环境正义视角下公园绿地空间配置公平性评价——以南京市主城区为例

公园绿地在促进城市居民公共健康、实现城市可持续发展方面具有广泛效益,其空间配置的公平性对维护环境正义具有重要意义。然而,当前公园绿地空间配置公平性的研究仍侧重其数量的地域均等,对其质量、可达性空间配置的公平性关注不足。本研究基于环境正义视角,以南京市主城区为例,从公园可达性、公园面积、公园质量3个特征(共6个参数),综合运用互联网地图服务可达性分析、主客观综合质量评价、空间自相关及非参数检验等多种分析方法,分析了公园绿地空间配置的公平性格局。结果表明:研究区公园绿地的空间分布格局呈现明显的核心-边缘特征,在可达性、面积、质量3个特征上均存在一定程度的不公平性,呈现出较为显著的环境不正义格局;3个特征6个参数空间配置的不公平性存在显著差异,可达性得分值、可达的公园面积的不公平性最突出,到达公园绿地的最小时间、到达最近公园的质量的差异次之,到达高质量公园的数量与最小时间差异较小;高收入居住社区能够访问的公园的可达性得分值、总面积、公园质量平均值分别是低收入社区的3.7、2.7和1.6倍,表明收入高的居住社区享有更好可达性、更大面积、更高质量的公园绿地。其中,中等收入社区享有绿地优势最突出,大多数低收入居住社区尚难以在步行30 min内到达高质量公园。研究结果可为城市公园绿地的优化配置与合理规划提供决策依据与规划参考。     

Biological effectiveness of neutrons from Hiroshima bomb replica: results of a collaborative cytogenetic study

The effectiveness of neutrons from a facsimile of the Hiroshima bomb was determined cytogenetically. The "Little-Boy" replica (LBR), assembled at Los Alamos as a controlled nuclear reactor for detailed physical dosimetry, was used. Of special interest, the neutron energy characteristics (including lineal energy) measured 0.74 m from the LBR were remarkably similar to those calculated for the 1945 Hiroshima bomb at 1 to 2 km from the hypocenter, as shown in a companion dosimetric paper (Straume, et al., Radiat. Res. 128, 133-142 (1991)). Thus we examine here the effectiveness of neutrons closely resembling those that the A-bomb survivors received at Hiroshima. Chromosome aberration frequencies were determined in human blood lymphocytes exposed in vitro to graded doses of LBR radiation (97% neutrons, 3% gamma rays). Vials of blood suspended in air at distances up to 2.10 m from the center of the LBR uranium core received doses ranging from 0.02 to 2.92 Gy. The LBR neutrons (E approximately 0.2 MeV) produced 1.18 dicentrics and rings per cell per Gy. They were more effective than the higher-energy fission neutrons (E approximately 1 MeV) commonly used in radiobiology. The maximum RBE (RBEM) of LBR neutrons at low doses is estimated to be 60 to 80 compared to 60Co gamma rays and 22 to 30 compared to 250-kVp X rays. These results provide a quantitative measurement of the biological effectiveness of Hiroshima-like neutrons.     

Encounter with disaster: a medical diary of Hiroshima, 1945. Condensed from the original publication, 1965

The effects of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 are described. Immediately after the bombing, Japanese civilian and military authorities mobilized an intense effort to provide help to the damaged cities and their inhabitants. At the same time, research was undertaken by the Japanese in an attempt to determine the nature of the effects of the bombs on the population. Some weeks later, the American armed services and the Manhattan District also organized an investigation of these effects. This memoir describes the early days of the American research effort, its integration with the Japanese program, and the development of a Joint Commission to study the effects of the bombing. After the first rapid survey, described in this paper, the effort was reorganized and continued under the sponsorship of the National Research Councils of America and Japan as the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission.     

