剧毒裂皮鹅膏转录组测序与毒肽相关基因家族分析

裂皮鹅膏(Amanita rimosa)是中国特有的剧毒蘑菇资源,其子实体含有多种鹅膏肽类毒素,常引起严重的中毒死亡事件。剧毒鹅膏菌的毒肽基因家族可编码多种毒环肽及丰富的未知功能肽类,目前裂皮鹅膏的毒肽基因家族尚未开展系统的研究。本研究以裂皮鹅膏新鲜子实体为材料提取RNA,构建cDNA文库。利用Illumina HiSeq 2000测序平台进行转录组测序,采用Trinity软件组装拼接,首次获得了裂皮鹅膏的转录组数据,转录组测序共获得19 598条Unigenes,通过Nr、KEGG、SwissPort及KOG数据库比对获得Unigene的功能注释。基于转录组序列和PCR验证获取了裂皮鹅膏的毒肽及相关肽类不同编码基因24条,分别编码α-amanitin、β-amanitin和Phallacidin等3种毒肽,以及编码21种未知功能肽类,其中16种为首次预测的新肽类。并对裂皮鹅膏毒肽基因家族编码的前体肽进行了系统聚类分析,明确了其系统发育位置。研究结果表明裂皮鹅膏具有丰富的毒肽及相关肽类的编码基因,为鹅膏肽类毒素的基因表达和新肽类资源的开发利用提供了数据。     

a-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽的制备和鉴定(英文)

-鹅膏毒(环)肽和二羟鬼笔毒(环)肽是剧毒的鹅膏菌和其它几种致死毒菌中由一些修饰氨基酸组成的环肽毒素。由于-鹅膏毒肽对真核生物的mRNA合成的专一性抑制和和二羟鬼笔毒肽对肌动蛋白的专一性束缚,因而它们在分子生物学和细胞学研究中具有重要应用,对其需求逐步增加。为此,作者使用了一种改良的毒素提取方法,以制备高效液相色谱从灰花纹鹅膏菌中分离制备-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽,并通过紫外吸收光谱和质谱进行鉴定,表明-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽的分离效果好,纯度高。本方法对其它毒菌中的-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽的分离制备具有同样的应用价值。     

a-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽的制备和鉴定

-鹅膏毒(环)肽和二羟鬼笔毒(环)肽是剧毒的鹅膏菌和其它几种致死毒菌中由一些修饰氨基酸组成的环肽毒素。由于-鹅膏毒肽对真核生物的mRNA合成的专一性抑制和和二羟鬼笔毒肽对肌动蛋白的专一性束缚,因而它们在分子生物学和细胞学研究中具有重要应用,对其需求逐步增加。为此,作者使用了一种改良的毒素提取方法,以制备高效液相色谱从灰花纹鹅膏菌中分离制备-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽,并通过紫外吸收光谱和质谱进行鉴定,表明-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽的分离效果好,纯度高。本方法对其它毒菌中的-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽的分离制备具有同样的应用价值。     

α-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽的制备和鉴定

α-鹅膏毒(环)肽和二羟鬼笔毒(环)肽是剧毒的鹅膏菌和其它几种致死毒菌中由一些修饰氨基酸组成的环肽毒素.由于α-鹅膏毒肽对真核生物的mRNA合成的专一性抑制和和二羟鬼笔毒肽对肌动蛋白的专一性束缚,因而它们在分子生物学和细胞学研究中具有重要应用,对其需求逐步增加.为此,作者使用了一种改良的毒素提取方法,以制备高效液相色谱从灰花纹鹅膏菌中分离制备α-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽,并通过紫外吸收光谱和质谱进行鉴定,表明α-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽的分离效果好,纯度高.本方法对其它毒菌中的α-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽的分离制备具有同样的应用价值.     

α—鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽的制备和鉴定

α-鹅膏毒（环）肽和二羟鬼笔毒（环）肽是剧毒的鹅膏菌和其它几种致死毒菌中由一些修饰氨基酸组成的环肽毒素,由于α-鹅膏毒肽对真核生物的mRNA合成的专一性抑制和二羟鬼笔毒肽对肌动蛋白的专一性束缚,因而它们在分子生物学和细胞学研究中具有重要应用,对其需求逐渐增加,为此,作者使用了一种改良的毒素提取方法,以制备高效液相色谱从灰花纹鹅膏菌中分离制备α-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽,并通过紫外吸收光谱和质谱进行鉴定,表明α-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽的分离效果好,纯度高,本方法对其它毒菌中的α-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽的分离制备具有同样的应用价值。     

云南楚雄致命鹅膏中环肽毒素的检测与分析

采用反相高效液相色谱法对采自云南楚雄双柏县的致命鹅膏在3个不同生长期中不同部位的6种环肽毒素含量进行了检测和分析。结果表明,致命鹅膏含有α-, β-鹅膏毒肽、羧基三羟鬼笔毒肽和羧基二羟鬼笔毒肽,未检出γ-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽。生长期毒素总量最高（9.3mg/g）、从成熟期（7.5mg/g）到衰老期（6.5mg/g）逐渐降低,但鬼笔毒肽的相对含量随着年龄增长而逐渐增加,鹅膏毒肽与鬼笔毒肽比值从生长期、成熟期到衰老期分别为2.6、1.4和0.9。在3个不同发育阶段中,4种毒素含量从菌盖、菌柄到菌托逐渐降低,而鬼笔毒肽的相对含量逐渐增加。α-鹅膏毒肽和β-鹅膏毒肽在生长期菌盖中含量最高,分别为7.4mg/g和3.1mg/g,而羧基三羟鬼笔毒肽和羧基二羟鬼笔毒肽在衰老期的菌盖中含量最高,分别为2.8mg/g和2.1mg/g。     

