MicroRNAs and type 2 diabetes/obesity

MicroRNAs belong to a newly identified class of small non-coding RNAs that have been widely implicated in the fine-tuning of many physiological processes such as the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes(T2D) and obesity.Microarray studies have highlighted an altered profile of miRNA expression in insulin target tissues in diabetic and obese models.Emerging evidences suggest that miRNAs play significant roles in insulin production,secretion and actions,as well as in diverse aspects of glucose homeostasis and adipocyte differentiation. The identification of tissue-specific miRNAs implicated in T2D and obesity might be useful for the future development of effective strategies for early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of obesity-related medical complications.     

Reduced response to adiponectin and lower abundance of adiponectin receptor proteins in type 2 diabetic monocytes

The abundance of the adiponectin receptors, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2, and the effects of the antidiabetic adipokine adiponectin in monocytes of normal-weight and overweight controls and type 2 diabetic patients (T2D) were analyzed. AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 mRNAs were increased in monocytes of obese controls and T2D patients when compared to normal-weight controls, and AdipoR1 mRNA positively correlated to AdipoR2 mRNA, the waist to hip ratio and systemic adiponectin. However, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 proteins were lower in monocytes of T2D compared to normal-weight donors. Induction of IL-6 and IL-8 by adiponectin, an effect involving p38 MAPK, was also reduced in T2D monocytes.     

格列美脲联合艾塞那肽治疗肥胖2型糖尿病的疗效观察

目的:探讨格列美脲联合艾塞那肽治疗肥胖2型糖尿病患者的临床效果。方法:选择2016年1月到2019年1月我院收治的82例肥胖2型糖尿病患者作为本次研究的对象,并将其随机的分为研究组和对照组,每组41例。研究组患者给予格列美脲联合艾塞那肽进行治疗,对照组患者给予格列美脲治疗,观察和比较两组患者治疗前后空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、空腹和餐后2 h血清C肽、身体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C)和糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin, HbAlC)水平的变化。结果:治疗后,两组患者空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖水平均较治疗前明显降低,餐后2 h血清C肽水平均较治疗前明显升高,且研究组以上指标的改善程度较对照组更明显(P0.05)。两组患者治疗前后空腹血清C肽水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,两组患者BMI、TC、TG、LDL-C和HbAlC水平均较治疗前显著降低,HDL-C水平明显升高,而研究组BMI、TC、TG、LDL-C和HbAlC水平显著低于对照组(P0.05),HDL-C水平明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:格列美脲片联合艾塞那肽治疗肥胖2型糖尿病可有效的控制患者血糖,降低BMI,改善血脂水平。     

线粒体融合素基因-2在正常体重和肥胖乳腺癌患者不同组织中表达的研究

目的研究线粒体融合素基因(mfn2)在正常体重和肥胖乳腺癌患者的不同组织中的表达情况,探讨mfn2基因与乳腺癌发生的关系及评价肥胖与乳腺癌发病的关系。方法采用RT-PCR技术对20例正常体重乳腺癌患者及20例肥胖乳腺癌患者的胸大肌组织,脂肪组织,正常乳腺组织,癌旁组织和癌组织的mfn2的表达水平进行了测定和对比分析。结果两组乳腺癌患者不同组织的mfn2的表达水平有差异。在正常体重组内,胸大肌组织和正常乳腺组织内的表达无显著性差异(P=0.101),但显著高于脂肪组织(P=0.016),高于癌旁组织(P=0.027),高于癌组织(P=0.002)。肥胖组内,胸大肌组织、脂肪组织、正常乳腺组织内的表达无显著性差异(P>0.05),但显著高于癌旁组织(P=0.003),高于癌组织(P=0.001)。两组间比较,mfn2在肥胖组患者的五种组织中的表达较正常体重组均有显著性降低(P<0.05)。结论mfn2基因在癌组织中低表达,且在肥胖患者组织中表达更低,mfn2与乳腺癌的发生有关且肥胖可能增加患乳腺癌的风险。     

Novel protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors: interaction requirements for improved intracellular efficacy in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity control

Resistance to the hormones insulin and leptin are hallmarks in common for type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Both conditions are associated with increased activity and expression of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)1B. Therefore, inhibition of PTP1B activity or down-regulation of its expression should ameliorate insulin and leptin resistance, and may hold therapeutic utility in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity control. This background has motivated the fervent search for PTP1B inhibitors, carried out in the recent years. The purpose of this review is to provide the most recent advances in understanding the structural details of PTP1B molecule relevant to the interactions with inhibitors, and the progress towards compounds with enhanced membrane permeability, affinity, specificity, and potency on intracellular PTP1B; several inhibitors of benefit in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity control are presented and discussed.     

