艳丽耳草的二型花柱及异型自交不亲和系统

异型花柱是一种受遗传因素控制的花型多态性现象,包括二型花柱和三型花柱两种类型.本文以茜草科艳丽耳草(Hedyotis pulcherrima)为实验材料,通过对其野外居群的花型、花部形态及花粉特征等观察,发现艳丽耳草野外居群同时存在长花柱型花和短花柱型花,长/短花柱型花的数量比例为1∶1.两型花具有精确的交互式雌雄异位特征,并且该特征与花冠长度相关性显著.长/短花柱型花的柱头裂片长度、花粉大小及淀粉含量等具有二型性.花粉体外培养时花粉萌发率及花粉管生长速率无显著性差异.人工授粉后,艳丽耳草长/短花柱型花型间异交花粉管生长形态正常,授粉24 h后花粉管均已进入子房.而长/短花柱型花在自交及型内异交下均表现为不亲和,花粉管生长停止于柱头,花粉管顶端累积胼胝质并膨大.艳丽耳草没有无融合生殖现象,型间人工辅助异交授粉结实率为100％,显著高于自然结实率.本研究结果表明,艳丽耳草是典型的二型花柱植物,并具有异型自交不亲和系统.     

蓝花丹结实率低的传粉生物学和繁育系统初探

为解释蓝花丹自然结实率低的原因,该研究从传粉生物学和繁育系统入手,采用TTC法与联苯胺-过氧化氢法分别测定花粉活力和柱头可授性的动态变化;用花粉-胚珠比(P/O比)、杂交指数(OCI)估算蓝花丹繁育系统类型并通过人工控制授粉试验验证。结果表明:(1)蓝花丹L型雌器官与S型雄器官、L型雄器官与L型雌器官成熟时间重叠区域较多,雌雄性器官在成熟时间上无显著差异;而S型雌器官与L型雄器官、S型雌器官与S型雄器官成熟时间重叠区域较少,但蓝花丹持续开花的模式缓解了雌雄性器官时间差异而引起的生殖隔离。(2)蓝花丹L型花P/O为502.00±52.30,S型花P/O为482.70±87.91,OCI为4,综合判断蓝花丹的繁育系统属于专性异交型且具有异型自交不亲和的特性。综上可初步解释蓝花丹自然结实率低的原因为内外因素共同作用的结果,其中雌雄性器官同熟时间短不是主要原因,而其本身较强的自交不亲和性可能是自然结实率低下的关键性内因。由于蓝花丹的专性异交繁育系统使其成功授粉需要传粉媒介,但因引种地与原产地环境存在显著差异,同时开花模式不集中导致的缺乏传粉者完成异花授粉或许是引起异交成功率降低的主要外因。因此,提高蓝花丹的结实率应从克服其自身自交不亲和性以及适当引入安全传媒昆虫入手。     

沙田柚自交不亲和花柱糖蛋白产生的时空关系

用辣根过氧化物酶标 Con A电镜细胞化学方法研究沙田柚不同发育时期的花柱通道细胞中糖蛋白的合成 ,分布和运输途径的动态变化。四分体期至开花期 ,在沙田柚花柱通道细胞中 ,内质网 (ER)合成糖蛋白呈颗粒状定位于核膜腔 ,内质网膜腔 ,质膜与细胞壁之间电子透明层中。授粉后 1～ 3d,内质网结构形态改变 ,由完整圆形变为开放 ,并囊泡化 ,大量线粒体集中于囊泡区 ,形成类似于哺乳动物腺外分泌细胞的高尔基区 ,内质网合成的糖蛋白在高尔基区膜囊中经糖基转移酶作用进一步浓缩凝结 ,形成与识别有关的糖蛋白 ,经高尔基小泡运送至通道细胞外壁。讨论了定位于通道细胞外壁的糖蛋白在沙田柚配子体型不亲和识别中的作用及与识别部位的关系。     

芸薹属中自交不亲和反应的信号转导

自交不亲和现象在芸薹属(Brassica)植物中普遍存在,芸薹属中表现的是典型的孢子体型自交不亲和性.单元特异性的S位点受体激酶(SRK)基因和S位点花粉胞被蛋白(SCR/SP11)发生识别后,一系列相关蛋白-臂重复蛋白(ARC1)、M位点蛋白激酶(MLPK)等,引发了自交不亲和反应信号的传导,最终产生自交不亲和反应.文章就这方面的研究进展作介绍.     

