棉籽浓缩蛋白(Cottonseed protein concentrate)饲料添加酵母硒(Yeast selenium, YS)对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)生长性能和肌肉品质的影响。设计了4种等氮等脂实验饲料,分别是在含棉籽浓缩蛋白饲料中添加0 (YS0)、0.3 (YS3)、0.6 (YS6)和0.9 mg/kg (YS9)酵母硒;实验选取初始体重为(309.74±0.36) g的草鱼240尾,随机分成4组,分别投喂4种实验饲料,在池塘网箱中开展为期54d的养殖实验。结果显示:(1)在生长性能方面,与YS0组相比, YS3和YS6组草鱼在生长性能上无显著性差异(P>0.05), YS9组草鱼的终末体重、增重率和特定生长率显著降低(P<0.05)。(2)在肌肉品质方面, YS3组草鱼肌肉的粗蛋白含量、硒含量、羟脯氨酸含量和硬度显著高于YS0组(P<0.05),肌肉纤维直径显著低于YS0组(P<0.05)。研究表明,在含棉籽浓缩蛋白的饲料中添加适量酵母硒(饲料硒含量为0.6 mg/kg),对草鱼的生长性能无影响,且可通过...     

上市前限喂对池塘养殖异育银鲫生长及品质的影响

实验采用5种投喂水平:饱食（R100）、80%饱食（R80）、60%饱食（R60）、40%饱食（R40）、饥饿（R0）,旨在探究上市前一个月的池塘养殖中,采用不同程度限喂的投喂策略对异育银鲫生长和品质的影响。结果表明,当投喂水平小于60%,特定生长率（SGR）显著下降,而屠宰率则表现出相反趋势。饥饿组实验鱼呈现出较瘦体形和较硬的肌肉质地。对可能影响肌肉质地的脂肪含量和胶原蛋白总量分析发现,随着投喂水平的降低肌肉脂肪含量显著减少但胶原蛋白总量无显著差异。投喂水平的降低导致鱼体各组织脂肪含量的降低,尤其是内脏脂肪的显著减少。通过SGR与脂肪含量的线性模型,SGR分别解释背肌、腹肌、内脏脂肪含量总变化的56%、66%、71%。在各投喂水平条件下肌肉的粗蛋白含量和必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸之比维持相对稳定,表明在上市前一个月的池塘养殖中,限喂的方式并未对肌肉的蛋白营养价值造成不良影响。       

野生与养殖许氏平鲉消化酶活力的比较

用生物化学方法测定了野生和养殖许氏平鲉胃、肠和肝胰脏的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力,并对2组个体的上述消化酶活力分别进行了比较。结果表明:在37℃和最适pH条件下,除肝胰脏淀粉酶和脂肪酶外,养殖许氏平鲉各部位3种消化酶的活力全部高于野生许氏平鲉;野生与养殖许氏平鲉胃、肠3种消化酶活力均差异显著(P0.05),肝胰脏3种消化酶活力差异均不显著(P0.05);野生与养殖许氏平鲉消化酶活力的这种差异可能与野生许氏平鲉在自然环境中无法获得稳定充足的饵料有关。     

