城市垂直绿墙常用植物的根系构型特征和生长动态

以适应性强的2种常见藤本植物：夹竹桃科的花叶蔓长春(Vinca major‘Variegata’)和花叶络石(Trachelospermum jasminoides‘Variegatum’)为研究对象,每年随机选择5盆进行重复测试,比较它们2017—2021年的根系生物量、根冠比及根系的长度、表面积、直径、体积、根尖数等形态指标及比较各指标间的变异率和相关度,分析植物在垂直绿墙容器种植条件中根系的动态变化特征,以量化植物根系受根域限制而生长退化的时间节点和有效衡量指标,从而为延长绿墙使用寿命和开发低维护管养技术提供科学依据。结果表明：1) 2种植物的根系生物量及根长、根表面积、根体积、根分叉数、根尖数均在植物上墙后2019年达到峰值后开始下降,可作为衡量植物根系生长受根域限制而退化的时间节点;根冠比值在2020年达最低水平,反映了地下根系生长受限制早于所观测到的地上枝叶退化现象。2)根长、根表面积、根体积、根尖数均可作为衡量指标,其中,根系体积可作为典型的衡量指标,花叶蔓长春和花叶络石生长受限的根体积占比分别为2.2%、1.8%。3) 2种植物的根冠比与根长等构型特征指标呈一致的变化趋...     

丛枝菌根真菌调控根系构型与矿质元素平衡提高西瓜植株耐盐性的研究

丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM）真菌可通过多种途径或机制来增强植物的耐盐性,进而促进植株的生长发育。本研究在盆栽条件下设西瓜Citrullus lanatus品种‘京欣四号’幼苗接种变形球囊霉Glomus versiforme和不接种以及施加和不施加100mmol/L NaCl共4个处理,测定植株根系菌根侵染状况、根系构型及其根茎叶中钾（K）、钙（Ca）、磷（P）、钠（Na）含量、K⁺/Na⁺、Ca²⁺/Na和植株生长状况等。AM真菌显著增加了盐胁迫下西瓜植株总根长度、根表面积、根体积和根尖数量,改善了根系构型;促进了西瓜根系对K、Ca和P的吸收,提高了茎Ca和P含量、根系K和P含量、K⁺/Na⁺和Ca²⁺/Na⁺,而降低了根Na⁺含量;茎P和Na⁺、叶K和Ca的含量显著高于其他器官相应含量。典范对应分析表明,根系K含量、K⁺/Na⁺和Ca²⁺/Na⁺与总根长度、主根长度、根表面积、根体积、根尖数量、根平均直径呈正相关;叶K⁺/Na⁺与主根长度呈正相关;根系Na⁺含量与根系总根长、根平均直径和根尖数量呈负相关。接种AM真菌改善了矿质元素平衡及其分配状况。盐胁迫后西瓜植株对菌根的依赖性增强。结果表明,K、Ca、P是AM真菌介导植物耐盐性的关键养分;K⁺/Na⁺和Ca²⁺/Na⁺是重要的矿质元素平衡指标,接种AM真菌能调控植物根系构型和矿质元素平衡状况,从而缓解盐胁迫对西瓜生长的抑制作用,提高植株的耐盐性。     

干旱胁迫对不同根型苜蓿根系构型的影响

采用盆栽试验,比较播种当年及生长第2年对照、中度、重度干旱胁迫下根茎型、直根型、根蘖型苜蓿根系平面、立体几何构型和分形特征差异,以探究不同根型苜蓿对干旱的适应策略。结果表明：随干旱胁迫增加,各根型苜蓿根系总长度、总表面积、总体积和平均直径均减小;各根型苜蓿的根系拓扑指数较小,根系分支模式为叉状分支结构;各根型苜蓿的根系具有较好的分形特征,其分形维数较小,而分形丰度和平均连接长度均较大,表明其根系分支相对简单,但空间拓展能力强,有利于对营养空间的占有;各根型苜蓿的总分支较小、逐级分支率较大,有助于资源的快速获取和促进主根的向下生长。对根系构型参数进行主成分分析,根系总表面积、分形丰度、根长、根体积、分形维数和比根长6个根系构型参数能较好反映不同根型苜蓿根系构型特征。重度胁迫下,根茎型、根蘖型苜蓿的根系总长度、总表面积、总体积、比根长、比表面积、平均连接长度均大于直根型苜蓿,表明根茎型、根蘖型苜蓿适应干旱环境的能力强于直根型苜蓿。     