Gamma-ray exposure from neutron-induced radionuclides in soil in Hiroshima and Nagasaki based on DS02 calculations

As a result of joint efforts by Japanese, US and German scientists, the Dosimetry System 2002 (DS02) was developed as a new dosimetry system, to evaluate individual radiation dose to atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Although the atomic bomb radiation consisted of initial radiation and residual radiation, only initial radiation was reevaluated in DS02 because, for most survivors in the life span study group, the residual dose was negligible compared to the initial dose. It was reported, however, that there were individuals who entered the city at the early stage after the explosion and experienced hemorrhage, diarrhea, etc., which were symptoms of acute radiation syndrome. In this study, external exposure due to radionuclides induced in soil by atomic bomb neutrons was reevaluated based on DS02 calculations, as a function of both the distance from the hypocenters and the elapsed time after the explosions. As a result, exposure rates of 6 and 4 Gy h(-1) were estimated at the hypocenter at 1 min after the explosion in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, respectively. These exposure rates decreased rapidly by a factor of 1,000 1 day later, and by a factor of 1 million 1 week later. Maximum cumulative exposure from the time of explosion was 1.2 and 0.6 Gy at the hypocenters in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, respectively. Induced radiation decreased also with distance from the hypocenters, by a factor of about 10 at 500 m and a factor of three to four hundreds at 1,000 m. Consequently, a significant exposure due to induced radiation is considered feasible to those who entered the area closer to a distance of 1,000 m from the hypocenters, within one week after the bombing.     

Effects of radiation on the longitudinal trends of total serum cholesterol levels in the atomic bomb survivors.

The effects of radiation on the long-term trends of the total serum cholesterol levels of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb survivors were examined using data collected in the Adult Health Study over a 28-year period (1958-1986). The growth-curve method was used to model the longitudinal age-dependent changes in cholesterol levels. For each sex, temporal trends of cholesterol levels were characterized with respect to age, body mass index, city and birth year. We then examined whether the temporal trends differed by radiation dose. We showed that the mean growth curve of cholesterol levels for the irradiated subjects were significantly higher than that for the unirradiated subjects, and that the increase was greater for women than for men. No difference in dose response was detected between Hiroshima and Nagasaki. An increased mean level of cholesterol was evident for irradiated women in general, but a notable increase was apparent in males only for the youngest birth cohort of 1935-1945. The difference in the mean cholesterol levels between the irradiated and unirradiated subjects diminished past 70 years of age. It is not known whether this is due to natural progression or is an artifact of nonrandom variation in the rate of participation in the examinations. The maximum predicted increase at 1 Gy for women occurred at age 52 years for the 1930 cohort: 2.5 mg/dl (95% CI 1.6-3.3 mg/dl) for Hiroshima and 2.3 mg/dl (95% CI 1.5-3.1 mg/dl) for Nagasaki. The corresponding increase for men occurred at age 29 years for the 1940 cohort: 1.6 mg/dl (95% CI 0.4-2.8) for Hiroshima and 1.4 mg/dl (95% CI 0.3-2.6) for Nagasaki. Controlling for cigarette smoking did not alter the dose-response relationship. Although the difference in the mean growth curves of the irradiated and unirradiated groups was statistically significant, there was a considerable overlap in the individual growth curves of the two groups. The significant sex difference and the greater magnitude of radiation effects in women suggest that hormonal changes resulting from radiation exposure, such as accelerated menopause, is an area worth investigating to delineate the mechanisms underlying the increased cholesterol levels of the irradiated female subjects. This increase may also partially explain the increased rate of coronary heart disease seen in the atomic bomb survivors.     

街道绿化品质的人本视角测度框架—基于百度街景数据和机器学习的大规模分析

新技术条件下测度街道绿化品质,实现人眼视角绿化可见度与街道可达性的整合分析。抓取上海的大规模街景数据,基于机器学习算法提取绿化可见度,将其与基于空间网络分析的街道可达性开展叠合分析,并与基于卫星遥感影像的绿化率比较,发现绿化率难以准确展现市民日常生活中绿化接触度。运用新技术和新数据推动精细化规划导控,实践上能实现大规模分析并保证高精度结果,理论上能为规划政策的人本视角转型提供支撑。     

