PCR-DGGE技术用于湖泊沉积物中微生物群落结构多样性研究

采用PCR-DGGE分子指纹图谱技术比较南京市玄武湖、奠愁湖和太湖不同位置的表层沉积物微生物群落结构,研究结果表明,三湖泊沉积物微生物的16SrDNA的PCR扩增结果约为626bp,为16S rDNA V3～V5区特异性片段。玄武湖和莫愁湖表层沉积物中大约有20种优势菌群,且同一湖泊不同采样点DGGE图谱的差异性不大,细菌群落结构具有较高的相似性,而太湖样品DGGE条带的数目和位置表现出明显差异,且不同采样点图谱的差异性较大。三湖泊除具有特征性的微生物种属外,还分布约5个相同的细菌种群,可能与沉积物的理化性质和水生植被的影响相关。对DGGE图谱中7条主带进行回收、扩增和测序,结果显示其优势菌群具有不同的序列组成,其中5个序列与Genebank中已登录的细菌种群的同源性≥99％,2个序列的同源性为96％和93％,其中2个相似的细菌类群目前尚未获得纯培养。     

DGGE和T-RFLP在堆肥微生物群落结构研究中的应用

对堆肥微生物种群分布及其动态变化的研究进行了分析,论述了分子生物技术中的变性梯度凝胶电泳和末端标记限制性片段长度多态性的原理和特点,以及用于研究堆肥微生物的群落结构演变规律,为分析和筛选堆肥中的微生物提供更加有效、快速的信息,促进堆肥技术的发展。     

沼气池污泥微生物总DNA提取方法的比较

沼气发酵系统是一个复杂的生态系统,其污泥微生物超过99%是不可培养的。为了优化沼气池纤维素的转化效率、沼气的产率和开展污泥微生物多样性研究,本研究采用化学裂解法、溶菌酶裂解法和QIAampDNA Stool Mini Kit提取了沼气池污泥样品中微生物的总DNA,对三种方法的DNA得率、纯度、大片段提取效果以及是否含有PCR反应抑制剂进行了研究,最后对16S rRNA基因V3区的扩增产物进行了PCR变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)分析。与化学裂解法和QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit法相比,溶菌酶裂解法得到的DNA量大、片段长、片段分布广、PCR扩增效率高;同时PCR-DGGE图谱显示,溶菌酶裂解法可更好地展示沼气池污泥中微生物的多样性。该结果为进一步提高沼气池中纤维素的转化效率和沼气生产优势菌种的质和量打下了一定的前期基础。     

PCR-DGGE技术在农田土壤微生物多样性研究中的应用

变性梯度凝胶电泳技术(DGGE)在微生物生态学领域有着广泛的应用。研究采用化学裂解法直接提取出不同农田土壤微生物基因组DNA,并以此基因组DNA为模板,选择特异性引物F357GC和R515对16S rRNA基因的V3区进行扩增,长约230bp的PCR产物经变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)进行分离后,得到不同数目且分离效果较好的电泳条带。结果说明,DGGE能够对土壤样品中的不同微生物的16S rRNA基因的V3区的DNA扩增片断进行分离,为这些DNA片断的定性和鉴定提供了条件。与传统的平板培养方法相比,变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术能够更精确的反映出土壤微生物多样性,它是一种有效的微生物多样性研究技术。     

四种小鼠肠道微生物DNA提取方法比较

采用异硫氰酸胍(guandine thiocyanate,GITC)法、Tiangen DNA提取试剂盒、Omega DNA提取试剂盒和广泛应用的十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide,CTAB)法提取小鼠粪便微生物总DNA,通过比较所提取DNA的浓度和纯度,发现粪便DNA提取试剂盒提取的DNA纯度最高但浓度最低;CTAB法所得的DNA浓度最高但纯度最低;GITC法所得DNA的浓度高于粪便DNA提取试剂盒,纯度高于CTAB法。通过变性梯度凝胶电泳(16S r DNA-PCR-DGGE)指纹图谱分析技术进一步比较了各种提取方法所代表微生物群落的丰富度和多样性。结果表明,GITC法提取得到的DNA所代表细菌的丰富度和多样性显著高于其他3种方法。本实验所建立的GITC法可更全面地反映肠道微生物的多样性和群落结构,是一种较为理想的粪便微生物DNA提取方法。     