翠菊根系养分捕获形态塑性及其生理机制

为验证以下3个假设: 1) NO₃ ^-和NH₄ ⁺及其不同供给方式显著影响根系生长; 2) NO₃ ^-和NH₄ ⁺以及不同供给方式对根内激素含量影响显著; 3)根构型(1级根长、单位2级根上1级侧根密度(分枝强度)和1级根在2级根上的根间距)与根内激素(生长素(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)和细胞分裂素(玉米素核苷+玉米素) (CK (ZR + Z))含量显著相关, 采用营养液培养方法, 使实验植物翠菊(Callistephus chinensis)在两种氮肥(NO₃ ^-和NH₄ ⁺)、不同施氮浓度(NO₃ ^-: 0.2、1.0和18.0 mmol·L ^-1; NH₄ ⁺: 0.2、4.0和20.0 mmol·L ^-1), 以及脉冲和稳定两种施用方式处理下生长。在处理35天后收获植物, 测定根系生物量、根系构型指标(根系1级根长、单位2级根上1级侧根数和1级根在2级根上的根间距)和根系中激素含量(IAA、ABA和CK (ZR + Z))。结果显示: 1)实验处理对根生物量和根系中IAA、ABA和CK (ZR + Z)含量均有不同程度的显著影响: 施用NH₄ ⁺使根生物量和根内IAA含量显著低于施用NO₃ ^-; 高浓度NO₃ ^-和NH₄ ⁺处理亦使根生物量和IAA降低; 相对于稳定处理, 脉冲施氮显著降低根生物量和根内IAA含量; NO₃ ^-使根内CK (ZR + Z)含量显著高于施用NH₄ ⁺, 且与施氮浓度及施氮方式无关; NO₃ ^-处理下, 高浓度使根内ABA含量提高, 且脉冲处理使ABA含量升高。NH₄ ⁺处理下, 高浓度使根内ABA含量降低, 而施氮方式对其没有显著影响。2)根构型因素与根内激素关系各异: 各激素与1级根间距无显著关系; IAA和CK (ZR + Z)与1级根长和侧根密度有显著回归关系。3)根构型因素与根生物量的关系是根生物量与1级根长和侧根密度有显著正回归关系, 与1级根间距无显著回归关系。实验结果表明翠菊根生长的 “反常”可能是由于其对脉冲高浓度NH₄ ⁺耐受阈值低所致。该研究通过实验建立了氮养分种类/供应方式通过改变激素、影响根构型而影响根生长的联系, 进一步探究了植物根养分捕获塑性机制。     

低磷胁迫下磷高效基因型大麦的根系形态特征

在根袋土培盆栽条件下,以磷高效基因型DH110+、DH147和低效基因型DH49大麦为试验材料,利用根系分析系统分析不同施磷(P₂O₅)水平(极低磷25 mg·kg^-1、低磷50 mg·kg^-1和正常磷75 mg·kg^-1)下,磷高效基因型大麦的根系形态特征及其与植株磷素吸收的关系.结果表明： 低磷胁迫显著降低大麦生物量和磷吸收量,其中磷高效基因型的生物量和磷吸收量在各施磷水平下分别为低效基因型的1.24～1.70和1.18～1.83倍;大麦的总根长、总根表面积、平均根系直径、不定根长及其根表面积、侧根长及其根表面积均随施磷水平的降低而显著降低,其中磷高效基因型大麦在各施磷水平下的总根长、总根表面积、比根长、侧根长及根表面积分别为低效基因型的1.46～2.06、1.12～1.51、1.35～1.72、1.69～2.42和1.40～1.78倍,而平均根系直径为低效基因型的70.6%～90.2%;主成分分析表明,平均根系直径、比根表面积和比根长受基因型差异的影响较为明显,是区分两类磷效率基因型大麦根系形态差异的主要指标;偏最小二乘回归分析表明,各施磷水平下,总根长、总根表面积对大麦植株磷素吸收贡献均较大,随施磷水平降低,不定根长、不定根表面积对大麦植株磷素吸收的贡献明显降低,而平均根系直径、比根长、侧根长及其根表面积的贡献明显增加.磷高效基因型大麦可通过维持侧根的生长、根细度和比根长的增加来适应低磷胁迫.     