利用生物信息学研究肥胖与2型糖尿病患者肝组织基因表达变化

目的:利用芯片数据分析工具对GEO基因芯片数据进行数据挖掘,系统分析肥胖与2型糖尿病患者肝组织相关基因表达的变化,探讨肥胖与2型糖尿病的联系及糖尿病早期预防和诊断的新靶点。方法:首先在公共芯片数据库中选择肥胖与2型糖尿病相关芯片数据(GSE15653),利用R等芯片数据分析工具分析肥胖与2型糖尿病患者肝组织基因的表达变化,并预测相关差异表达基因在血中蛋白表达。结果:肥胖患者与正常人肝组织比较发现412个差异表达基因,其中上调表达基因212个,下调表达基因200个,2型糖尿病患者中控制良好者与正常人肝组织比较发现486个差异表达基因,其中上调表达基因253个,下调表达基因233个,而2型糖尿病患者中控制不良者与正常人肝组织比较发现1051个差异表达基因,其中上调表达基因560个,下调表达基因491个;2型糖尿病控制良好者与肥胖患者肝组织有263个相同的表达变化基因,而2型糖尿病控制不良者与肥胖患者肝组织有131个相同的表达变化基因;结合蛋白质组学结果分析肥胖与2型糖尿病相关的差异表达基因中有30个蛋白表达产物是分泌型蛋白。结论:肥胖及2型糖尿病患者肝组织与正常肝组织比较基因表达均发生明显变化,其基因表达变化数目随疾病的严重性增加而增多,而且2型糖尿病的控制情况与肝组织基因表达变化有密切关系。肥胖与2型糖尿病相关的差异表达基因中表达分泌型蛋白的可进一步用于研发监测疾病发生发展的候选靶分子。     

Incidences of breast cancer throughout long-term hormone replacement therapy

OBJECTIVE: To report the main incidences related to diagnosis of breast cancer in a randomly selected cohort population of women treated with conjugated equine estrogens (CEE), always in conjunction with the opposed progestin, medroxy progesterone acetate (MPA) throughout prolonged oral administration. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and seventy-eight women were subsequently studied before and during the treatment (cohort study). The profile of studied patients included family and personal histories, gynecological and breast examinations, basal hormonal levels, bone mass concentration (BMC) as well as total cholesterol levels and their fractions. The usual clinical cut off age was applied at the beginning of treatment according to following criteria: (a) women less than 60 years old (91.60%), and (b) women more than 60 years old (8.40%), by assuming that a primary protective effect of HRT might be lost or diminished after surpassing this age threshold. In all the treated women were thoroughly advised about the importance of diet, exercises and self-determination. Both oral CEE 0.625 mg/daily and either 2.5 mg/daily or 5 mg/daily of MPA were administrated in accordance with The American Fertility Society Meeting after 1995 (Seattle) recommendations, following two patterns: (1) cycles or perimenopausal women: from days 1 to 25, and (2) postmenopausal women, from Monday to Friday. No other specific treatments were prescribed. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS 12.0 and G-stat 2.0. RESULTS: Evaluation of basal hormonal levels, BMC, cholesterol levels and their fractions were not included in the current study. Data from the statistical analysis of 178 treated women were as follow: mean duration of treatment 8.06 years for all women; in the younger age group 7.97, and in the older age group 9.04. Total of 1405.5 woman-years of follow-up, 119 women for more than 5 years (66.85%), and more times (68.18%) with CEE plus MPA 5 mg/daily regime. Dropouts occurred in 34 women (19.10%). Main incidences: no deaths occurred during the treatment. Four cardiovascular events (2.24%) were reported. No spontaneous bone fractures were documented. Nonetheless, there were 11 bone fractures of traumatic origin (6.17%), none of them hip fractures. Four breast cancer. Likewise, one diagnosis of breast cancer in each of 45 treated women from our series was evidenced. One hundred and twenty-one women (67.97%) without incidences. COMMENTS: In our cohort study advices on diet, exercises and self-determination were reinforced for 1405.5 woman-years of follow-up. Combined CEE plus MPA for more than 5 years are no more risk related to breast cancer and cardiovascular events versus shorter treatments. Long-term CEE plus MPA were well tolerated and we did not find statistical evidence which would allow deducing higher rates of morbidity in those entities. Likewise, no deaths were document during the treatments.     