Electrophoretic variants of blood proteins in Japanese. IV. Prevalence and enzymologic characteristics of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants in Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Summary Electrophoretic screening of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49, G6PD) was conducted one sample of 9,260 children born to the atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima (Honshu) and Nagasaki (Kyushu). The prevalence of electrophoretic variants was 0.11% in males and 0.42% in females in Hiroshima, and 0.16% in males and 0.31% in females in Nagasaki. Enzymologic characteristics of 10 variants obtained from three males and seven hemizygous fathers of heterozygous females were examined. As a result, three new types of G6PD variants were identified among five variants detected in Hiroshima, and three new types among five variants in Nagasaki. All the variants except one belonged to Class 3, as defined by Yoshida et al. (1971).     

Exploring biodiversity in a metropolitan area in the Mediterranean region: The urban and suburban flora of Rome (Italy)

This work provides an overview of plant diversity in the municipality of Rome (Italy) through an assessment of the flora in urban and suburban sectors of the city. It is aimed at providing the knowledge required to support proactive action for plant conservation. On the basis of a literature-derived catalogue and of an extensive survey campaign, the flora was investigated in terms of conservation interest; habitat types and locations that require protection measures were identified according to the occurrence of valuable native plants. Valuable species exclusive of the urban sector are threatened by the compaction trend affecting the urban fabric. Such species occur mainly in ruderal environments and fallows of archaeological sites and urban parks, near river courses and in remnants of natural forests. Valuable species exclusive of the suburban sector are threatened by urban sprawl. They occur prevalently in wet environments of the subcoastal strip and in coastal sands, Mediterranean maquis, tuffaceous gorges, sulphur springs and archaeological sites. The results highlight the need to preserve the complexity of the land mosaic, especially within the urban matrix, and to strengthen the existing environmental protection tools in the suburban area against foreseeable land cover changes.     

A habitat island approach to conserving birds in urban landscapes: case studies from southern and northern Europe

Wildlife conservation in urban habitats is increasingly important due to current urbanization trends. We review the different approaches to studying birds in urban landscapes, and point out the importance of the habitat island ecological theory as a research framework for the management and conservation of urban birds. Based on two comprehensive research projects conducted at urban parks in Spain (Madrid) and Finland (Oulu and Rovaniemi), several different issues related to bird conservation in cities are discussed, main findings of these projects are presented, and future research needs are suggested. Urban parks are important biodiversity hotspots in cities. Fragmentation conditions have the same deleterious effects to urban birds as in other fragmented landscapes. Park size accounts for species accumulation in urban parks; this pattern being highly nested. Urban parks of 10–35 ha would contain most of the species recorded in cities, but other indicators related to the probabilities of persistence of the target species should be obtained. Wooded streets can increase urban landscape connectivity by providing alternative habitat for feeding and nesting during the breeding season. Because increasing the size of parks is difficult in cities, enhancement of habitat diversity and resource availability for birds within parks (e.g. nest boxes, winter feeding tables, etc.) appears to be a straightforward way of increasing urban bird diversity. However, human disturbance (pedestrians) should be controlled since it can negatively influence many urban birds. We present a conceptual model for urban bird conservation, which includes three aspects (management, environmental education and research) and new alternatives to promote the involvement of different sectors of the society.     

Thermoluminescence dosimetry of gamma rays from the atomic bomb at Hiroshima using the predose technique

Thermoluminescence dosimetry measurements of gamma rays produced by the atomic bomb in Hiroshima were made by the predose technique using eight ceramic samples collected from five buildings located at distances between 1271 and 2051 m from the hypocenter. The results of our measurements are compared to both the newer dose estimates (Dosimetry System 1986) and older dose estimates (Tentative 1965 Doses) for survivors of the Hiroshima atomic bomb. In comparison with the older estimates, our results are larger by a factor of 2.3 at 1271 m and 3.9 at 2051 m. Our results and the newer estimates for Hiroshima differ by a factor of only 1.14 +/- 0.16 on the average.     

