两种昆虫激素对鹿儿岛被毛孢表观形态的影响

昆虫激素不仅能调控昆虫的生长发育,而且也是昆虫免疫系统的重要调节因子,因此当虫生真菌入侵昆虫寄主体腔并定殖时可能会受其影响。但定殖过程中虫生真菌与昆虫激素之间的直接作用关系尚不清楚。本研究利用不同浓度的蜕皮激素(20E)和保幼激素(JH)模拟鳞翅目昆虫家蚕体内的主要激素水平,对虫生真菌鹿儿岛被毛孢Hirsutella satumaensis进行培养,观察其表观形态特征的变化。结果表明,两种昆虫激素对鹿儿岛被毛孢的表观形态均有不同程度的影响。添加20E和JH培养后,鹿儿岛被毛孢菌落直径和菌丝生物量的变化差异不大;孢子的萌发率稍有下降;而菌落产生的色素和产孢量与对照组相比则呈现显著性变化。菌落色素圈和分生孢子的粘液厚度会随两种激素浓度的增加而增大,而产孢量随激素浓度增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,这说明鹿儿岛被毛孢定殖昆虫血体腔的过程中两种昆虫激素会抑制真菌的生长,而虫生真菌会适应性地做出应答反应,这对于进一步理解虫生真菌在昆虫血体腔中的定殖机理有重要意义。     

一种寄生家蚕被毛孢的鉴定及产孢条件优化

【目的】对寄生家蚕的真菌被毛孢进行鉴定和孢子培养进行研究。【方法】采用形态特征比较和内转录间隔区(ITS)序列构建系统树进行鉴定,通过单因素筛选和正交试验进行产孢条件优化。【结果】根据形态特征比较和系统发育分析,该真菌为鹿儿岛被毛孢Hirsutella satumaensis Aoki。较优产孢条件为(质量体积比):蛋白胨3%,葡萄糖1%,蚕蛹粉1.5%,维生素B1 1%,硫酸镁0.05%,磷酸二氢钾0.1%,琼脂2%,蒸馏水1 000 mL,25°C。【结论】鹿儿岛被毛孢为已知种,文中对其显微特征进行了重新描述并补充相关分子系统学资料;产孢条件的优化可为该类群真菌孢子的获得与应用提供参考。     

一株寄生蛴螬的被毛孢新种

【目的】对寄生鞘翅目幼虫蛴螬的虫生真菌标本GZUIFR-lgs-1进行描述和鉴定。【方法】基于形态特征比较结合系统发育分析进行鉴定。【结果】该种通过形态特征产孢细胞单生,透明,多数与营养菌丝成近直角,基部具疣且明显膨大(19-27)μm×(2.7-3.6)μm,颈部长(12.0-14.5)μm,顶端呈螺旋状扭曲,偶有再育;分生孢子透明、光滑,橘瓣状,单生或偶有双生,外具黏液,大小为(4.8-6.0)μm×(2.4-3.6)μm,而与被毛孢属已知种相区别。基于ITS位点的系统发育分析支持形态学鉴定的结果。【结论】综合形态特征比较及系统发育分析结果,该种为被毛孢属的一个新的分类单元,命名为雷公山被毛孢,Hirsutella leigongshanensis。     