Upregulation of aspartoacylase activity in the duodenum of obesity induced diabetes mouse: implications on diabetic neuropathy

Aspartoacylase (ASPA) hydrolyzes N-acetylaspartic acid (NAA) into aspartate and acetate. Normal hydrolysis of NAA is important to maintain healthy neurons. Since enteric neuropathy is one of the events seen in diabetes, whether ASPA activity is affected in diabetic condition is not known. In order to investigate the possibility, ASPA activity was examined in the duodenum and brain of obesity induced diabetes model mouse. Aspartoacylase activity was high in the diabetic mouse duodenum compared to control duodenum. The same result was also observed by immunostaining of the mouse duodenum. The activity of ASPA was found to be elevated in the brain of diabetic mouse compared to the control brain. These data suggest that normal hydrolysis of NAA is affected by ASPA activity seen in the type 2 diabetes model mouse and this change is likely to contribute to neuropathy seen in diabetes, if documented also in patients with type 2 diabetes.     

内脂素与2型糖尿病关系的研究进展

内脂素是新近被发现的主要由内脏脂肪合成的一种脂肪细胞因子,它具有类胰岛素样作用,能降低血糖和促进脂肪组织的分化与合成。内脂素还可以调节血管平滑肌的成熟和影响胰岛细胞的胰岛素的分泌,亦具有调节炎症反应和免疫功能的作用。随着研究的发展,人们对内脂素的结构特性、分布、表达调控及其生物学功能有了更加深入的认识。2型糖尿病是以胰岛素抵抗和糖代谢紊乱为特征的代谢性疾病,研究发现内脂素与2型糖尿病密切相关,其中与肥胖、胰岛素抵抗及胰岛素分泌方面的关系尤为显著,深入研究内脂素的生理和病理生理作用将会有力地促进对2型糖尿病的进一步认识、治疗与预防。     

Elite athletes’ genetic predisposition for altered risk of complex metabolic traits

Background

Genetic variants may predispose humans to elevated risk of common metabolic morbidities such as obesity and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). Some of these variants have also been shown to influence elite athletic performance and the response to exercise training. We compared the genotype distribution of five genetic Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) known to be associated with obesity and obesity co-morbidities (IGF2BP2 rs4402960, LPL rs320, LPL rs328, KCJN rs5219, and MTHFR rs1801133) between athletes (all male, n = 461; endurance athletes n = 254, sprint/power athletes n = 207), and controls (all male, n = 544) in Polish and Russian samples. We also examined the association between these SNPs and the athletes’ competition level (‘elite’ and ‘national’ level). Genotypes were analysed by Single-Base Extension and Real-Time PCR. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the association between genotypes and athletic status/competition level.

Results

IGF2BP2 rs4402960 and LPL rs320 were significantly associated with athletic status; sprint/power athletes were twice more likely to have the IGF2BP2 rs4402960 risk (T) allele compared to endurance athletes (OR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.03-4.30, P <0.041), and non-athletic controls were significantly less likely to have the T allele compared to sprint/power athletes (OR = 0.62, 95% CI =0.43-0.89, P <0.0009). The control group was significantly more likely to have the LPL rs320 risk (G) allele compared to endurance athletes (OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.05-1.52, P <0.013). Hence, endurance athletes were the “protected” group being significantly (p < 0.05) less likely to have the risk allele compared to sprint/power athletes (IGF2BP2 rs4402960) and significantly (p < 0.05) less likely to have the risk allele compared to controls (LPL rs320). The other 3 SNPs did not show significant differences between the study groups.