基于防灾目标的城市公园空间结构及合理性评价——邻域法在长春市的应用

防灾公园作为重要的空间要素之一,是城市应急避难场所建设的主要形式.基于防灾目标,运用邻域法对长春市公园布局合理性进行评价.结果表明:研究区防灾公园的空间分布不均衡,西北部密集、东南部稀疏,呈现出同一等级防灾公园集中分布、不同等级防灾公园分散分布的空间格局.防灾公园避难有效性较低.50%以上公园人均避难面积不足,近40%公园可达性超过最长避难时间.不同等级防灾公园的避难有效性存在显著差异,中心防灾公园最高、固定防灾公园次之、紧急防灾公园最差.针对长春市防灾公园布局不合理情况提出以下主要建议:不同等级防灾公园可采用镶嵌式的空间布局模式;公园设置标准应与人口分布趋势相对应;加强紧急防灾公园建设.     

Investigation on circular asymmetry of geographical distribution in cancer mortality of Hiroshima atomic bomb survivors based on risk maps: analysis of spatial survival data

While there is a considerable number of studies on the relationship between the risk of disease or death and direct exposure from the atomic bomb in Hiroshima, the risk for indirect exposure caused by residual radioactivity has not yet been fully evaluated. One of the reasons is that risk assessments have utilized estimated radiation doses, but that it is difficult to estimate indirect exposure. To evaluate risks for other causes, including indirect radiation exposure, as well as direct exposure, a statistical method is described here that evaluates risk with respect to individual location at the time of atomic bomb exposure instead of radiation dose. In addition, it is also considered to split the risks into separate risks due to direct exposure and other causes using radiation dose. The proposed method is applied to a cohort study of Hiroshima atomic bomb survivors. The resultant contour map suggests that the region west to the hypocenter has a higher risk compared to other areas. This in turn suggests that there exists an impact on risk that cannot be explained by direct exposure.     

基于Landsat-8影像的沿海城市公园冷岛效应——以厦门为例

城市公园主要由水体和绿色植被等景观构成,其形成的公园冷岛(Park cool island,PCI)已成为减缓城市热岛效应的重要途径之一。采用景感生态学中的景感营造理念规划设计城市公园或优化公园空间结构有助于增强公园冷岛效应,进一步改善局地城市热环境。选择沿海城市——厦门市为研究对象,基于2013年8月的Landsat-8 OLI/TIRS遥感影像和Google Earth高分影像数据,首先提取了研究区15个公园的土地利用信息,采用改进的地表温度单通道算法,获取了城市公园地表温度数据,并采用缓冲区分析、景观格局指数和多元统计等方法定量分析公园内部平均地表温度、城市公园冷岛强度(即降温幅度)、公园冷岛影响距离(即对周边区域的降温范围)三者的主要影响因子,并利用景感生态学原理初步剖析了城市公园景感营造的原则。结果显示:(1)公园面积和公园建设用地面积是影响公园平均温度的关键因子(R²=0.915),这两个因子与公园平均温度均呈显著非线性相关;公园面积存在阈值55 hm²左右;(2)公园冷岛PCI强度由公园绿地面积、公园建筑面积和面积-周长形状指数...     

垂直绿化生态效益研究综述

全球气候变化和城市化背景下城市生态环境问题越发凸显,面对日趋紧张的土地资源现状,垂直绿化建设成为重要的城市绿地补充手段,对改善城市环境具有重要意义。垂直绿化具有多种生态效益,且其效益发挥受到多因素共同影响。如何统筹协调生态效益和影响因素之间的复杂关系,以使其综合生态效益最大化,是当前垂直绿化建设亟待解决的科学问题之一。基于文献综述法归纳了不同生态效益的机制及其关键影响因素,并对多效益和多影响因素进行了综合分析。结果表明,垂直绿化具有缓解城市热岛、建筑节能减排、固碳、净化空气、降噪、截留雨水和支持生物多样性等七种主要生态效益,并受到植被特征、设施结构特征、气象条件、空间格局等多方面因素的共同影响。基于对效益和影响因素的综合分析,进一步提出了两点规划思路：首先,关注环境需求和效益供给的耦合关系能够更加科学合理地指导区域垂直绿化建设布局。其次,关注生态效益间的关系,以区域关键生态环境问题为导向进行效益权衡并结合考虑其影响因素的重要性程度能为规划设计提供有效建议。     