指数施肥对楸树无性系生物量分配和根系形态的影响

为探求楸树不同无性系生物量分配和根系形态的差异,2011年3-8月在甘肃省天水市小陇山林科所,以2年生楸树无性系1-4、7080和015-1组培苗为试验材料,设置了CK、6、10、14 g尿素/株4个处理,研究指数施肥对楸树无性系生物量分配和根系形态的影响.结果表明:(1)同一无性系中,10 g尿素/株的根、茎、叶生物量及总生物量、根长、根表面积、根体积和根平均直径均高于其它处理.无性系015-1的生物量和根系形态参数整体上高于无性系1-4和7080.无性系015-1在10 g尿素/株的根、茎、叶生物量及总生物量分别为89.44 g、61.30 g、79.97 g、230.71 g,是CK的1.48、1.52、2.09、1.66倍;根长、根表面积和根体积为22667 cm、6260 cm2、578.14 cm3,是CK的1.94、1.54、2.43倍.(2)指数施肥和无性系的遗传差异明显影响楸树不同无性系生物量的分配格局.适量施氮明显促进3个楸树无性系生物量的积累,而氮素缺乏或过量均不利于生物量的积累.8月同一无性系的根冠比均随施氮量的增加而降低;同一处理下无性系7080的根冠比高于无性系1-4和015-l.无性系1-4和7080的生物量主要向叶和茎分配,而无性系015-1主要向叶分配.(3)指数施肥在6月和7月主要促进细根根长和根表面积的增加;指数施肥在8月主要促进细根、中等根和粗根体积的急剧增加,分别比7月高达36.88％、124.96％、154.79％.这利于根系在中后期吸收更多养分,从而引起生物量分配格局的变化.(4)生物量参数和根系形态参数关系密切.根生物量、地上生物量、总生物量分别和根长、根表面积、根体积、根平均直径极显著正相关;根冠比和根长、根表面积、根体积、根平均直径极显著负相关;比根长和地上生物量、总生物量显著正相关,和根冠比极显著负相关.     

空气断根对侧柏实生苗生物量分配和根系生长的影响

为探求林木幼苗生物量分配和根系生长对空气断根的响应,以侧柏(Platycladus Orientalis)实生苗为材料,设置空气断根(T)和不断根(CK)处理,研究了空气断根10、30 d和50 d后对侧柏生物量、根系形态特征及吸收面积的影响。结果表明:(1)T处理的侧柏幼苗地上生物量、根生物量、总生物量、根长、根表面积、根体积及根尖数在断根10、30 d和50 d后均大于CK,且显著扩大了根系总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积。(2)空气断根显著影响了侧柏实生苗的生物量分配格局,其根冠比在整个试验阶段呈先增大后减小的趋势,而CK逐渐减小。(3)两种处理的侧柏幼苗根系直径集中在0-0.5 mm。与CK相比,T处理侧柏随空气断根时间延长,单株根系直径在0-0.5 mm的根数量急剧增多,占总根尖数的79%,根平均长度、根表面积、根体积和根尖数显著增大。(4)生物量参数和根形态参数之间关系密切。根生物量与地上生物量及总生物量呈显著正相关(P0.05)。除根系平均直径外,根生物量、地上生物量和总生物量分别与根长、根表面积、根体积、根尖数呈显著正相关,根冠比与地上生物量呈负相关。因此,空气断根有效改善了侧柏幼苗的根系形态特征,提高了吸收面积,显著促进侧柏实生苗在生长早期快速发育。     

放牧影响下典型草原克氏针茅和多根葱根系属性比较

植物根系属性与其生态适应性密切相关.为明确不同放牧干扰下克氏针茅和多根葱两种优势植物根系属性差异,比较了轻度放牧、中度放牧、重度放牧下克氏针茅和多根葱地下根系长度、根系表面积、根系直径、根系体积、根尖数、根系分叉数、比根长和比表面积的形态特征,分析了2种植物根尖比、根长比、表面积比、体积比等根系形态格局,研究两种植物对...     