昆虫病原真菌长孢蜡蚧菌TF-2菌株对豌豆蚜的侵染过程和致病力

【目的】豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphon pisum是世界性的重要农业害虫,给豆类作物造成巨大的经济损失。本研究在前期筛选已获得豌豆蚜致病菌长孢蜡蚧菌Lecanicillium longisporum TF-2菌株的基础上,检测了该致病菌分生孢子对豌豆蚜的毒力效用及侵染方式,以期为利用昆虫病原真菌防治豌豆蚜提供理论基础。【方法】采用离体叶片饲养法检测在不同浓度长孢蜡蚧菌TF-2菌株孢子悬浮液(1.0×10~3～1.0×10~7孢子/mL)中浸渍后对豌豆蚜成虫的致病力;应用扫描电镜和体视显微镜观察豌豆蚜成虫接种TF-2菌株(1.0×10~7孢子/mL)后长孢蜡蚧菌TF-2菌株侵染症状和侵染过程。【结果】不同浓度长孢蜡蚧菌TF-2菌株分生孢子浸染豌豆蚜成虫致病力随分生孢子浓度升高而逐渐增强,侵染后6 d对豌豆蚜成虫的半致死浓度(LC_(50))为3.26×10~4孢子/mL,最高浓度分生孢子(1.0×10~7孢子/mL)对豌豆蚜成虫的半致死时间(LT_(50))为2.92 d。扫描电镜观察结果表明,接种后24 h,TF-2菌株分生孢子在豌豆蚜成虫体表皮萌发形成芽管和附着胞;接种后48 h,芽管伸长在复眼、触角基部、足基节、腹末生殖节等部位形成网络结构;接种后96 h,菌丝布满整个虫体,新的分生孢子产生。【结论】长孢蜡蚧菌TF-2菌株对豌豆蚜成虫具有较强的致病力,扫描电镜观察揭示了其分生孢子在其虫体上的侵染过程,结果为进一步应用昆虫病原真菌进行生物防治提供理论基础和参考依据。     

被毛孢属两个昆虫病原真菌的重新描述

【目的】调查研究被毛孢属真菌资源,丰富该属的物种多样性,完善已知种在公共数据库中的分类信息。【方法】从贵州省发现两个分别寄生于同翅目沫蝉、鳞翅目松梢螟成虫的真菌标本GZUIFR-dj14和GZUIFR-dy1,通过形态学观察和基于tef1、ITS和28S r DNA 3个基因序列的分子生物学系统发育分析对其进行鉴定。【结果】两个病原真菌被鉴定为两个已知种,分别为长白山被毛孢(Hirsutella changbeisanensis)和雷州被毛孢(Hirsutella leizhouensis)。【结论】重新描述了这两种被毛孢的标本和无性型分离菌株,对其新寄主、新栖息地进行了报道,并补充了分子序列、系统发育分析等分类信息。     

枯草芽孢杆菌中bacilosarcin B对美人鱼发光杆菌的抑菌机理

【背景】美人鱼发光杆菌(Photobacteriumdamselae)是一种海洋条件致病菌,能够引起多种海洋生物和人类疾病。因此,探究美人鱼发光杆菌的生物防治技术具有重要意义。【目的】探究枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)中bacilosarcin B对美人鱼发光杆菌的抑菌活性及其可能的抑菌机理。【方法】利用高效液相色谱法从枯草芽孢杆菌fmb60发酵液中制备bacilosarcin B,采用分光光度法测定bacilosarcinB对多种致病菌的最小抑菌浓度及其对美人鱼发光杆菌的时间-抑菌曲线。测定bacilosarcin B对美人鱼发光杆菌生物被膜、胞外核酸、蛋白质和胞内碱性磷酸酶含量的影响,结合荧光显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜检测美人鱼发光杆菌细胞膜通透性和细胞壁完整性,并研究bacilosarcin B对细菌运动能力和胞内DNA的作用。【结果】Bacilosarcin B对美人鱼发光杆菌最小抑菌浓度为8μg/mL。抑菌机理研究表明bacilosarcin B通过破坏细菌细胞壁和细胞膜的完整性使细胞膜通透性增强,造成细胞内成分渗出。此外,bacilosarcinB还可与...     

广西南宁市柑橘木虱虫生真菌种类调查

自柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri体上分离虫生真菌,通过形态特征和ITS序列分析,鉴定虫生真菌的种类;通过致病性测定,明确昆虫病原真菌种类。结果发现,自死体柑橘木虱上分离到18个虫生真菌菌株,隶属4种真菌;自活体上分离到985个虫生真菌菌株,隶属25种真菌。致病性测定结果发现,仅4种真菌对柑橘木虱成虫有致病性,包括刀孢蜡蚧菌Lecanicillium psalliotae、球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana、爪哇虫草Cordyceps javanica和淡紫紫孢菌Purpureocillium lilacinum,该4种真菌的分生孢子悬浮液（浓度5×10^7个孢子/mL）接种柑橘木虱成虫后10 d的累计死亡率分别为100%、100%、98.89%和43.33%。其中爪哇虫草仅自死体柑橘木虱上分离到,刀孢蜡蚧菌仅在活体上分离到,球孢白僵菌和淡紫紫孢菌在死体和活体上均被分离到。可见,柑橘木虱活体上的虫生真菌种类丰富。生产上应加强保护和利用昆虫病原真菌,提高其对柑橘木虱的自然抑制力。     