Effect of radiation dose on the height of atomic bomb survivors: a longitudinal study

We conducted a longitudinal analysis of height after age 20 for atomic bomb survivors in the Adult Health Study (AHS) cohort. The measurements we used were made from July 1958 to June 1998 (AHS examination cycles 1-20). We analyzed only the subjects with known atomic bomb radiation doses, excluding those who were not in the city at the time of bombing (ATB) and those exposed in utero. We also excluded from the analysis measurements made after the occurrence of vertebral fracture. The total number of subjects was 11,862, and the total number of measurements was 109,770; the mean number of measurements per subject was 9.25. Assuming that stature after age 20 is approximately constant, a simple mixed-effects model was fitted to stature after age 20, and linear dose effects for young ATB subjects were modeled for both sexes. The estimated mean heights for subjects born in 1945 in Hiroshima were 166.0 cm for men and 155.4 cm for women. The sex difference in height was 10.6 cm, with men significantly taller than women (P < 0.001). The difference between the cities was not significant (P = 0.162). The birth cohort effects per decade were -1.7 cm for men (P < 0.001) and -2.1 cm for women (P < 0.001). A reduction of stature due to radiation exposure was observed for individuals of both sexes who were below 19 years of age ATB (95% confidence interval, 17-21 years), and the dose effect was larger for women than for men (P = 0.028). The estimated effects per gray for those who were age 0 ATB were -1.2 cm for men and -2.0 cm for women and for those who were age 10 ATB were-0.57 cm for men and -0.96 cm for women.     

北京城市生态系统植物种类构成及其分布特征

为了认识北京城市生态系统植物的构成特点、变化趋势及保护城市植物多样性 ,进而为北京城市绿化提供科学基础 ,对北京城区五环内各功能类型的植物进行了抽样调查、标本采集、鉴定和研究。结果表明 :(1)北京城区五环内共有维管束植物 99科30 7属 5 36种 ,其中北京本地种 2 79种 ,占总种数的 5 2 .0 5 % ,国内引进种 15 0种 ,占总种数的 2 7.99% ,国外引进种 10 7种 ,占总种数的 19.96 %。 (2 )北京城区植物属的区系地理成分以北温带成分为主 ,占城区总属数的 2 1.0 5 % ,远低于全北京植物北温带成分占 30 .30 %的比例 ;温带亚洲物种、旧世界温带物种、世界分布物种的比例都呈减少趋势 ;除旧世界热带物种成分外 ,其它热带物种成分的比例都有所增加。(3)城区各功能区物种丰富度从大到小的顺序为公园、学校校园、居民小区、道路、体育中心及单位场院、广场及公共建筑。公园、学校校园植物的总种数都占城区五环内植物总种数的 5 0 %以上 ,是城区植物的物种库。但本地植物物种比例在所有的功能区中均较低 ,甚至在公园与学校校园 ,本地物种的比例也分别只有 5 3.86 %与 5 2 .5 2 % ,居民小区和广场及公共建筑的北京本地种比例分别只有 4 1.39%和 4 0 .2 3%。 (4 )公园的乔、灌木植物多样性最高 ,荒地的草本植物     

Hiroshima-like neutrons from A-bomb replica: physical basis for their use in biological experiments