河西走廊中部两种荒漠植物根系构型特征

在河西走廊中部,采用挖掘法挖取红砂和白刺根系,应用拓扑学与分形理论分析了根系构型的特征.结果表明: 2种荒漠植物根系的拓扑指数均较小,根系分支模式均近似为叉状分支结构.红砂和白刺根系具有较好的分形特征,其分形维数分别为(1.18±0.04)和(1.36±0.06);分形维数、分形丰度与根系平均连接长度均呈显著正相关.2种荒漠植物根系的平均连接长度均较大,以扩大植物的有效营养空间,从而适应干旱贫瘠的土壤环境.2种荒漠植物根系分支前的横截面积等于根系分支后的横截面积之和,验证了Leonardo da Vinci法则.对17个根系构型参数进行主成分分析,根系拓扑指数、根系连接数量、逐步分支率和根系直径4个根系构型参数能很好地表示2种荒漠植物根系构型特征.     

降雨格局变化对白刺幼苗根系形态特征的影响

为探讨荒漠植物白刺幼苗根系形态对降雨格局变化的响应特征,设置3个降雨量梯度(W-、W、W+)和2个降雨间隔时间梯度(T、T+)进行人工模拟试验,结果表明,1)降雨量和降雨间隔时间对白刺幼苗根系形态有不同程度的影响,且降雨量的作用效应更大。2)降雨量相同时,延长降雨间隔时间均使白刺幼苗主根长、根系平均直径、根体积和根表面积减小,但总根长和根系生物量和总生物量却增加,在高降雨量条件下(W+)延长降雨间隔时间白刺幼苗比根长和比表面积分别增加了45.09%和20.20%,但差异均不显著。3)降雨间隔时间相同时,降雨量减少30%仅使主根长平均增加12.06%,总根长、根平均直径、根体积和根表面积等根系形态指标均显著减少,比根长和比表面积变化不大;降雨量增加30%仅使比表面积显著增加,其余各形态指标差异均不显著,低降雨量条件下(W-)主根长与根冠比达到最大,其他指标均在高降雨量条件下(W+)达到最大。4)对8个根系形态参数进行主成分分析,根系生物量、总根长、总根表面积、比根长、比表面积和根体积6个根系生态参数受降雨格局影响显著。     

Modification of root architecture in woody plants is possible for the presence of two different mechanisms of lateral root production: The effect of slope in Spartium junceum L. seedlings

Abstract

This paper investigates the modification of root architecture of Spartium junceum L. seedlings grown in slope condition. It is reported that 50% of the total number of lateral roots are concentrated in few centimetres of the taproot near the collar. The anatomical analysis of transverse sections along the taproot axis reveals that this taproot zone is characterised by two types of lateral roots: one with a trace extending to the centre of the vascular cylinder by following the path of a medullar ray; one with a trace which ends in the vascular cambium. The first type may be lateral roots originated from the taproot primary structure; the second type seems to be lateral roots developing later when a secondary structure has completely substituted the primary structure. The emission of this second type of lateral roots seems to be strongly controlled by environmental conditions with considerable consequences upon the overall root architecture. In the example reported in this paper, young plants growing under mechanical stress due to a slope develop asymmetric root architecture with lateral roots elongating in two prevalent directions: up-slope or down-slope. This asymmetric architecture is produced in the zone of the taproot where a secondary structure is present and represents the plant response to the need of increasing its anchorage strength.     

干旱胁迫对欧李幼苗表型可塑性的影响

该研究以欧李为材料,探讨了干旱胁迫对欧李表型可塑性的影响。结果表明:(1)随着干旱胁迫的加剧,欧李根生物量、枝叶生物量、植株总生物量积累、根冠比和根冠比胁迫指数均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,在T1处理下达到最大值,并显著高于其他处理(α=0.05)。(2)随土壤含水量的降低,欧李根的生物量分配指数呈现先增加后降低的趋势,叶生物量与之相反,在T1处理下根的生物量分配指数最大,枝叶的最小(α=0.05)。(3)在水分供应为60%～80%时,欧李的株高、冠幅、基径、二级分枝数、主根长、主根直径及侧根数量均达到最大值(α=0.05),对一级分枝数的生长没有显著影响。(4)随着水分胁迫的加剧,叶片长从T2处理开始下降,叶片宽、单片叶面积及比叶面积均呈现先增加后减少的趋势(α=0.05)。综上可得,欧李通过调整形态特性和各器官生物量积累及其分配对不同干旱胁迫条件产生了较强的可塑性。     

