Estimating biogeochemical and biotic interactions between a stream channel and a created riparian wetland: A medium-scale physical model

Straightened channels and altered and drained adjacent riparian wetlands have adversely impacted streams and rivers throughout the US Midwest. This research investigated the biological connection and water quality of a 0.07 ha diversion wetland and adjacent stream at the Olentangy River Wetland Research Park in central Ohio. Before the flowthrough conditions were established, we demonstrated with mark and recapture techniques that the wetland already was a biorefuge for fish under extreme conditions; two species (Centrarchidae) captured in the stream before a total drawdown of the stream were found in the wetland a year later. In addition, water at the bottom remained at around 4 °C over the winter likely due to groundwater input, which possibly provided a warmer shelter for fish. Stream water quality of the lower section, downstream of the wetland outlet, generally improved with hydrologic pulsing in spring after flow-through reconnection due to the trapping of nutrients in the wetland. Mean removal per flood pulse for nitrate-nitrite, total nitrogen (TN), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), total phosphorus (TP) were 1.81 g-N m⁻² per pulse, 1.02 g-N m⁻² per pulse, 0.014 g-P m⁻² per pulse, and 0.004 g-P m⁻² per pulse, respectively. The wetland exported 2.8 g-C m⁻² per pulse of organic carbon. A greater attenuation of NO₃⁻ and TP occurred in the marshy outlet channel section of the wetland than the open water section. The diversion wetland successfully removed nitrate and phosphorus during storm pulses in spring. Similar designs should be applied to other locations to examine their function under different climatic and hydrological conditions.     

Assessing constructed wetland functional success using diel changes in dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature in submerged, emergent, and open-water habitats in the Beaver Creek Wetlands Complex, Kentucky (USA)

We assessed the functional success of restored wetlands by determining if the patterns in dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, and pH were similar to those conditions observed in natural wetlands. The Beaver Creek Wetlands Complex consists of dozens of marshes and ponds built in a former Licking River floodplain, in the hills of east Kentucky, USA. In natural wetland ecosystems, aquatic primary production is highest in emergent and submerged vegetations zones; where daybreak dissolved oxygen (DO) is often near zero, and DO may rise to well over 100% saturation past mid-day. Open-water areas, dominated by phytoplankton, have less dramatic diel DO fluctuations—often without pre-dawn anoxia. Compared to open water, temperatures fluctuate less dramatically in vascular vegetation, due to shading and suppression of wind and waves. Measurements of ecosystem metabolism (diel changes in DO and pH) in three aquatic habitats of the constructed wetlands (emergent vegetation, submerged vegetation, open water) were compared to these natural ideals. In Beaver Creek Wetlands, water temperature patterns were not as dramatic as in natural habitats, nor did they did follow a similar trend. Waters in emergent vegetation (29.5 °C) were warmest; submerged vegetation coolest (26.5 °C); open-water intermediate (27.4 °C). Diel DO and pH patterns were not similar to natural habitats. Highest net primary production (NPP) and gross primary production (GPP) were measured in emergent vegetation waters (mean GPP = 7.58 g m⁻² d⁻¹); lowest in submerged vegetation (mean GPP = 5.48 g m⁻² d⁻¹); and intermediate in open-water (mean GPP = 6.95 g m⁻²d⁻¹). Diel pH changes were greatest in the highly productive emergent waters (median maximum daily difference of 0.36), and not as pronounced in submerged vegetation and open-water (median maximum change = 0.16 and 0.22, respectively). Water-column respiration was generally about double NPP. Like natural ecosystems, near anoxic DO concentrations were consistently measured in emergent and submerged plants before dawn; whereas open-water zones were generally >4 mg l⁻¹. These restored wetland systems may need more time to be functionally equivalent to natural marshes.     