The lineal energy distribution and several other dosimetric parameters were measured for the neutrons emitted from a replica of the Hiroshima bomb to determine their usefulness in biological experiments designed to estimate the effectiveness of actual Hiroshima neutrons. The "Little-Boy" replica (LBR) was constructed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in support of the recent atomic-bomb dose reevaluation and was made of identical materials and had nearly identical dimensions and geometry as the Hiroshima bomb. However, the LBR was operated as a steady-state nuclear reactor, which permitted measurements under controlled conditions. Detailed dosimetric measurements and calculations were made at distances of up to 2.1 m from the center of the LBR uranium core. At these distances, the in-air kerma was approximately 97% from neutrons and kerma rates were shown to be particularly useful for biological experiments (up to approximately 7 Gy/h was possible). Quantitative intercomparisons of neutron energy spectra, lineal energy distributions, and measured cytogenetic results for several fission-neutron sources indicate that Hiroshima and LBR neutrons should be of similar biological effectiveness. Based on these evaluations, and cytogenetic results for LBR neutrons reported in a companion paper (this issue), it is estimated that Hiroshima neutrons were 20 to 30% more effective than the fission neutrons commonly used in radiobiology.     

城市公园春季声景观与植被结构的关系

城市公园是城市生态系统的重要组成部分和城市生物多样性热点地区,具有丰富的声景观资源。由于声景观及声学方法具有信息量大,成本低,低侵入的特点,因此其研究和应用对生态系统健康及监测具有较高价值。声景观研究通过总结生物声的活动或多样性来衡量生物多样性。记录了北京20个城市公园的春季声景观,使用定量方法描述了声景观特征与变化;测试三种了已被证明与生物多样性相关并被广泛使用的声学指数（BIO、ADI、NDSI）与植被群落关系,完成了城市环境中声景观与环境关系的初步探究。研究结果表明：（1）声学指数能够有效表征城市公园声景观信息,具有显著的时间动态特性,能准确反映鸟类黎明合唱等重要生物生态活动;（2）声学强度指数也具有显著的时间动态变化和沿频率梯度的变化,不同的频率区间反映了不同声学群落的活动信息;（3）植被结构尤其是垂直结构对声景观起着重要作用,垂直异质性越大,声学多样性越高。发现支持声景观作为公园植被状况的度量,强调了其作为生物多样性和生态系统健康状况监测方法,用于城市管理和可持续发展的巨大潜力。     

公园绿地可达性的客观影响因素

公园绿地可达性是衡量城市现代化发展水平、和谐人地关系的一个重要指标.了解公园绿地可达性客观影响因素及作用程度,对有效提高公园绿地可达性、充分发挥公园绿地的服务功能、促进城市健康发展具有重要意义.本文基于ArcGIS 9.3软件平台,运用网络分析法评价了沈阳市三环以内公园绿地服务面积及其服务效率,并分析了公园绿地服务面积及其服务效率随公园绿地面积、公园绿地形状、路网密度的变化规律.结果表明: 公园绿地面积与其服务面积呈显著正相关,与其服务效率呈显著负相关;公园绿地形状与其服务面积及服务效率呈显著正相关;路网密度与公园绿地服务面积呈显著负相关,与其服务效率没有显著相关关系;3个影响因子中,对公园绿地服务面积的影响程度依次为:公园绿地面积>路网密度>公园绿地形状,对公园绿地服务效率的影响程度依次为:公园绿地面积>公园绿地形状>路网密度;公园绿地面积是其服务面积及服务效率的最重要影响因子.     

Slimes in the city: The diversity of myxomycetes from inner-city and semi-urban parks in Sydney,Australia

Natural and agricultural areas are rapidly becoming urbanised, causing changes in habitat structure and diversity. Although the effect of urbanisation on the diversity of terrestrial plants and animals has been well studied, there is a significant gap in our understanding of how urbanisation impacts diversity in protists. Here, we measure the diversity of plasmodial slime moulds (a group of large, macroscopic protists also known as myxomycetes) in inner-city and semi-urban parks. We studied the impact of a range of environmental characteristics (pH, temperature, canopy cover, area of green space and substrate type) on species richness and composition of myxomycetes. We also examined the influence of different degrees of urban development surrounding these parks. Species composition was significantly different between substrate types but not between inner-city and semi-urban parks. Temperature was the only environmental characteristic that affected diversity, having a negative effect on myxomycete presence. Our findings suggest that myxomycete diversity in urban parks is driven by factors at the substrate level, and not by the park's location within the city (inner city or semi-urban).