配子体自交不亲和植物花粉S基因研究进展

配子体自交不亲和植物的自交不亲和性是由雌蕊自交不亲和因子和花粉自交不亲和因子相互作用的结果。目前已经分离和鉴定了雌蕊自交不亲和基因及其表达产物。最近从金鱼草、Prumusdulcis、梅等植物中分离的F-box基因,它具有花粉S基因特点,即在花药、成熟的花粉和花粉管中特异表达;在基因位置上,与S-RNase基因紧密连锁;不同物种或同一物种不同品种F-box基因间核苷酸和氨基酸序列上存在高度多态性。通过分子生物学方法和杂交授粉试验证明所分离的F-box基因是花粉自交不亲和基因,但目前尚未分离出该类基因相应的表达蛋白。主要综述了配子体自交不亲和植物花粉自交不亲和基因的发现、基因的结构、雌蕊自交不亲和因子和花粉自交不亲和因子相互作用的模型。     

植物自交不亲和分子机理研究的一些进展

综述了植物孢子体自交不亲和（ＳＳＩ）与配子体不亲和（ＧＳＩ）分子机理研究的一些进展。ＳＬＧ和ＳＲＫ基因编码的ＳＬＧ和ＳＲＫ蛋白在ＳＳＩ中起着关键作用,而Ｓ基因编码的Ｓ蛋白（ＲＮａｓｅ）在ＧＳＩ中起着重要作用。禾本科植物的ＧＳＩ是受双位点Ｓ和Ｚ基因控制的,文中也作了简要介绍。     

甘蓝自交不亲和反应的细胞信号转导

S受体激酶(S—receptor kinase,SRK)和S位点富含半胱氨酸(S-locus cysteine-rich,SCR)分别是甘蓝柱头和花粉中导致自交不亲和反应的决定性蛋白质因子。本文就SRK、SCR的结构和功能加以综述,阐明两者在细胞信号转导中的作用。     

结球甘蓝自交不亲和系组织快繁体系研究

对结球甘蓝自交不亲和系进行快繁,以探讨不同外植体、激素配比及浓度、定植方式等因素对结球甘蓝不定芽、不定根发生能力等的影响.结果表明:当激素浓度组合为5 mg/L 6-BA+0.25 mg/L NAA时不定芽分化率最高,腋芽和下胚轴分别为87.5%和85%;当组合为2 mg/L 6-BA+0.01 mg/L NAA和3 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L NAA时最易诱导产生不定芽,增殖系数达到4以上;适合生根培养基为2/3 MS+0.1 mg/L IBA+0.1 mg/L NAA,平均每株生根数是7～8条,生根率80.3%.移栽到穴盘的试管苗成活率高达100%,生长健壮;直接栽在大田的成活率为84.7%,长势较差.起始培养时腋芽比种子增殖速度快,后期增殖及生长二者无显著差异.     

簇枝补血草花的二态性及繁育系统研究

白花丹科被列为异型花柱较多的科,该文以补血草属簇枝补血草为材料,通过对野外居群的花部特征、花期物候和繁育系统等研究,探讨花部形态多态性及其对生殖的影响。簇枝补血草具有两种类型植株,具玉米状柱头和A型花粉的植株称为C型植株;具乳头状柱头和B型花粉的植株称为P型植株,且A/B型花粉的大小、外壁纹饰不同。单花发育过程中两型植株的花萼、雌蕊大小差异明显,随着花的成熟差异逐渐消失。两型植株都为雌蕊高于雄蕊,柱头探出式雌雄异位;C型植株的花期较P型植株长约2 d。一天当中,A型花粉活力高峰期为13:00,B型花粉在11:00和15:00都表现为高峰期;玉米状柱头可授性最强时期在13:00～15:00,乳头状柱头则在15:00。两型花粉可育性在盛花期最高,终花期时B型花粉可育性明显高于A型。荧光染色观察发现花粉萌发和花粉管的生长速度都为:异型授粉＞同型授粉,B型花粉在乳头状柱头上不能完成受精。此外,人工授粉实验也表明异型授粉结实率显著高于同型,P型植株经同型授粉结实现象并不明显,存在少量无融合生殖。研究表明簇枝补血草花部具二态性,繁育系统为兼性异交,其中乳头状柱头对A型花粉亲和,对B型花粉不亲和,但玉米状柱头却对A/B型花粉都亲和,这打破了该科的异型自交不亲和的例证。     

配子体自交不亲和信号转导的研究进展

自然界中大多数自交不亲和（self-incompatibility, SI）显花植物表现为配子体SI。配子体SI植物虽然都具有其SI的功能而阻止自我受精,但它们采取的信号转导途径是不同的。目前关于配子体SI信号转导的途径主要有两种：一是茄科、玄参科、蔷薇科中以雌蕊S-RNase为基础的信号转导途径;另一是罂粟科中以花粉管胞质自由钙离子为第二信使的转导途径。文章就配子体SI信号转导的研究进展作一综述。     