Migration and retention of dissolved iron in three mesocosm wetlands

Three mesocosm wetlands (250 cm × 100 cm × 100 cm) with different wetland plants (Calamgrostis angustifolia, CA, Carex lasiocarpa, CL, and C. angustifolia/C. lasiocarpa mixture, AL, respectively) and hydrologic regimes were set to test migration and retention of exogenous dissolved iron ((NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂of 40 mg Fe(II) L⁻¹) in the Sanjiang Plain Wetland in northeast China. The experiment was designed as two stages: open migration period (OMP) for 1.5 d and close retention period (CRP) for 28.5 d. Based on the outflow Fe(II) concentration during the OMP, retention efficiencies (RE) and iron retention fluxes adjusted by area (RF_ad) in the three mesocosm wetlands were calculated, and the migration of iron were modeled using the first-order kinetic model. Outflow pH decreased gradually from a weak alkaline condition to a weak acid condition during the OMP, and then increased during the CRP, while outflow Eh and DO decreased during the experiment. The three mesocosm wetlands had considerable RE ranging from 75% to 98%, with the averaged RF_ad of 4.31 ± 0.17, 4.20 ± 0.16, and 4.37 ± 0.13 g m⁻² h⁻¹ for CA, CL, and AL, respectively. The reduction conditions in the mesocosm wetlands developed after 4 d or 12 d and the former retained iron during the OMP became mobile and discharged primarily in the form of Fe(III). The first-order kinetic model could simulate the outflow concentration of dissolved iron during the OMP (R² = 0.91, 0.69, and 0.68 for CA, CL, and AL, respectively), while the outflow dissolved iron during the CMP was difficult to model because the changed pH and Eh conditions in the mesocosm wetlands cause the former precipitated iron to be mobile after several days.     

Longitudinal and seasonal patterns of stream acidity in a headwater catchment on the Appalachian Plateau, West Virginia, U.S.A.

The chemical composition during baseflow was used to elucidate the fundamental processes controlling longitudinal and seasonal patterns of stream acidity in Yellow Creek, a chronically acidic headwater (pH range 3.7--4.2) on the Appalachian Plateau in northeastern West Virginia. Sulfate concentrations controlled the variability of stream acidity within the Yellow Creek catchment. Decreases in stream free H⁺ acidity with decreasing elevation likely resulted from SO ₄ ^2– retention in riparian wetland areas as well as spatial variation in dominant tree species. Seasonal variations in free H⁺ and inorganic monomeric aluminum (Alⁿ⁺) concentrations appeared related to seasonal fluctuations in baseflow discharge which was controlled by vegetative activity. Baseflow stream discharge, as well as H⁺ and Alⁿ⁺ acidity, gradually declined during the growing season (June through October), likely reflecting microbial SO ₄ ^2– > reduction in saturated anaerobic environments within riparian wetlands. A marked pulse of stream H⁺, Alⁿ⁺, and SO ₄ ^2– coincided with an abrupt increase in baseflow discharge resulting from the cessation of transpiration after leaf-fall in November. This seasonal pattern suggests that autumn may be a critical period for eastern brook trout in streams draining wetlands on the Appalachian Plateau.     

Nitrogen removal in subsurface water by narrow buffer strips in the intensive farming landscape of the Po River watershed, Italy