The influence of slope on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Spartium junceum</Emphasis> root system: morphological,anatomical and biomechanical adaptation

Root systems have a pivotal role in plant anchorage and their mechanical interactions with the soil may contribute to soil reinforcement and stabilization of slide-prone slopes. In order to understand the responses of root system to mechanical stress induced by slope, samples of Spartium junceum L., growing in slope and in plane natural conditions, were compared in their morphology, biomechanical properties and anatomical features. Soils sampled in slope and plane revealed similar characteristics, with the exception of organic matter content and penetrometer resistance, both higher in slope. Slope significantly influenced root morphology and in particular the distribution of lateral roots along the soil depth. Indeed, first-order lateral roots of plants growing on slope condition showed an asymmetric distribution between up- and down-slope. Contrarily, this asymmetric distribution was not observed in plants growing in plane. The tensile strength was higher in lateral roots growing up-slope and in plane conditions than in those growing down-slope. Anatomical investigations revealed that, while roots grown up-slope had higher area covered by xylem fibers, the ratio of xylem and phloem fibers to root diameter did not differ among the three conditions, as also, no differences were found for xylem fiber cell wall thickness. Roots growing up-slope were the main contributors to anchorage properties, which included higher strength and higher number of fibers in the xylematic tissues. Results suggested that a combination of root-specific morphological, anatomical and biomechanical traits, determines anchorage functions in slope conditions.     

Influence of slope aspect on Mediterranean woody formations: Comparison of a semiarid and an arid site in Israel

This study investigates the effects of slope aspect on plant community characteristics such as plant cover, species composition and above-ground biomass production in Mediterranean trees and shrubs in two climatological regions. Two experimental sites were selected in a climatic gradient that runs from the foothills of the Judean Hills to the northern Negev desert in Israel. In each site, 16 quadrats of 10 m × 10 m (eight south-facing and eight north-facing slopes) were established and the vegetation was recorded. Dominant tree and shrub species were measured using allometric parameters of area and volume, and representative branches were cut and weighed. Species studied were Quercus calliprinos, Phillyrea latifolia, Pistacia lentiscus, Cistus creticus, Coridothymus capitatus, and Sarcopoterium spinosum. The results showed that slope aspect had significant effects on the composition, structure and density of the plant communities developing in both sites. Vegetation structure within a site changed significantly in the short distance separating the north and south-facing slopes, and that pattern remained generally constant when comparing the two sites along the rainfall gradient. The data collected here provides new insight into the slope aspect effects on biomass allocation of different woody life forms of eastern Mediterranean plant communities.     

物种多样性及生物量与地下水位的关系——以海流兔河流域为例

以3条样带上117块植被群落调查样方为基础资料,研究了海流兔河流域植被物种多样性及生物量与地下水位之间的关系。结果表明:1)地下水位高低及地貌类型均会影响草本层植物群落组成及优势种构成。滩地样地中,随地下水位降低,优势草本的更替方向为寸草,芨芨草,马蔺,狗尾草,碱茅;沙坡样地中,优势草本的更替方向为大针茅,沙鞭,沙蓬,沙打旺。2)地下水位为1.5 m时是草本植物群落生长发育最适宜区域,物种多样性及丰富度达到最大,而灌木层物种多样性及丰富度随地下水位下降呈现波动变化的特征;当地下水位埋深小于5.0 m时,草本层物种多样性及丰富度明显高于灌木层,在地下水位埋深大于5.0 m时,草本层物种多样性指数开始出现低于灌木层的现象。3)草本植物多样性及丰富度和生物量之间关联性不强,滩地样地中,草本层地上生物量及地下生物量在地下水位为1.8 m时具有最大值,但植物群落结构较为单一;沙坡样地中,地上生物量最大值出现在地下水位为5.0 m的区域内,而地下生物量最大值出现在地下水位为3.5 m时。综上,物种多样性、地上及地下生物量与地下水位都不是简单的线性关系,而是有一个最适水位;高于或低于这个最适水位,多样性和生物量都会下降。     