蓝花丹二型花雌、雄蕊发育进程及内源激素对花柱生长的影响

为了解二型花雌、雄蕊发育进程及内源激素对长、短花柱生长发育的影响,以蓝花丹(Plumbago auriculata Lam.)为材料,观察分析了长花柱(L型)、短花柱(S型)花朵内雌、雄蕊的发育特征,并分别检测了L、S型花柱中的内源激素水平。结果显示:蓝花丹雌、雄蕊发育进程基本符合逻辑斯蒂变化曲线,并可划分为5个时期,即T1初始发育期、T2转折期(一)、T3快速发育期、T4转折期(二)、T5平稳发育期;在整个发育进程中,L型花朵中雌蕊的生长速率始终高于雄蕊;S型花朵中雌蕊的生长速率在T3期由快转慢,导致T3~T5期雌蕊的生长速率始终低于雄蕊,从而形成了雌蕊低于雄蕊的短花柱特征。这说明花柱的分化是在二型花雌、雄蕊快速发育的T3期开始出现,并逐渐形成花柱异长植物最显著的花部形态特征。IAA、IPA和GA含量均在T1~T3期增加、T4~T5期降低,且在L型花柱中的含量始终高于S型,而ABA含量的变化趋势与这3种生长促进类激素相反,说明在蓝花丹花柱发育过程中,IAA、IPA和GA可能参与调控花柱的伸长生长,而ABA主要在发育后期促使花柱成熟。     

蓝花丹开花生物学观测及花粉储存研究

对四川引种栽培的蓝花丹（Plumbago auriculata Lam.）花粉与柱头形态、花部特征及开花物候进行了系统观测,并对其花粉的采集时间与储存温度进行了初步研究。结果显示：（1）两种类型花粉和柱头形态均具有较大差异,短花柱型（S型）花粉的极轴长P值和赤道轴长E值均显著大于长花柱型（L型）花粉,L型柱头则明显长于S型,且两种花粉的纹饰和柱头的瘤状突起物形态也明显不同;（2）蓝花丹具有较高的开花同步性指数（为0.89）,但相对开花强度不高,属于中等强度;（3）蓝花丹两种花型在花蕾半开放时采收花粉,其活力最高,L型花粉活力可达85.24%±4.22%,S型可达87.74%±2.95%;（4）L型与S型花粉分别于25℃干燥0.5 h和1 h后再低温储存,其活力保持更好;（5）干燥后的花粉在-86℃条件下保存效果最好,储存30 d后L型花粉活力高达66.51%±0.85%、S型达69.07%±1.57%。本研究表明蓝花丹二型植株在生殖资源分配上存在明显差异,这种差异一方面导致花粉大小和形态及其所需干燥时间的不同,另一方面导致二型花柱头表现出明显不同的特征,这些差异性的结构是否参与了蓝花丹自交不亲和反应的识别过程,还有待进一步研究。此外,较低的开花强度会造成虫媒传粉困难,这可能是蓝花丹自然结实率极低的重要因素之一。     

蓝花丹种子生物学特性及其采集、贮藏技术研究

蓝花丹（Plumbago auriculata Lam.）原产南非,由于其存在自交不亲和现象,导致自然结实率极低。本文研究了蓝花丹种子的形态结构、吸水特性及最适萌发温度,根据形态观测以及发芽率等指标筛选出优质种子,并对优质种子不同的干燥方法、贮藏温度等进行探讨。结果表明：蓝花丹种子呈长椭圆状,长8.00~13.80 mm,长宽比约为5.3：1。种皮薄而柔软,有网状褶皱。外种皮表面有附着物,大面积分布有腺体,利于种子传播。胚芽靠近合点,萌发率较高。种子播种前的浸种时间应保持在11 h以上,最适发芽温度为25~30℃。当种皮颜色为深褐色,种子长度大于11 mm且发芽率大于75%时,可判断为优质种子,发生此性状时即为最佳采种时间。种子适宜的干燥方式为烘箱内30℃干燥1 d,干燥种子最佳贮藏温度为-86℃,且贮藏时间越短发芽率越高,而新鲜种子在此条件下不宜贮藏超过15 d。     

Fertility differences among floral morphs following selfing in tristylous Eichhornia paniculata (Pontederiaceae): inbreeding depression or partial incompatibility?

Reduction in seed set following self- vs. cross-pollination in flowering plants can result from abortion of selfed offspring owing to inbreeding depression and/or partial self-incompatibility. Previous studies on tristylous Eichhornia paniculata (Pontederiaceae) indicate that reduced seed set following self-pollination generally occurs in the short- (S), but not the long-(L) or mid-styled (M) morphs. To determine whether this pattern results from morph-specific differences in inbreeding depression owing to the sheltering of deleterious alleles at the S locus and/or partial self-incompatibility, we conducted controlled hand-pollinations of the floral morphs and measured seed set and levels of seed abortion. There were no significant differences in fertilization success and seed set following self-, illegitimate, and legitimate pollinations in the L and M morphs. In contrast, in the S morph self-, intramorph and intermorph illegitimate pollinations resulted in significant reduction in seed set in comparison with legitimate pollination. This indicates that the reduced seed set observed in self-pollination is the result of partial incompatibility rather than inbreeding depression. Significantly reduced fertilization success and low levels of ovule abortion in illegitimate pollinations of S plants also supported this conclusion. Reduced fertility in the S morph may have implications for the observed loss of this morph from natural populations and the evolutionary breakdown of tristyly.     