In many countries buffer strips have become an important management tool widely accepted for controlling the diffuse pollution and supporting the development of more sustainable agriculture. However, there is the need to investigate their role in intensive farming systems where a realistic and shareable proposal to realize buffer strips can only foresee the use of a limited space. We evaluated the nitrogen buffering capacities of two narrow riparian strips (5-8 m) along irrigation ditches located in a typical flat agricultural watershed of the alluvial plain of the River Po (Northern Italy). Subsurface water level and nutrient concentrations were monitored along transects of piezometers installed from crop fields to ditches in two different areas. Spatial and temporal variation in water chemistry and hydrology were investigated to individuate the main processes (biological or physical) leading to groundwater nitrate depletion related to fertilization, pluviometric regime and seasonal variation. The results obtained indicate an elevated nitrate removal efficiency in both riparian areas. Compared to the high mean concentrations measured at the exit of the crop fields (10-90 mg l⁻¹ N-NO₃⁻), nitrate levels within riparian sites can be very low, completely disappearing below the ditches. The patterns of some chemical species (O₂, SO₄²⁻ and HCO₃⁻) and the potential denitrification rates suggest that denitrification plays a predominant role in the N-NO₃⁻ depletion observed in the first few meters of the herbaceous strip. The key factors in the system are the elevated groundwater residence time and the effect of the evapotranspiration. The water uptake by woody vegetation affects the subsurface water to flow through the riparian zone and, at the same time, it contributes to completely remove the nitrate from the groundwater.Our findings also suggest the double role of riparian vegetation both in ecohydrological and biological terms. In fact the water uptake by trees affects the subsurface flow pattern and contributes to completely remove the nitrate in the riparian zone.     

Phosphorus release from sediments in a treatment wetland: Contrast between DET and EPC0 methodologies

Wetlands are capable of reducing nutrient loadings to receiving water bodies, and hence many artificial wetlands have been constructed for wastewater nutrient removal. In this study, diffusive equilibrium in thin films (DETs) and equilibrium phosphorus concentration (EPC₀) analysis were used to examine the role of sediment as a nutrient source or sink in a constructed treatment wetland in summer. The effect of dredging on sediment-water nutrient exchange was also studied. Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), ammonium (NH₄⁺) and sulphate (SO₄²⁻) concentration profiles were measured by DET across the sediment-water interface (SWI) in both a settling pond and iris reed bed within the wetland. The SRP concentrations in the sediment pore-waters of the settling pond were extremely high (up to 29,500 μg l⁻¹) near the SWI. This is over an order of magnitude higher than the levels found in the water column, which in turn are over an order of magnitude higher than environmental levels proposed to limit eutrophication in rivers. The profiles demonstrated an average net release of SRP and NH₄⁺ from the settling pond sediment to the overlying water of 58 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ (±32 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ (1 sd)) and 16 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ (±25 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ (1 sd)), respectively. The DET SO₄²⁻ concentration profiles revealed that the sediment was anoxic within 2 cm of the SWI. Dredging of the reed bed made no significant difference to the P release characteristics across the SWI. The EPC₀s were much lower than the SRP concentration of the overlying water, indicating that the sediment had the potential to act as a phosphate sink. The apparent contradiction of the DET and EPC₀ results is attributed to the fact that DET measurements are made in situ, where as EPC₀ measurements are ex situ. These results show that substantial releases of P can occur from wetland sediments, and also highlight the need for caution when interpreting ex situ EPC₀ analytical results.     

The effect of inundation and salinity on the germination of seed banks from wetlands in South Australia

Three wetlands from the Upper South East of South Australia were chosen to investigate how a past history of drought (dry since 2002, 2004 and 2005) and salinity (2800 to >20,000 mg L⁻¹) influenced the response of the seed bank to two water regimes (drained and flooded) and four salinities (500, 1000, 3000 and 5000 mg L⁻¹). The maximum number of germinants (1270 ± 850 m⁻²) and species richness (7 ± 2.4) was greatest under the fresher drained treatment compared with the flooded more saline treatment under which there was no germination at one site. There were significant interactions between water regime and wetland previous history for two wetlands, but not the third which was the most saline and had experienced the longest drought. This indicated that the previous drought and salinity conditions experienced by a wetland affected seedling emergence but in the two less impacted wetlands the imposition of fresher drained conditions mitigated against these impacts. This suggests that if drought conditions continued with repeated exposure to elevated salinities the number of seeds and the species diversity of the seed banks would continue to decline.     