Conclusions

Male endurance athletes are less likely to have the metabolic risk alleles of IGF2BP2 rs4402960 and LPL rs320, compared to sprint/power athletes and controls, respectively. These results suggest that some SNPs across the human genome have a dual effect and may predispose endurance athletes to reduced risk of developing metabolic morbidities, whereas sprint/power athletes might be predisposed to elevated risk.     

Magainin-AM2 improves glucose homeostasis and beta cell function in high-fat fed mice

Background

Magainin-AM2, a previously described amphibian host-defense peptide, stimulates insulin- and glucagon-like peptide-1-release in vitro. This study investigated anti-diabetic effects of the peptide in mice with diet-induced obesity and glucose intolerance.

Methods

Male National Institute of Health Swiss mice were maintained on a high-fat diet for 12-weeks prior to the daily treatment with magainin-AM2. Various indices of glucose tolerance were monitored together with insulin secretory responsiveness of islets at conclusion of study.

Results

Following twice daily treatment with magainin-AM2 for 15 days, no significant difference in body weight and food intake was observed compared with saline-treated high fat control animals. However, non-fasting blood glucose was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased while plasma insulin concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) increased. Oral and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance and insulin secretion following glucose administration via both routes were significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced. The peptide significantly (P < 0.001) improved insulin sensitivity as well as the beta cell responses of islets isolated from treated mice to a range of insulin secretagogues. Oxygen consumption, CO₂ production, respiratory exchange ratio and energy expenditure were not significantly altered by sub-chronic administration of magainin-AM2 but a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in fat deposition was observed.

Conclusion

These results indicate that magainin-AM2 improves glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and islet beta cells secretory responsiveness in mice with obesity-diabetes.

General significance

The activity of magainin-AM2 suggests the possibility of exploiting this peptide for treatment of type 2 diabetes.     

Role of mitochondrial dynamics proteins in the pathophysiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been reported in skeletal muscle of obese subjects and of type 2 diabetic patients. Reduced mitochondrial mass and defective activity have been proposed to explain this dysfunction. Alterations in mitochondrial function may be crucial to explain the metabolic changes and insulin resistance that characterize both obesity and type 2 diabetes. Consequently, the identification of the primary mechanisms involved is of great relevance.Mitochondrial dynamics refers to the movement of mitochondria along the cytoskeleton and also to the regulation of mitochondrial morphology and distribution, which depend on fusion and fission events. In recent years, some of the proteins that participate in mitochondrial fusion and fission have been identified in mammalian cells. Recent evidence indicates that proteins participating in these processes are also involved in metabolism. The mitochondrial fusion protein mitofusin 2 stimulates respiration, substrate oxidation and the expression of subunits that participate in respiratory complexes in cultured cells. In this regard, skeletal muscle of obese subjects and of type 2 diabetic patients shows reduced mitofusin 2 expression. Therefore, alterations in the activity of the proteins involved in mitochondrial dynamics, and particularly mitofusin 2, may participate in the reduced mitochondrial function present in skeletal muscle in obesity and in type 2 diabetes.     