Changes in plant biomass and species composition of alpine <Emphasis Type="Italic">Kobresia</Emphasis> meadows along altitudinal gradient on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Alpine Kobresia meadows are major vegetation types on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. There is growing concern over their relationships among biodiversity, productivity and environments. Despite the importance of species composition, species richness, the type of different growth forms, and plant biomass structure for Kobresia meadow ecosystems, few studies have been focused on the relationship between biomass and environmental gradient in the Kobresia meadow plant communities, particularly in relation to soil moisture and edaphic gradients. We measured the plant species composition, herbaceous litter, aboveground and belowground biomass in three Kobresia meadow plant communities in Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystem Research Station from 2001 to 2004. Community differences in plant species composition were reflected in biomass distribution. The total biomass showed a decrease from 13196.96±719.69 g/m2 in the sedge-dominated K. tibetica swamp to 2869.58±147.52 g/m2 in the forb and sedge dominated K. pygmaea meadow, and to 2153.08±141.95 g/m2 in the forbs and grasses dominated K. humilis along with the increase of altitude. The vertical distribution of belowground biomass is distinct in the three meadow communities, and the belowground biomass at the depth of 0-10 cm in K. tibetica swamp meadow was significantly higher than that in K. humilis and K. pygmaea meadows (P＜0.01). The herbaceous litter in K. tibetica swamp was significantly higher than those in K. pygnaeca and K. humilis meadows. The effects of plant litter are enhanced when ground water and soil moisture levels are raised. The relative importance of litter and vegetation may vary with soil water availability. In the K. tibetica swamp, total biomass was negatively correlated to species richness (P＜0.05); aboveground biomass was positively correlated to soil organic matter, soil moisture, and plant cover (P＜0.05); belowground biomass was positively correlated with soil moisture (P＜0.05). However, in the K. pygnaeca and K. humilis meadow communities, aboveground biomass was positively correlated to soil organic matter and soil total nitrogen (P＜0.05). This suggests that the distribution of biomass coincided with soil moisture and edaphic gradient in alpine meadows.     

天山林区六种灌木生物量的建模及其器官分配的适应性

灌木全株生物量估算模型的构建仍存在一定困难,对灌木生物量在器官分配上所体现的适应性研究也不够充分。以天山林区6种常见灌木为研究对象,在天山的东段、中段、西段林区分别设置样地进行群落调查,由此以全株收获法取得6种常见灌木若干标准株的全株、根、枝、叶及各径级根的生物量,将D~2H(地径平方与高度的乘积)与V(冠幅面积与高度的乘积)分别选为估测模型的自变量,通过回归分析法建立了各种灌木全株生物量的最优估算模型,然后比较了此6种灌木全株生物量在营养器官上分配差异以及根系生物量在径级上的分配差异。结果表明:(1)天山林区6种常见灌木中,小檗(Berberis heteropoda Schrenk)、忍冬(Lonicera hispida Pall.ex Roem.et Schuet.)、栒子(Cotoneaster melanocarpus Lodd.)的全株生物量约为8.48—9.01 kg,蔷薇(Rosa spinosissima L.)、绣线菊(Spiraea hypericifolia L.)、方枝柏(Juniperus pseudosabina Fisch.et Mey.)的全株生物量约为2.71—3.20 kg;(2)蔷薇、绣线菊、栒子的全株生物量最优估测模型是以V为自变量的函数,小檗、忍冬、方枝柏的全株生物量最优估测模型是以D~2H为自变量的函数,各模型R~2值均在0.850以上,且在P0.05水平上达到显著,模型模拟结果达到了较高的准确度;(3)6种灌木全株生物量在根、枝上的分配比重差异不显著,仅在叶上的分配比重有差异(P0.05);根系生物量在径级上的分配均呈现随根系径级下降而减少的规律,6种灌木在径级大于2 mm根上的分配比重存在差异(P0.05,径级大于20 mm根为P0.01水平);(4)6种灌木全株生物量在营养器官上的分配差异以及根系生物量在径级上的分配差异均体现了各物种对其生境选择的适应策略。     