Methane emissions from freshwater riverine wetlands

To better understand methane emissions from freshwater riverine wetlands, seasonal and spatial patterns of methane emissions were measured over a 1-year period from created freshwater marshes and a river division oxbow, and at a river-floodplain edge (riverside) in central Ohio, USA. Plots were distributed from inflow to outflow and from shallow transition edges to deep water zones in the marshes and oxbow. Median values of CH₄ emissions ranged from 0.33 to 85.7 mg-CH₄-C m⁻² h⁻¹, at the riverside sites and 0.02-20.5 mg CH₄-C m⁻² h⁻¹ in the created marshes. The naturally colonizing marsh had more methane emissions (p = 0.047) than did the planted marsh, probably due to a history of higher net primary productivity in the former. A significant dry period and lower productivity in the oxbow may explain its low range of methane emissions of −0.04 to 0.09 mg CH₄-C m⁻² h⁻¹. There were significantly higher rates of methane emissions in deep water zones compared to transition zones in the created marshes. Overall CH₄ emissions had significant relationships with organic carbon and soil temperature and appear to depend on the hydroperiod and vegetation development. Riparian wetlands can be designed to minimize greenhouse gas emissions while providing other ecosystem services.     

Evaluation of a lab-scale tidal flow constructed wetland performance: Oxygen transfer capacity, organic matter and ammonium removal

Oxygen transfer capacity and removal of ammonium and organic matter were investigated in this study to evaluate the performance of a lab-scale tidal flow constructed wetland. Average oxygen supply under tidal operation (350 g m⁻² d⁻¹) was much higher than in conventional constructed wetlands (<100 g m⁻² d⁻¹), resulting in enhanced removal of BOD₅ and NH₄⁺. Theoretical oxygen demand from BOD₅ removal and nitrification was approximately matched by the measured oxygen supply, which indicated aerobic consumption of BOD₅ and NH₄⁺ under tidal operation. When BOD₅ removal increased from 148 g m⁻² d⁻¹ to 294 g m⁻² d⁻¹, neither exhausted oxygen from the aggregate matrix during feeding period (111 g m⁻² d⁻¹) nor effluent dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration (2.8 mg/L) changed significantly, demonstrating that the oxygen transfer potential of the treatment system had not been exceeded. However, even though DO had not been exhausted, inhibition of nitrification was observed under high BOD loading. The loss of nitrification was attributed to excessive heterotrophic biofilm growth believed to induce oxygen transfer limitations or oxygen competition in thickened biofilms.     

The influence of leaf litter on zooplankton in floodplain wetlands: changes resulting from river regulation

1. The loss of input of leaf litter through clearing of riparian vegetation may result in significant changes to aquatic ecosystems. River red gums (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) surrounding floodplain wetlands in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia, contribute large quantities of leaf litter, but the quality of this resource may change depending on the timing of inundation. 2. We used experimental mesocosms to test the hypotheses that zooplankton would have a greater abundance with an input of leaf litter and that fewer zooplankton would emerge from egg banks in cleared than forested wetlands. The experiment was carried out in summer/autumn and in spring to test a third hypothesis that zooplankton would respond to changes in the timing of wetland inundation as a result of river regulation. 3. In summer/autumn, leaf litter reduced zooplankton abundance by 89% at the beginning of the experiment through its influence on water quality. Only a few taxa (Polyarthra spp., Colurella spp. and the cladoceran Family Moinidae) responded positively to leaf litter when water quality improved later in the experiment, indicating a switch in the role of leaf litter from a non‐trophic to a trophic pathway. 4. In spring, microcrustaceans emerged in smaller numbers from sediment sourced from cleared compared to forested wetlands, reflecting different communities in these two wetland types and/or disturbances to the sediment that interfere with emergence. 5. Although leaf litter appears not to be an important resource for zooplankton in floodplain wetlands, riparian clearing may have lasting effects on future emerging zooplankton communities. Additionally, river regulation may have considerable impacts on the influence of leaf litter on zooplankton, which has implications for the management of floodplain river systems.     