养殖密度对银鲳幼鱼生长及组织生化指标的影响

养殖密度是水产养殖过程中不容忽视的关键因子之一,可直接影响到养殖成活率、生长性能、游动行为、健康状况、水质、摄食情况以及养殖产量。较高的养殖密度导致水质恶化、过度拥挤以及不利的群体效应等,从而会引起一系列的应激反应,最终影响到养殖效果。银鲳作为一种新兴的养殖品种,目前国内尚未见有关其养殖生物学方面的研究报道。本文的目的是研究养殖密度对银鲳(Pampusargenteus)幼鱼(5.33±0.07)g生长、组织中糖元与乳酸含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活性的影响。本试验共设4组放养密度,分别为5、10、15、25尾.m-3,依次编为D1组、D2组、D3组、D4组,试验周期为60d。结果显示,在低于15尾.m-3(D3组)的密度范围内,银鲳的生长与养殖密度呈正相关,但在D4组,银鲳的生长率相对于D3组明显降低;各处理组间肝体指数与成活率并无显著性差异;随着养殖密度的提高,肌肉与肝脏中糖元含量明显降低,但肌肉乳酸含量并未有显著性变化;在D1至D3组密度范围内,养殖密度对肌肉与肝脏中SOD与CAT活性均未有显著性影响,但D4组的SOD活性均显著低于D2和D3组,且D4组肝脏CAT活性显著性低于D3组;然而,养殖密度对肌肉CAT活性以及组织中GSH-PX活性并未造成显著的影响。在试验周期内,本试验所设的养殖密度范围对银鲳并未产生明显的不良胁迫反应。     

工程化循环水养殖池塘的氮磷收支研究

为了探寻更清洁高效的养殖模式,研究将淡水池塘循环水养殖系统进行了改良,对5个月试验周期内池塘水体理化指标和氮磷收支情况进行了分析。结果显示,池塘水体的理化指标呈波动性变化,试验结束时总氮、总磷浓度分别为4.85和1.04 mg/L,总氮浓度符合淡水养殖尾水排放二级标准。饲料和底泥是池塘氮磷输入的主要来源,分别占池塘氮元素输入量的50.6%和43.7%,磷元素输入量的49.4%和46.9%;底泥积累是池塘氮磷输出的主要途径,分别占池塘氮磷元素输出量的53.3%和78.7%。试验池塘对氮磷的利用率分别为65.2%和16.6%,其中鲤对氮磷的利用率显著高于其他鱼类(P<0.05),鲢、鳙对磷的利用率无显著差异(P>0.05)。研究表明,改良后的池塘循环水养殖系统有效降低了营养负荷,提高了养殖生物的氮磷利用率,减轻了养殖尾水对周边环境的影响,兼顾生态与经济效益,是一种成本较低且可持续发展的池塘养殖模式。     

猪CAST基因多态性与肌纤维组织学特性及屠宰性状的相关性分析

采用3种限制性核酸内切酶对45头金皮(金华×皮特兰)F₂代猪钙蛋白酶抑制蛋白基因(CAST)的第6外显子和第7外显子之间的片段进行了PCR-RFLP分析, 结果显示在第6内含子内均检测到MspⅠ、HinfⅠ和RsaⅠ酶切多态性。根据酶切结果将CAST基因分为3种基因型(AACCEE、BBDDFF、ABCDEF), 其基因型频率分别为0.1778, 0.2222, 0.6000。对背最长肌做连续性石蜡切片, 分别采用苏木精-伊红和肌球蛋白重链免疫组织化学方法染色并拍照, ImageJ软件统计肌纤维横截面积、密度、直径及MHCⅠ型肌纤维的比例。采用SPSS程序分析了CAST不同基因型对金皮F₂代猪肌纤维组织学特性和屠宰性状的影响。结果表明: BBDDFF基因型个体的肌纤维横截面积和眼肌面积显著地高于ABCDEF基因型个体的肌纤维横截面积和眼肌面积(P < 0.05)。     

Fiber types and fiber diameters in canine respiratory muscles

In the present study, we measured fiber types and fiber diameters in canine respiratory muscles and examined regional variation within the diaphragm. Samples of eight diaphragm regions, internal intercostals, external intercostals, transversus abdominis, and triceps brachii were removed from eight adult mongrel dogs, frozen, and histochemically processed for standard fiber type and fiber diameter determinations. The respiratory muscles were composed of types I and IIa fibers; no IIb fibers were identified. Fiber composition differed between muscles (P less than 0.0001). Normal type I percent (+/- SE) were: diaphragm 46 +/- 2, external intercostal 85 +/- 6, internal intercostals 48 +/- 3, transversus abdominis 53 +/- 1, and triceps 33 +/- 7. The diaphragm also contained a type I subtype [6 +/- 1% (SE)] previously thought only to occur in developing muscle. Fiber composition varied between diaphragm regions (P less than 0.01). Most notably, left medial crus contained 64% type I fibers. Fiber size also varied systematically among muscles (P less than 0.025) and diaphragm regions (P less than 0.0005). External intercostal fiber diameter was largest (47-50 microns) and diaphragm was smallest (34 microns). Within diaphragm, crural fibers were larger than costal (P less than 0.05). We conclude that there are systematic differences in fiber composition and fiber diameter of the canine respiratory muscles.     