蜜环菌发酵液提取物对人参链格孢霉菌的抑制作用

为探究蜜环菌Armillaria mellea发酵液提取物的抗植物病原真菌作用,在预实验的基础上选取人参链格孢霉菌Alternaria panax作为供试靶标菌,确定蜜环菌发酵液乙酸乙酯提取物的抑菌效果及其作用机制。结果表明:蜜环菌发酵液乙酸乙酯提取物的MIC值为5 mg/mL,MFC值为20 mg/mL;人参链格孢霉菌孢子萌发抑制率与提取物浓度呈正相关,其孢子萌发EC50值为2.69 mg/mL;显微观察发现,蜜环菌乙酸乙酯提取物处理可明显破坏人参链格孢霉菌菌丝体微观结构。细胞膜通透性和相关生化指标研究结果表明:蜜环菌乙酸乙酯提取物处理后极大提升了人参链格孢霉菌细胞膜通透性,其孢外电导率、孢外核酸含量以及丙二醛(MDA)和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量显著提高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与过氧化物酶(POD)活性在前期略升高后显著降低。据此推测蜜环菌发酵液提取物的抑菌机制为破坏链格孢霉菌菌丝细胞的膜系统,造成菌丝细胞成分的外流并导致胞内生化反应被破坏。     

脐腹小蠹高致病力虫生真菌菌株的筛选

【目的】脐腹小蠹Scolytus schevyrewi Semenov是白榆的钻蛀性害虫之一,为找到对脐腹小蠹的高致病力虫生真菌菌株。【方法】通过室内喷雾法研究了5株虫生真菌菌株对脐腹小蠹幼虫的致病力,结合各菌株菌落直径、孢子萌发率、产孢量和菌落生长速率4个培养特征,筛选到Bb773和Pc546 2株优良的菌株,在此基础上,进一步对这2株菌株的几丁质酶、蛋白质酶和荧光素二乙酸酯(FDA)水解酶活性进行了测定。【结果】菌株Bb773和菌株Pc546在浓度为1×107孢子/mL悬浮液处理后,10 d的后脐腹小蠹幼虫的校正死亡率分别达96.67%和90.00%,致死中时分别为3.61 d和4.18 d。菌株Bb773的几丁质酶、FDA水解酶和蛋白质酶活性在接种后第2~10天均高于菌株Pc546,2株菌株蛋白质酶活性差异均达到了显著水平(P<0.05)。【结论】确定了菌株Bb773在脐腹小蠹害虫生物防治中具有潜在的应用价值。     

棘孢木霉糖苷水解酶3基因家族的生物信息学及表达模式分析

【背景】糖苷水解酶(glycoside hydrolase, GH) 3基因家族成员主要编码胞外β-葡萄糖苷酶,是纤维素降解中的关键酶。【目的】鉴定棘孢木霉GH3基因家族成员,探究其在纤维素降解过程中转录水平的表达模式。【方法】通过生物信息学方法对棘孢木霉GH3基因家族成员进行鉴定,对其基因结构、系统进化、蛋白理化性质、亚细胞定位及蛋白质三级结构进行分析,并采用荧光定量PCR技术对纤维素诱导下转录水平的表达模式进行综合分析。【结果】棘孢木霉基因组共鉴定到16个GH3基因家族成员,含有1-8个外显子,编码蛋白质长度为533-934个氨基酸,分子量为57.82-101.91 kDa,大多数为胞外蛋白。系统发育表明,该基因家族成员可分为4组,与里氏木霉的相似性较高。基因表达模式分析表明,纤维素诱导下,16个GH3基因均有表达,但不同成员在转录水平的表达存在差异。其中,1个基因呈组成型表达,2个基因表达下调,13个基因表达上调。棘孢木霉的胞外β-葡萄糖苷酶活力在纤维素诱导下明显提升,与GH3基因家族成员在转录水平的整体表达模式相一致。【结论】棘孢木霉基因组共包含16个GH3基因家族成员,而且多...     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Interaction of Synthetic Analogues of Natural Chalcones and Flavones with Guanidine

The reaction of chalcones and flavones with guanidine in ethanol results in 2-(2-aminopyrimidinyl-4)-phenols.     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.