Ubiquity and Persistence of Escherichia coli in a Midwestern Coastal Stream

Dunes Creek, a small Lake Michigan coastal stream that drains sandy aquifers and wetlands of Indiana Dunes, has chronically elevated Escherichia coli levels along the bathing beach near its outfall. This study sought to understand the sources of E. coli in Dunes Creek's central branch. A systematic survey of random and fixed sampling points of water and sediment was conducted over 3 years. E. coli concentrations in Dunes Creek and beach water were significantly correlated. Weekly monitoring at 14 stations during 1999 and 2000 indicated chronic loading of E. coli throughout the stream. Significant correlations between E. coli numbers in stream water and stream sediment, submerged sediment and margin, and margin and 1 m from shore were found. Median E. coli counts were highest in stream sediments, followed by bank sediments, sediments along spring margins, stream water, and isolated pools; in forest soils, E. coli counts were more variable and relatively lower. Sediment moisture was significantly correlated with E. coli counts. Direct fecal input inadequately explains the widespread and consistent occurrence of E. coli in the Dunes Creek watershed; long-term survival or multiplication or both seem likely. The authors conclude that (i) E. coli is ubiquitous and persistent throughout the Dunes Creek basin, (ii) E. coli occurrence and distribution in riparian sediments help account for the continuous loading of the bacteria in Dunes Creek, and (iii) ditching of the stream, increased drainage, and subsequent loss of wetlands may account for the chronically high E. coli levels observed.     

Patterns in groundwater nitrogen concentration in the floodplain of a subtropical stream (Wollombi Brook,New South Wales)

The sources of groundwater and the patterns in groundwater dissolved N and DOC concentration in the floodplain of a subtropical stream (Wollombi Brook, New South Wales) were studied over a 2-year period using three piezometer transects. While the stream was generally a discharge area for regional groundwater, this source represented only a small contribution to either the water or N budget of the alluvial aquifer. Groundwater–surface water interactions appeared mostly driven by cycles of bank recharge and discharge between the stream and the alluvial aquifer. DON and NH₄⁺ were the principal forms of dissolved N in groundwater, consistent with the primarily suboxic to anoxic conditions in the alluvial aquifer. A plume of groundwater NO₃⁻ was found at one transect where oxic conditions persisted within the riparian zone. The origin of the NO₃⁻ plume was hypothesized to be soil NO₃⁻ from the riparian zone flushed to the water table during recharge events. When present, NO₃⁻ did not reach surface water because conditions in the alluvial aquifer in the vicinity of the stream were always reduced. The concentration of groundwater DOC was variable across the floodplain and may be related to the extent of the vegetation cover. Overall, transformation and recycling of N during lateral exchange processes, as opposed to discharge of new N inputs from regional groundwater, appears to primarily control N cycling during groundwater–surface water interactions in this subtropical floodplain.     

Evaluation of nutrient retention in four restored Danish riparian wetlands

During the last 15–20 years, re-establishment of freshwater riparian wetlands and remeandering of streams and rivers have been used as a tool to mitigate nutrient load in downstream recipients in Denmark. The results obtained on monitoring four different streams and wetland restoration projects are compared with respect to hydrology, i.e. flow pattern and discharge of ground or surface water, retention of phosphorus (P), and removal of nitrogen (N). Furthermore, the monitoring strategies applied for quantifying the post-restoration nutrient retention are evaluated. The four wetland restoration projects are the Brede River restoration (including river valley groundwater flow, remeandering and inundation), Lyngbygaards River restoration (groundwater flow, irrigation with drainage water, inundation with river water and remeandering), Egeskov fen (fen re-establishment and stream remeandering) and Egebjerg Meadows (fen restoration and hydrological reconnection to Store Hansted River). Retention of phosphorus varied between 0.13 and 10 kg P ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, while the removal of nitrogen varied between 52 and 337 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. The monitoring strategy chosen was not optimal at all sites and would have benefitted from a knowledge on local hydrology and water balances in the area to be restored before planning for the final monitoring design. Furthermore, the outcome concerning P retention would have benefitted from a more frequent sampling strategy.     