新疆石油污染土壤苯并(a)芘降解微生物多样性研究

为研究新疆石油开采区污染土壤中苯并(a)芘降解微生物的群落结构特点,采集克拉玛依石油开采区受污染程度不同的土壤样品, 以苯并(a)芘为唯一碳源、氮源的无机盐培养基五代富集培养, 采用PCR-DGGE 技术对第五代富集培养物的微生物群落结构开展研究, 根据DGGE 指纹图谱分析它们的遗传多样性。研究显示: 三个不同污染样品微生物多样性指数(H) 丰度(S)和均匀度(EH)均有所不同, 重度污染土样降解苯并(a)芘的微生物类群最为丰富, 其次是中度污染土样, 最少的是轻度污染土样; 并且三个样品微生物类群种类差异较大, 菌落相似性低。对 DGGE 的优势条带序列分析, 同源性最高的微生物分别属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)。研究表明新疆石油开采区污染程度不同土壤中降解苯并(a)芘的微生物群落结构不同, 提示污染严重的环境里可能蕴藏着高效降解苯并(a)芘的微生物资源。     

PCR-DGGE方法分析原油储层微生物群落结构及种群多样性

使用基于 16 S r DNA的 PCR- DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳 )图谱分析结合条带割胶回收 DNA进行序列分析 ,对新疆克拉玛依油田一中区注水井 (12 # 9- 11)和与该注水井相应的两个采油井 (12 # 9- 9S、13# 11- 8)井口样品微生物群落的多样性进行了比较并鉴定了部分群落成员。 DGGE图谱聚类分析表明注水井与两油井微生物群落的相似性分别为 30 %和 2 0 % ,而两油井间微生物群落结构的相似性为 5 4 %。DGGE图谱中优势条带序列分析表明注水井样品和油井样品中的优势菌群为未培养的环境微生物 ,它们与数据库中 α、γ、δ、ε变形杆菌 (Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌 (Bacteroidetes)有很近的亲缘关系。 DGGE与分子克隆相结合的分子生物学方法在研究微生物提高原油采收率 (MEOR)机理 ,以及指导 MEOR在油田生产中的应用有着重要的意义     

云南腾冲热海两热泉菌藻席细菌多样性的研究

应用显微形态观察和变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)对云南腾冲热海两热泉菌藻席的细菌多样性进行了比较分析.直接从环境样品中提取总DNA,用两套细菌通用引物进行PCR扩增,得到包含V8和V9高变区的16S rDNA片段,进行DGGE分析,结合形态观察,结果显示,热泉菌藻席中存在丰富的细菌多样性,且不同温度范围的菌藻席细菌组成差异显著.     

口腔微生物多样性研究进展

口腔微生物多样性的改变是口腔常见感染性疾病的发病机制之一,随着分子生物学技术的普遍应用,研究者能够不通过纯培养技术即可对人类口腔不同生态系的微生物组成及变化进行研究。本文综述了当前口腔微生物多样性研究的常用方法及各自的特点,从而为口腔微生物生态方面的进一步深入研究提供参考。     

DGGE分析东江流域农村饮用水源中微生物多样性及其与环境因子相关性

为评价东江流域农村饮用水源中微生物多样性及其与环境因子的相关性, 分别采集了集中式供水井、塘坝型水井、猪场附近水井、普通村落水井、水库水5种水样, 进行基因组总DNA的提取和主要理化指标的测定, 运用DGGE技术分析各水样总DNA的PCR产物。UPGMA聚类分析DGGE指纹图谱结果表明, 相同类型水样的微生物群落结构相似性较高, 聚集到一个分支上; 典型相关性分析(CCA)结果表明, 水体中总磷(TP)和总氮(TN)的浓度与微生物群落结构的关联度最高, 即磷和氮两种生命过程的基本元素对微生物群落影响最大; 序列分析表明农村饮用水源中微生物群落结构丰富, 包含了螺旋体门(Spirochaetes)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)5个门的细菌, 且每类水样拥有各自的优势菌。     

Insight into Dominant Cellulolytic Bacteria from Two Biogas Digesters and Their Glycoside Hydrolase Genes