AXIAL MUSCULATURE IN THE DOLPHIN (TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS): SOME ARCHITECTURAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS

In view of the supposition that a dolphin can swim faster than would be predicted based on its physical features and presumed muscle power potential, studies were initiated to reevaluate the assumptions made in reaching these conclusions. Several previous studies have shown that the architectural and histochemical properties of a skeletal muscle dictate its force, velocity and displacement properties. This study examined the muscle fiber lengths and tendon arrangements of the dorsal and ventral axial muscles in dolphins ( Tursiops truncatus ). Fiber type and fiber size distributions were determined to reflect the general biochemical characteristics of the musculature. The dorsal muscles had a higher mean fiber length (167 Vs. 90 mm) and the range within and across different dorsal muscles was less (141–199 vs. 37–185 mm) than in the ventral muscles. Both the dorsal and ventral muscles consisted of an overall mean of 50 percent slow twitch and 50 percent fast twitch fiber types. The fast twitch fibers were 67 percent larger (2,200 vs. 1,317 μ m ²) than the slow twitch fibers in the ventral and 38 percent larger (1,213 Vs. 879 μm²) in the dorsal muscles. In addition, the mean cross sectional area of the fibers in the ventral muscles was approximately 65 percent greater (1,750 vs. 1,072 μm²) than those in the dorsal muscles. The shorter, larger-diameter fibers of the ventral musculature give it a greater potential for force production for a given amount of muscle mass. In contrast, the dorsal muscles appear to be designed to optimize velocity and displacement, ( i.e. , longer fibers). These findings contribute to the information necessary for the determination of the power potential of the musculature of the dolphin.     

Eye muscles of the pike (Esox lucius) fiber types and their actomyosin ATPase and SDH activity

The eye muscles of the pike are organized in two distinct populations of fibers arranged in semicircular layers. The distal layer, consisting of small diameter muscle fibers, is mainly made up of type I and tonic (slow) fibers. The central and proximal (facing the eyeball) parts of the eye muscles are occupied by IIB and IIC (fast) fibers. As a main criterion for identification of muscle fiber types, the reaction for actomyosin ATPase activity has been used: metabolic characterization of these fibers has been carried out on the basis of SDH activity.     

江豚鼻道肌的解剖和构筑研究

江豚的鼻部肌共分为后外肌、前外肌、后内肌、前内肌和深肌5层,无间肌和大小内肌较退化,无对角膜肌。通过测定各肌的肌重、平均肌纤维长、平均肌小节长以及肌纤维角度,计算了各肌的生理横截面积,估计最大强直张力和肌鲜重对估计最大强直张力之比值等指标。鼻部肌各肌的相对肌纤维长度相似。各鼻部肌的肌纤维角度均为零。前部肌比后部肌具有较大的收缩速度和收缩位移优势,后部肌则具有较强的张力产生能力。着于额隆和唇部吻肌的张力产生能力很强。     