Simulation study on water quality based on sediment release flume experiment in Lake Taihu, China

Sediments have a significant influence on the overlying water, and nutrient release from sediments is an important source for lake eutrophication, particularly in shallow lakes. Sediment resuspension is primarily driven by wind-induced currents. In this research, the correlation between release rate of suspended sediment and flow velocity was studied, and an experiment on hydrodynamic forces was conducted in a rectangle flume using water and sediments collected from three sites in Lake Taihu, a eutrophic lake in China. It was shown that the starting velocities of sediment in Lake Taihu at three different incipient standards gained from the experiment were 15, 30, and 40 cm s⁻¹ and the release rate of suspended sediment could reach up to 643.4, 5377.1, and 13980.5 g m⁻² d⁻¹, respectively. Based on the experiment, a water quantity and quality numerical model of wind-induced current with sediment pollution for Lake Taihu was developed. The model was calibrated and validated by applying it to the study of the water quality of Lake Taihu. The calculated values were generally in good agreement with field observations, which indicated that the developed model could represent the dynamics of sediment resuspension to a certain extent. This study provides a new approach and a practical tool for planning and management policy and operations to protect the water quality and ecosystems of shallow lakes.     

Nitrate transformation and water movement in a wetland area

The NO₃ ^– transformation capacity of a riparian zone at Rabis stream, Denmark, was investigated for a period of 2 years. The riparian zone of 15–25 m received NO₃ ^–-containing groundwater from the adjoining agricultural areas. The water flows as surface runoff along the surface of the wetland and in the root zone towards the stream. Changes in water chemistry, water balance and mass transport were investigated. The riparian zone acted as a buffer zone for NO₃ ^–, PO₄ ^3– and dissolved Fe²⁺. The NO₃ ^–-transformation capacity of the wetland was about 400 kg N ha^–1 y^–1, but varied seasonally. A simple rearrangement of drain systems in wetland areas can probably reduce the NO₃ ^– content of Danish surface waters by 20 000–50 000 t N y^–1.     

Assessing changes in macrophyte assemblages with salinity in non-riverine wetlands: A Bayesian approach

Bayesian modeling techniques (which accounted for imperfect detection) were used to assess changes in macrophyte assemblages in 58 wetlands along a typical salinity gradient in Western Victoria, Australia. By incorporating detectability into our predictions, an unbiased estimate was made of the relationship between salinity and both individual species occupancy and the expected number of species. When compared to the freshest wetlands, macrophyte species number was predicted to decrease by as much as 60–70% at conductivities of around 6.0 mS cm⁻¹ (11% seawater), a value often considered the upper salinity tolerance for many freshwater aquatic plants. The model also predicted a 40–50% drop in species number at conductivities of around 1.5 mS cm⁻¹ (3% seawater). It was also found that 25 out of 76 freshwater species were unlikely to occur at conductivities above 1.0 mS cm⁻¹. Consequently, secondary salinisation of fresh non-riverine wetlands is highly likely to markedly and negatively impact upon non-riverine wetland macrophyte assemblages.     

Patch dynamics of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica: Implications for recolonisation process