Changes in plant biomass and species composition of alpine Kobresia meadows along altitudinal gradient on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Alpine Kobresia meadows are major vegetation types on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. There is growing concern over their relationships among biodiversity, productivity and environments. Despite the im-portance of species composition, species richness, the type of different growth forms, and plant bio-mass structure for Kobresia meadow ecosystems, few studies have been focused on the relationship between biomass and environmental gradient in the Kobresia meadow plant communities, particularly in relation to soil moisture and edaphic gradients. We measured the plant species composition, her-baceous litter, aboveground and belowground biomass in three Kobresia meadow plant communities in Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystem Research Station from 2001 to 2004. Community differences in plant species composition were reflected in biomass distribution. The total biomass showed a de-crease from 13196.96±719.69 g/m2 in the sedge-dominated K. tibetica swamp to 2869.58±147.52 g/m2 in the forb and sedge dominated K. pygmaea meadow, and to 2153.08±141.95 g/m2 in the forbs and grasses dominated K. humilis along with the increase of altitude. The vertical distribution of below-ground biomass is distinct in the three meadow communities, and the belowground biomass at the depth of 0-10 cm in K. tibetica swamp meadow was significantly higher than that in K. humilis and K. pygmaea meadows (P<0.01). The herbaceous litter in K. tibetica swamp was significantly higher than those in K. pygnaeca and K. humilis meadows. The effects of plant litter are enhanced when ground water and soil moisture levels are raised. The relative importance of litter and vegetation may vary with soil water availability. In the K. tibetica swamp, total biomass was negatively correlated to species richness (P<0.05); aboveground biomass was positively correlated to soil organic matter, soil moisture, and plant cover (P<0.05); belowground biomass was positively correlated with soil moisture (P<0.05). However, in the K. pygnaeca and K. humilis meadow communities, aboveground biomass was posi-tively correlated to soil organic matter and soil total nitrogen (P<0.05). This suggests that the distribu-tion of biomass coincided with soil moisture and edaphic gradient in alpine meadows.     

喀斯特石漠化治理区钙果种植年限对根内细菌群落的影响

存在于健康植物根中的内生细菌不但能够与宿主植物建立共生关系,而且还具有促进植物生长、提升植物对营养元素摄取能力等功能,从而对维持陆地生态平衡、提升喀斯特石漠化综合治理成效具有重要的意义。【目的】探究宿主植物根中的内生细菌群落结构,为深入认识宿主植物-内生细菌的互作机制提供理论依据。【方法】以被引种到喀斯特断陷盆地石漠化综合治理区不同种植年限钙果根中的内生细菌和根际土为研究对象,分析根内生细菌群落特征和根际土理化性质。【结果】钙果种植年限对研究区土壤质量整体有着直接、显著的影响,并间接影响根内生细菌群落。根内生细菌群落以共生互作为主,通过共网络结构识别出种植第一年和第三年的前三位优势属为链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、卡氏伯克霍尔德菌属(Burkholderia-Caballeronia- Paraburkholderia)和噬几丁质菌属(Chitinophaga),种植第五年的前三位优势属为Streptomyces、Chitinophaga和海无柄孢囊黏细菌属(Haliangium)。根内生细菌群落的形成主要由随机性过程中的生态漂变所主导。【结论】不同生长阶段钙果根内生细菌群落结构的差异是由于随机性过程赋予了微生物物种多样化。内生细菌群落的共生互作关系以及优势菌具有生防功能,可增强钙果定殖能力和生长,进而提升钙果在喀斯特断陷盆地石漠化综合治理区的生态效益和经济效益。     

Roots of pioneer trees in the Amazonian rain forest

. On low fluvial terraces of the Caquetá River, Araracuara region, Colombia, tree root systems were examined with regard to their structure, underground stratification and biomass distribution. Excavations of skeleton roots and microscopic observation of terminal fine roots included ten species belonging to the Cecropia, Vismia, Miconia, Goupia, Clathrotropis and Brosimum genera. Roots of particular species varied in the external features of their periderm and structure of freshly cut slash. Coarse skeleton roots differed in the shape and position of the plagiotropic branches and positively geotropic taproots or sinkers. None of the observed species could be identified as a shallow-rooted tree, in spite of the general fine root concentration in the upper soil horizon. In the two seasons of study, the terminal roots displayed prevailingly secondary anatomical structure and did not maintain much primary anatomical tissue in their apices. Neither ectomycorrhizas nor endomycorrhizas were detected in the samples. In a set of regeneration stages the amount of tree roots linearly increased with the age of growth. However, fine roots below 2 mm in diameter shared 80-90% of all roots in the upper 20 cm layer of all sample plots. In an old-growth forest, the total tree root biomass amounted to 39 ton/ha, thus being comparable to the underground biomass observed in similar tropical forests.