Diverse cellulolytic bacteria are essential for maintaining high lignocellulose degradation ability in biogas digesters. However, little was known about functional genes and gene clusters of dominant cellulolytic bacteria in biogas digesters. This is the foundation to understand lignocellulose degradation mechanisms of biogas digesters and apply these gene resource for optimizing biofuel production. A combination of metagenomic and 16S rRNA gene clone library methods was used to investigate the dominant cellulolytic bacteria and their glycoside hydrolase (GH) genes in two biogas digesters. The 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed that the dominant cellulolytic bacteria were strains closely related to Clostridium straminisolvens and an uncultured cellulolytic bacterium designated BG-1. To recover GH genes from cellulolytic bacteria in general, and BG-1 in particular, a refined assembly approach developed in this study was used to assemble GH genes from metagenomic reads; 163 GH-containing contigs ≥ 1 kb in length were obtained. Six recovered GH5 genes that were expressed in E. coli demonstrated multiple lignocellulase activities and one had high mannanase activity (1255 U/mg). Eleven fosmid clones harboring the recovered GH-containing contigs were sequenced and assembled into 10 fosmid contigs. The composition of GH genes in the 163 assembled metagenomic contigs and 10 fosmid contigs indicated that diverse GHs and lignocellulose degradation mechanisms were present in the biogas digesters. In particular, a small portion of BG-1 genome information was recovered by PhyloPythiaS analysis. The lignocellulase gene clusters in BG-1 suggested that it might use a possible novel lignocellulose degradation mechanism to efficiently degrade lignocellulose. Dominant cellulolytic bacteria of biogas digester possess diverse GH genes, not only in sequences but also in their functions, which may be applied for production of biofuel in the future.     

Long-Term Enrichment on Cellulose or Xylan Causes Functional and Taxonomic Convergence of Microbial Communities from Anaerobic Digesters

Cellulose and xylan are two major components of lignocellulosic biomass, which represents a potentially important energy source, as it is abundant and can be converted to methane by microbial action. However, it is recalcitrant to hydrolysis, and the establishment of a complete anaerobic digestion system requires a specific repertoire of microbial functions. In this study, we maintained 2-year enrichment cultures of anaerobic digestion sludge amended with cellulose or xylan to investigate whether a cellulose- or xylan-digesting microbial system could be assembled from sludge previously used to treat neither of them. While efficient methane-producing communities developed under mesophilic (35°C) incubation, they did not under thermophilic (55°C) conditions. Illumina amplicon sequencing results of the archaeal and bacterial 16S rRNA genes revealed that the mature cultures were much lower in richness than the inocula and were dominated by single archaeal (genus Methanobacterium) and bacterial (order Clostridiales) groups, although at finer taxonomic levels the bacteria were differentiated by substrates. Methanogenesis was primarily via the hydrogenotrophic pathway under all conditions, although the identity and growth requirements of syntrophic acetate-oxidizing bacteria were unclear. Incubation conditions (substrate and temperature) had a much greater effect than inoculum source in shaping the mature microbial community, although analysis based on unweighted UniFrac distance found that the inoculum still determined the pool from which microbes could be enriched. Overall, this study confirmed that anaerobic digestion sludge treating nonlignocellulosic material is a potential source of microbial cellulose- and xylan-digesting functions given appropriate enrichment conditions.     

不同日粮饲养黄牛的胃部微生物群落多样性比较分析

为分析不同饲料喂养对黄牛胃中微生物群落结构的影响,分别用芒草单一喂养和农家混合饲料喂养两年的黄牛为实验组和对照组。以瘤胃、蜂巢胃、重瓣胃和皱胃四个胃中的微生物为研究对象,采用原位包埋裂解法和脉冲场电泳（pulsed field gel electrophoresis,PFGE）提取微生物总 DNA,脉冲场电泳（pulsed field gel elec-trophoresis,PFGE）。使用细菌16S rRNA 引物341F ／534R 及真菌18S rDNA 引物 NS1／GCFungi 进行降落 PCR 扩增。变性梯度凝胶电泳（denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,DGGE）对扩增产物进行区分,使用硝酸银染色。电泳扫描结果通过 Quantity one 软件进行分析,SPSS 软件进行数据统计。针对实验组和对照组瘤胃样品共性条带和特性条带测序并比对。结果表明：实验组与对照组细菌群落结构变化较大,UPGAM聚类图上被分为两支,相似性只有0．35。且香农多样性指数及条带丰度都明显少于对照组。真菌 DGGE 图谱条带差别不大,聚类图上显示实验组四个样品与对照组四个样品相似性在0．43～0．68之间。多样性及条带丰度在实验组与对照组之间差异0．0027～0．5999。测序结果,细菌与数据库中未培养细菌种类较为接近,而真菌中部分与已知菌种接近。芒草单一饲养对牛胃中的微生物群落结构具有极大的影响,对细菌的影响尤为明显。     