Isolation of secondary metabolites from roots of Plumbago auriculata Lam. by countercurrent chromatography

Centrifugal liquid-liquid partition chromatography presents significant advantages for the separation and purification of plant metabolites owing to the short operational time of the process and the elimination of possible irreversible adsorption of compounds. The crude chloroform extract from roots of Plumbago auriculata was analysed by countercurrent chromatography using hexane:ethyl acetate:methanol:water (40:10:10:2, v/v) as solvent system. The isolation of the naphthoquinones plumbagin and epi-isoshinanolone, the steroids sitosterol and 3-O-glucosylsitosterol, plumbagic and palmitic acids was easily achieved. Naphthoquinones are typical components of Plumbago species and they show interesting biological activities.     

Behavior of plastid nucleoids during male gametogenesis inPlumbago auriculata

Summary We characterized the behavior of plastid (pt) and mitochondrial (mt) nucleoids during malegametogenesis inPlumbago auriculata in three dimensions. The behavior of pt-nucleoids and mt-nucleoids differed throughout male gametogenesis.Pt-nucleoids were distibuted in a characteristic manner in three stages: in the early microspore, pt-nucleoids assemble around cell nucleus: in the mid-generative cell,pt-nucleoids gather at the internal side of the pollen: in the late-generative cell, pt-nucleoids aggregation turns its pole to the external side of the pollen. We also studied organelle nucleoids in the egg and the central cell by a method in which semi-thick sections of resin-embedded anthers and ovaries were observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The number of pt-nucleoids in the sperm cell did not differ significantly from that the behavior of DNA-containing organelles is regulated strictly during male gametogenes inP. auriculata, and that a biparental inheritance of plastids in the Plumbago embryo is more favored than was previously thought.     

木瓜榕上昆虫群落结构及分布特征

对西双版纳热带雨林木瓜榕上的昆虫群落结构和分布特征进行了研究。结果表明：样地内共采集到木瓜榕树上昆虫48974号,隶属9个目,30个科,56属,70种。主要是鞘翅目、鳞翅目、膜翅目、同翅目、双翅目、等翅目、半翅目、脉翅目和缨翅目的科、属和种类。属和种以鞘翅目和膜翅目类群最丰富;个体数量是膜翅目最多, 高达68.79%, 其中56.58%是传粉类昆虫。从垂直分布规律看：种类和数量是老茎结果部位最高,占71.34%, 在青果期和熟果期表现最丰富;树冠与叶片部位次之,比率为15.68%;根部再次之(9.55%);枝杈和主干最低, 仅占3.42%。在不同季节中,雨季的种类和个体数量最高,为35.96%;干热季节次之(34.22%),干凉季节最低(29.82%)。     

Self‐compatibility and autonomous selfing of plants in meadow communities

• One of the most fundamental, although controversial, questions related to the evolution of plant mating systems is the distribution of outcrossing rates. Self‐compatibility, and especially autonomous self‐pollination, can become particularly beneficial in anthropogenically degraded habitats with impoverished pollinator assemblages and increased pollen limitation.
• In a hand‐pollination experiment with 46 meadow plants from the ?elezné hory Mts., Czech Republic, we evaluated the species' ability to adopt different mating systems. For a subset of the species, we also tested seed germination for inbreeding depression. Subsequently, we analysed relationships between the species' mating systems and 12 floral and life‐history traits.
• We found a relatively discrete distribution of the studied species into four groups. Fully and partially self‐incompatible species formed the largest group, followed by self‐compatible non‐selfers and mixed mating species. The germination experiment showed an absence of inbreeding depression in 19 out of 22 examined species. Nectar sugar per flower, nectar sugar per shoot and dichogamy were significant associated with the mating system.
• Spontaneous selfing ability and self‐incompatibility in species of the meadow communities had a discrete distribution, conforming to the general distribution of mating and breeding systems in angiosperms. The low frequency of spontaneous selfers and the lack of inbreeding depression at germination suggest the existence of a selection against selfing at the later ontogenetic stages. Some floral traits, such as the level of dichogamy and amount of nectar reward, may strongly impact the balance between selfing and outcrossing rates in the self‐compatible species and thus shape the evolution of mating systems.