Patch dynamics of the Mediterranean slow-growing seagrass Posidonia oceanica was studied in two shallow sites (3–10 m) of the Balearic Archipelago (Spain) through repeated censuses (1–2 year⁻¹). In the sheltered site of Es Port Bay (Cabrera Island), initial patch density (October 2001) was low: 0.05 patches m⁻², and the patch size (number of shoots) distribution was bimodal: most of the patches had less than 6 shoots or between 20 and 50 shoots. Mean patch recruitment in Es Port Bay (0.006 ± 0.002 patches m⁻² year⁻¹) exceeded mean patch loss (0.001 ± 0.001 patches m⁻² year⁻¹), yielding positive net patch recruitment (0.004 ± 0.003 patches m⁻² year⁻¹) and a slightly increased patch density 3 years later (July 2004, 0.06 patches m⁻²). In the exposed site of S’Estanyol, the initial patch density was higher (1.38 patches m⁻², August 2003), and patch size frequency decreased exponentially with size. Patch recruitment (0.26 patches m⁻² year⁻¹) and loss (0.24 patches m⁻² year⁻¹) were high, yielding a slightly increased patch density in the area 1 year later (October 2004, 1.40 patches m⁻²). Most recruited patches consisted of rooting vegetative fragments of 1–2 shoots. Seedling recruitment was observed in Summer 2004 at both sites. Episodic, seedling recruitment comprised 30% and 25% of total patch recruitment in Es Port Bay and S’Estanyol, respectively. Patch survival increased with patch size and no direct removal was observed among patches of 5 shoots or more. Most patches grew along the study, shifting patch distribution towards larger sizes. Within the size range studied (1–150 shoots), absolute shoot recruitment (shoots year⁻¹) increased linearly with patch size (R² = 0.64, p < 4 × 10⁻⁵, N = 125), while specific shoot recruitment was constant (about 0.25 ± 0.05 year⁻¹), although its variance was large for small patches. Given the slow growth rate and the high survival of patches with 5 or more shoots, even the low patch recruitment rates reported here could play a significant role in the colonisation process of P. oceanica.     

Recruitment abundance estimation: Role of glass eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) response to light

Most fish populations are declining worldwide and their management would benefit from a better estimation of recruitment. In glass eels, field studies suggest that estuarine migratory glass eels are sensitive enough to light to change their vertical location according to factors such as water turbidity and/or moon brightness. The response of glass eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) to light was tested in the laboratory using boxes where fish could choose between a lit and an unlit side. Responses were quantified as the proportion of glass eels remaining in the unlit chamber. Decreasing light levels were used and tested on different “age” glass eels (“age” in days since capture). In addition, measures of light at different depths of the water column were carried out in the Adour estuary (43°30′ N, 1°30′ W). The glass eel light avoidance level was lower in non-pigmented glass eel (less than 10 ^− 10 W cm ^− 2), than in pigmented ones (10 ⁻⁹-10 ^− 8 W cm ^− 2). These results and field data on the measurement of light energy in the water column of Adour estuary are compared with previously published data on the estuarine migration of glass eel.     

Ethanol degradation and the benefits of incremental priming in pilot-scale constructed wetlands

There has been significant global growth in the use of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. The fundamental microbial processes involved in the biodegradation of organic wastewater pollutants determine the range of design and operational parameters relevant to individual constructed wetlands. In this study, the biodegradation and mineralization of ethanol by acclimated and non-acclimated microbial populations in pilot-scale constructed wetlands were compared. By increasing the pollutant concentration at incremental intervals (incremental priming), the biodegradative capacity of a sand-filled constructed wetland was significantly enhanced. At an influent COD concentration of 15,800 mg L⁻¹, no volatile fatty acids were detected in the effluent of an incrementally primed system and the maximum effluent COD concentration was 180 mg L⁻¹. In contrast, an identical, unprimed system, amended with a lower concentration of COD (7587 mg L⁻¹), exhibited a maximum effluent COD concentration of 1400 mg L⁻¹, with the anaerobic metabolites, butyrate and propionate accounting for up to 83% of the effluent COD. It was demonstrated that the use of incremental priming, together with a vertical subsurface flow mode of operation enhanced long-term function of constructed wetlands. Future research should focus on determining the concentration gradients and incremental intervals necessary for optimal microbial acclimation to a range of organic pollutants and/or wastewaters, in order to minimize start-up times without significantly impairing the benefits derived from incremental priming.