Comparative Characterization of the Microbial Diversities of an Artificial Microbialite Model and a Natural Stromatolite

Microbialites are organosedimentary structures that result from the trapping, binding, and lithification of sediments by microbial mat communities. In this study we developed a model artificial microbialite system derived from natural stromatolites, a type of microbialite, collected from Exuma Sound, Bahamas. We demonstrated that the morphology of the artificial microbialite was consistent with that of the natural system in that there was a multilayer community with a pronounced biofilm on the surface, a concentrated layer of filamentous cyanobacteria in the top 5 mm, and a lithified layer of fused oolitic sand grains in the subsurface. The fused grain layer was comprised predominantly of the calcium carbonate polymorph aragonite, which corresponded to the composition of the Bahamian stromatolites. The microbial diversity of the artificial microbialites and that of natural stromatolites were also compared using automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The ARISA profiling indicated that the Shannon indices of the two communities were comparable and that the overall diversity was not significantly lower in the artificial microbialite model. Bacterial clone libraries generated from each of the three artificial microbialite layers and natural stromatolites indicated that the cyanobacterial and crust layers most closely resembled the ecotypes detected in the natural stromatolites and were dominated by Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria. We propose that such model artificial microbialites can serve as experimental analogues for natural stromatolites.     

中亚热带地区米槠天然林土壤微生物群落结构的多样性

为了解土壤微生物群落的结构,采用磷脂脂肪酸方法对武夷山和建瓯的米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)天然林土壤微生物群落的结构多样性进行了研究。结果表明,两地米槠天然林的土壤微生物群落组成十分丰富,多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数分别为2.92~3.01、25.84~28.23 和0.88~0.90。0~10 cm土层的磷脂脂肪酸总量、细菌特征脂肪酸、真菌特征脂肪酸、放线菌特征脂肪酸、革兰氏阳性菌和阴性菌特征脂肪酸含量均高于10~20 cm土层的,且建瓯万木林自然保护区的高于武夷山国家级自然保护区。10~20 cm土层的革兰氏阳性菌/革兰氏阴性菌高于0~10 cm土层的;细菌特征脂肪酸含量显著高于真菌,表明细菌在土壤微生物群落结构中处于优势地位。主成分分析表明,土壤微生物群落结构的差异主要是由采样地点的不同引起。     

Contributions of Understory and/or Overstory Vegetations to Soil Microbial PLFA and Nematode Diversities in Eucalyptus Monocultures

Ecological interactions between aboveground and belowground biodiversity have received many attentions in the recent decades. Although soil biodiversity declined with the decrease of plant diversity, many previous studies found plant species identities were more important than plant diversity in controlling soil biodiversity. This study focused on the responses of soil biodiversity to the altering of plant functional groups, namely overstory and understory vegetations, rather than plant diversity gradient. We conducted an experiment by removing overstory and/or understory vegetation to compare their effects on soil microbial phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and nematode diversities in eucalyptus monocultures. Our results indicated that both overstory and understory vegetations could affect soil microbial PLFA and nematode diversities, which manifested as the decrease in Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H′) and Pielou evenness index (J) and the increase in Simpson dominance index (λ) after vegetation removal. Soil microclimate change explained part of variance of soil biodiversity indices. Both overstory and understory vegetations positively correlated with soil microbial PLFA and nematode diversities. In addition, the alteration of soil biodiversity might be due to a mixing effect of bottom-up control and soil microclimate change after vegetation removal in the studied plantations. Given the studied ecosystem is common in humid subtropical and tropical region of the world, our findings might have great potential to extrapolate to large scales and could be conducive to ecosystem management and service.     

广州新垦红树林湿地鸟类多样性动态研究

2005年1月(冬季)、4月(春季)、7月(夏季)和10月(秋季),对广州市南沙区新垦红树林湿地区利用样带法进行了鸟类多样性动态研究。广州新垦红树林主要是以人工种植(海桑)为主,研究该湿地鸟类群落多样性,对于红树林生态恢复和物种多样性具有重要意义。在野外调查的基础上对广州新垦红树林鸟类多样性指数(Hˊ)进行了计算,结果表明:1月Hˊ=3.051;4月Hˊ=2.6314;7月Hˊ=2.6867和10月Hˊ=3.0382。该湿地鸟类多样性动态表明出明显的季节性。新垦红树林湿地是广州市鸟类重要的繁殖地和越冬地。