生化指标与2 型糖尿病患者实验诊断及预后相关性研究

目的：研究BMI、HbA1c、病程、相关代谢指标与2 型糖尿病（T2DM）诊断及预后的关系。方法：收集379 例T2DM 患者与383 例健康体检者,采用生化分析仪分析二组人群的生化指标,采用高效液相色谱法检测T2DM 组HbA1c 水平,胰岛素及C 肽采用电化学发光法检测。计量资料采用t 检验、单因素方差及相关性分析,计数资料采用卡方检验分析。结果：对各组结果进行比较显示（1）T2DM 患者的BMI、FBG、TG、LDL-C、BUN、UA、HbA1c 水平明显高于正常对照组（P均<0.01),HDL-C、CREA 水平明显低于对照组（P均<0.01);（2 ）TC、LDL-C、BUN、CREA及2hINS 与年龄相关。（3）肥胖组的TG、CREA、UA、FCP、2hCP 高于非肥胖组（P 均<0.05);（4 ）初诊T2DM 患者的FBG、TG、HbAlc、LDL-C 水平明显高于5 年以上患者（P均<0.05),而HDL-C 低于5 年以上患者（P<0.05);（5 ）HbA1c≥ 11%组的FBG水平明显高于HbA1c≤ 8%及HbA1c＝8～11%组（P<0.01）,而UA、FINS、FCP、2hINS、2hCP 水平明显低于HbA1c<8%组（P 均<0.01);FBG、TG 与HbA1c 水平呈正相关（P<0.05）;FINS、FCP、2hINS、2hCP、UA与HbA1c 水平呈负相关（P<0.01);结论：BMI、FBG、TG、LDL-C、BUN、UA、HDL-C、CREA均可作为T2DM诊断的参考指标。其中LDL-C、BUN、CREA、2hINS 指受年龄影响。TG、CREA、UA、FCP(空腹C-肽）、2hCP与肥胖相关。FBG、TG、HbAlc、LDL-C、HDL-C与病程相关;FBG、TG、HbA1c、FINS、FCP、2hINS、2hCP、UA与HbA1c 相关。     

生化指标与2型糖尿病患者实验诊断及预后相关性研究

目的：研究BMI、HbA1c、病程、相关代谢指标与2型糖尿病（T2DM）诊断及预后的关系。方法：收集379例T2DM患者与383例健康体检者,采用生化分析仪分析二组人群的生化指标,采用高效液相色谱法检测T2DM组HbA1c水平,胰岛素及C肽采用电化学发光法检测。计量资料采用t检验、单因素方差及相关性分析,计数资料采用卡方检验分析。结果：对各组结果进行比较显示（1）T2DM患者的BMI、FBG、TG、LDL-C、BUN、uA、HbA1c水平明显高于正常对照组（P均〈0．01）,HDL-C、CREA水平明显低于对照组（P均〈0．01）;（2）TC、LDL—C、BUN、CREA及2hINS与年龄相关。（3）肥胖组的TG、CREA、UA、FCP、2hCP高于非肥胖组（P均〈0．05）;（4）初诊T2DM患者的FBG、TG、HbA1c、LDL-C水平明显高于5年以上患者（P均〈0．05）,而HDL-c低于5年以上患者（P〈0．05）;（5）HbA1c≥11％组的FBG水平明显高于HbA1c≤8％及HbA1c=8-11％组（P〈0．01）,而UA、FINS、FCP、2hINS、2hCP水平明显低于HbA1c〈8％组（P均〈0．01）;FBG、TG与HbA1c水平呈正相关（P〈0．05）;FINS、FCP、2hINS、2hCP、UA与HbA1c水平呈负相关（P〈0．01）;结论：BMI、FBG、TG、LDL-C、BUN、UA、HDL-C、CREA均可作为T2DM诊断的参考指标。其中LDL—C、BUN、CREA、2hINs指受年龄影响。TG、CREA、uA、FCP（空腹C-肽）、2hCP与肥胖相关。FBG、TG、HbA1c、LDL-C、HDL-C与病程相关;FBG、TG、HbA1c、FINS、FCP、2hINS、2hCP、UA与HbA1c相关。     

脂肪细胞因子脂粘连蛋白的研究进展

脂肪细胞因子脂粘连蛋白(adiponectin)是脂肪细胞特异性分泌的一种蛋白质。在心血管病、肥胖、胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病中具有十分重要的意义。此外,脂粘连蛋白在炎症反应、造血功能中也起着一定的作用。初步研究结果显示脂粘连蛋白有可能作为一种潜在的新型药物治疗2型糖尿病及其它一些代谢疾病。     