棘孢木霉糖苷水解酶3基因家族的生物信息学及表达模式分析

【背景】糖苷水解酶(glycoside hydrolase, GH) 3基因家族成员主要编码胞外β-葡萄糖苷酶,是纤维素降解中的关键酶。【目的】鉴定棘孢木霉GH3基因家族成员,探究其在纤维素降解过程中转录水平的表达模式。【方法】通过生物信息学方法对棘孢木霉GH3基因家族成员进行鉴定,对其基因结构、系统进化、蛋白理化性质、亚细胞定位及蛋白质三级结构进行分析,并采用荧光定量PCR技术对纤维素诱导下转录水平的表达模式进行综合分析。【结果】棘孢木霉基因组共鉴定到16个GH3基因家族成员,含有1-8个外显子,编码蛋白质长度为533-934个氨基酸,分子量为57.82-101.91 kDa,大多数为胞外蛋白。系统发育表明,该基因家族成员可分为4组,与里氏木霉的相似性较高。基因表达模式分析表明,纤维素诱导下,16个GH3基因均有表达,但不同成员在转录水平的表达存在差异。其中,1个基因呈组成型表达,2个基因表达下调,13个基因表达上调。棘孢木霉的胞外β-葡萄糖苷酶活力在纤维素诱导下明显提升,与GH3基因家族成员在转录水平的整体表达模式相一致。【结论】棘孢木霉基因组共包含16个GH3基因家族成员,而且多...     

α-鹅膏[蕈]毒环肽核酸适配体的筛选和结构分析

α-鹅膏[蕈]毒环肽(α-amanitin)是从致命鹅膏毒伞子实体中分离的多肽物质。本文采用配体指数富集系统进化(systemic evolution of ligand by exponential enrichment,SELEX)技术,以α-鹅膏[蕈]毒环肽为靶蛋白,以亲和填料epoxy-activated sepharose 6B为筛选介质,从体外合成的随机单链DNA文库中筛选其核酸适配体。经过12轮筛选,将第12轮筛选产物克隆测序,对获得的12条核酸适配体进行分析。二级结构预测分析表明,茎环和口袋结构为主要的结构形式,提示其可能是核酸适配体与α-鹅膏[蕈]毒环肽特异性结合的基础。对得到的核酸适配体进行特异性和灵敏度检测,其中E06核酸适配体的特异性最好,为核酸适配体检测蘑菇中α-鹅膏[蕈]毒环肽的残留奠定了基础。     

马铃薯WOX基因家族的鉴定及在离体再生和非生物胁迫中的表达分析

【目的】WUSCHE-相关同源盒（WUSCHEL-related homeobox, WOX）基因家族是植物特有的转录因子家族,在植物生长发育、干细胞分化调控、逆境胁迫响应等过程中扮演重要角色。开展马铃薯WOX基因家族鉴定与功能研究,将为马铃薯遗传改良提供优良基因资源与理论依据。【方法】基于拟南芥、番茄、烟草和水稻WOX蛋白序列,利用HMMER 3.0和BLASTP鉴定马铃薯WOX基因家族成员,使用MCScanX软件分析WOX基因家族成员在马铃薯种内及种间的共线性,并采用邻接法构建系统发育进化树。利用ExPASy、GSDS等软件分析马铃薯WOX基因家族成员理化性质、基因结构、蛋白motif、启动子区域转录因子结合位点。基于PGSC数据库中马铃薯转录组数据,分析StWOXs在不同组织和非生物胁迫下的表达模式;以可能参与离体再生过程的StWOX5作为候选基因,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析该基因在具有不同离体再生能力的4个马铃薯品种（系）再生过程中的表达情况。【结果】鉴定得到11个马铃薯WOX基因家族成员,分布在5条染色体上,分为WUS、中间和古老共3个进化分支,不同分支中StWOXs基因...     

我国28种鹅膏菌主要肽类毒素的检测分析*

利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术对产于我国的28种鹅膏菌的主要肽类毒素(鹅膏毒肽和鬼笔毒肽)进行了检测分析,并和采于欧洲(德国)的毒鹅膏Amanita phalloides作对照,结果表明,3种东亚所特有的鹅膏菌(灰花纹鹅膏、致命鹅膏和黄盖鹅膏白色变种)和欧洲毒鹅膏所含毒素种类多、含量高,其子实体菌盖部位主要毒素总量分别达到12583.7μg/g、8152.6μg/g、1058.2μg/g、7456.2μg/g干重子实体,这4种鹅膏菌可称之为剧毒鹅膏菌。其它25种鹅膏菌中有10种检测出含有微量鹅膏毒肽,含量在19.5μg/g-151.2μg/g之间。在4种剧毒鹅膏菌中,子实体组织部位不同,毒素含量以及鹅膏毒肽和鬼笔毒肽在其中的分布也不一样,菌盖中的毒素含量最高,菌柄的毒素含量次之,菌托中的毒素含量最低;对于灰花纹鹅膏、致命鹅膏和黄盖鹅膏白色变种,无论在菌盖、菌柄和菌托中,鹅膏毒肽类毒素的含量都高于鬼笔毒肽类毒素,尤其以α-amanitin的相对含量最高;而在欧洲毒鹅膏中,菌盖、菌柄和菌托中都以鬼笔毒肽为主,尤其以phallacidin的相对含量最高,并且从菌盖至菌柄到菌托,鬼笔毒肽的相对含量依次增加。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.