体色异常褐牙鲆皮肤色素及鳞片发育的形态学研究

本文观察比较了体色正常及体色异常褐牙鲆 (Paralichthysolivaceus)皮肤中黑色素胞和鳞片的发生及演变过程。结果显示仔鱼鱼体两侧皮肤中最先出现星状幼体型黑色素胞 ,随着变态发育 ,有眼侧皮肤中成体型黑色素胞逐渐替代幼体型黑色素胞 ;而无眼侧皮肤中 ,幼体型黑色素胞逐渐退化崩解 ,成体型黑色素胞不出现 ,无眼侧皮肤逐渐失去色素变为白色。体色异常现象出现于变态后期 ,白化和黑化现象几乎同时发生。白化个体有眼侧皮肤中成体型黑色素胞不能正常替代幼体型黑色素胞 ,逐渐失去色素形成白色斑块。黑化个体无眼侧皮肤中成体型黑色素胞则非正常地出现 ,逐渐替代幼体黑色素胞形成黑斑。约 30日龄变态完成时 ,体色异常现象已经显著 ,已能明显区分体色正常和异常个体。 6 0日龄左右 ,幼鱼皮肤开始长出形态较为原始的圆鳞。体色正常个体有眼侧皮肤上的圆鳞会逐渐发育成栉鳞 ,无眼侧则维持圆鳞。对比分析体色异常个体的鳞片形态 ,发现有眼侧白化部位的鳞片仍为圆鳞 ,而无眼侧黑化部位的鳞片则发育为栉鳞。同时 ,通过对体色正在恢复中的白化牙鲆的鳞片观察表明 ,伴随着白化部位色素的恢复 ,该部位的圆鳞会逐渐转变为栉鳞。由此推断色素的发生与鳞片的发育密切相关     

Asymmetrical development of bones and soft tissues during eye migration of metamorphosing Japanese flounder,<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Paralichthys olivaceus</Emphasis>

The symmetrical body of flatfish larvae dramatically changes into an asymmetrical form after metamorphosis. Eye migration results in the most significant asymmetrical development seen in any vertebrate. To understand the mechanisms involved in eye migration, bone and cartilage formation was observed during metamorphosis in laboratory-reared Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, by using whole-body samples and histological sections. Most of the hard tissues of the cranium (parasphenoid, trabecular cartilage, supraorbital canal, and supraorbital bar) exist symmetrically in the larval period before metamorphosis and develop by twisting in the same direction as that in which the eye migrates. An increase in skin thickness beneath the eye was observed only on the blind side at the beginning of eye migration; this was the first definitive difference between the right and left sides of the body. The pseudomesial bar, a peculiar bone present only in flatfishes, developed from this thick skin and grew dorsad. Novel sac-like structures were found and named retrorbital vesicles. The retrorbital vesicle of the blind side grew larger and faster than that of the ocular side when the right eye moved most dramatically, whereas no difference was observed between the volume of right and left connective tissue in the head. The asymmetrical presence and growth of the pseudomesial bar together with inflation of the retrorbital vesicle on the blind side may be responsible for right eye migration during metamorphosis in the Japanese flounder.     

Skeletal muscle weakness in osteogeneis imperfecta mice

Exercise intolerance, muscle fatigue and weakness are often-reported, little-investigated concerns of patients with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). OI is a heritable connective tissue disorder hallmarked by bone fragility resulting primarily from dominant mutations in the proα1(I) or proα2(I) collagen genes and the recently discovered recessive mutations in post-translational modifying proteins of type I collagen. In this study we examined the soleus (S), plantaris (P), gastrocnemius (G), tibialis anterior (TA) and quadriceps (Q) muscles of mice expressing mild (+/oim) and moderately severe (oim/oim) OI for evidence of inherent muscle pathology. In particular, muscle weight, fiber cross-sectional area (CSA), fiber type, fiber histomorphology, fibrillar collagen content, absolute, relative and specific peak tetanic force (P_o, P_o/mg and P_o/CSA respectively) of individual muscles were evaluated. Oim/oim mouse muscles were generally smaller, contained less fibrillar collagen, had decreased P_o and an inability to sustain P_o for the 300-ms testing duration for specific muscles; +/oim mice had a similar but milder skeletal muscle phenotype. +/oim mice had mild weakness of specific muscles but were less affected than their oim/oim counterparts which demonstrated readily apparent skeletal muscle pathology. Therefore muscle weakness in oim mice reflects inherent skeletal muscle pathology.