利拉鲁肽联合利格列汀治疗2型糖尿病肥胖患者的临床研究

目的:探讨利拉鲁肽联合利格列汀治疗2型糖尿病肥胖患者的临床疗效。方法:选取2016年1月至2018年1月本院收治的104例2型糖尿病肥胖患者,按照随机数字表法将患者分为对照组(n=52)和治疗组(n=52)。对照组给予利格列汀治疗,治疗组给予利拉鲁肽联合利格列汀治疗,两组疗程均为3个月。比较两组治疗前后体质量指数(BMI)、血糖指标[糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2小时血糖(2hPG)]、血压指标[收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)]、胰岛功能指标[胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛β细胞功能(HOMA-β)]、骨代谢指标[N端中段骨钙素(N-MID-OT)、β胶联降解产物(β-CTX)]、氧化应激指标[丙二醛(MDA)、脂质过氧化氢(LHP)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)]和炎症指标[肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、C反应蛋白(CRP)]水平,记录两组治疗过程中不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗后,两组的BMI、血糖指标、血压指标、HOMA-IR、β-CTX、MDA、LHP、炎症指标水平均低于治疗前,HOMA-β、N-MID-OT、GSH-Px水平均高于治疗前(P0.05),且治疗组以上指标的改善程度明显优于对照组。治疗组不良反应发生率为15.38%(8/52),与对照组的11.54%(6/52)比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:利拉鲁肽联合利格列汀治疗2型糖尿病肥胖患者安全有效,能够明显降低患者体重、血糖、血压水平,改善胰岛功能和骨代谢,减轻氧化应激和炎症反应。     

Genetics of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease:An Overview

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is the most common liver disease in the world today.Its incidence in adults and children is rising rapidly due to the ongoing epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes.Hence,it has become a global public health issue.Environmental factors have been found to play a major role in the etiology of NAFLD,especially for genetically susceptible populations. Among these,one of the most important factors is junk food,especially the typical "Western-style" diet rich in simple carbohydrates, saturated fat,and highly processed food materials.Genetic predisposition to NAFLD does occur;however,a precise definition of genetic factors responsible for NAFLD is still lacking.Specific variants of different genes have been shown to present a risk for NAFLD.Genetic studies might be helpful in the management of the disease by developing novel treatment strategies based on individual’s genotype.     

Cardiovascular risk in obese and nonobese patients with type 2 diabetes in the West Indies

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of obesity on glycemic control and the risk of progressing to cardiovascular disease (CVD) in obese and nonobese type 2 diabetic patients in primary care settings. METHODS: One hundred and ninety patients (64 men, 126 women) with type 2 diabetes (mean duration 9.2 years) were studied after an overnight fast. Weight, height, waist and hip circumferences and blood pressure were measured and blood samples were taken for glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)), total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and creatinine determinations. RESULTS: About 85% of the patients had HbA(1c) levels > 7.0%, and 48% had a diastolic blood pressure (BP) >83 mm Hg, while 40% had a total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio greater than 6. The prevalence rates of hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, high BP and ratios of total cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol between the obese and nonobese patients were similar irrespective of sex (p > 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis confirmed that ethnicity, sex, age and duration of diabetes had significant impact on the cardiovascular risk in this population. CONCLUSION: Both obese and nonobese diabetic patients had poor glycemic control and their risk of CVD was not independent of age, sex, ethnicity and duration of diabetes. We suggest strict metabolic control and improved diabetes health education at the primary care level.     

Determination of metabolic equivalents during low- and high-intensity resistance exercise in healthy young subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes

The purpose of this study was to quantify the metabolic equivalents (METs) of resistance exercise in obese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and healthy young subjects and to evaluate whether there were differences between sessions executed at low- versus high-intensity resistance exercise. Twenty obese patients with T2DM (62.9±6.1 years) and 22 young subjects (22.6±1.9 years) performed two training sessions: one at vigorous intensity (80% of 1-repetition maximum (1RM)) and one at moderate intensity (60% of 1RM). Both groups carried out three strength exercises with a 2-day recovery between sessions. Oxygen consumption was continuously measured 15 min before, during and after each training session. Obese T2DM patients showed lower METs values compared with young healthy participants at the baseline phase (F= 2043.86; P<0.01), during training (F=1140.59; P<0.01) and in the post-exercise phase (F=1012.71; P<0.01). No effects were detected in the group x intensity analysis of covariance. In this study, at both light-moderate and vigorous resistance exercise intensities, the METs value that best represented both sessions was 3 METs for the obese elderly T2DM patients and 5 METs for young subjects.