细胞信号转导分子在TNF—α诱导c—jun基因表达中的作用

前期研究表明ｐ３８丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（ＭＡＰＫ）通过磷酸化心肌细胞增强因子２（ｍｙｏｃｙｔｅ ｅｎｈａｎｃｅｒ ｆａｃｔｏｒ２,ＭＥＦ２）转录因子家族成员调节ｃ－Ｊｕｎ蛋白表达。ｃ－ｊｕｎ的启动子区存在ＭＥＦ２位点,ＭＥＦ２转录因子家族成员以同源或异源二聚体形式与其结合。研究了ｐ３８和ＢＭＫ１（ｂｉｇ ＭＡＰ ｋｉｎａｓｅ１）在ＴＮＦ－α诱导ｃ－ｊｕｎ基因表达中的调控作用。ｐ３８上调ＭＥＦ２Ａ的转     

p38 MAPK信号传导通路

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（ｍｉｔｏｇｅｎ－ａｃｔｉｖａｔｅｄｐｏｒｏｔｅｉｎｋｉｎａｓｅ,ＭＡＰＫ）介导了生长、发育,分裂,死亡,以及细胞间的功能同步等多种细胞生理功能,在哺乳动物细胞中已发现和克隆了ＥＲＫ、ＪＮＫ／ＳＡＰＫ,ＥＲＫ５／ＢＭＫ１和ｐ３８／ＲＫ四个ＭＡＰＫ亚族,这些新的ＭＡＰＫ介导了物理,化学反激,细菌产物,炎性细胞因子等多种刺激引起的细胞反应,ｐ３８亚族至少包括ｐ３８（α）,ｐ３８β,ｐ     

MAPK信号转导通路对炎证反应的调控

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（ｍｉｔｏｈｅｎ－ａｃｔｅｖａｔｃｄ ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ ｋｉｎａｓａ,ＭＡＰＫ）是生物体内重要的信号转导系统之一,参与介导生长、发育、化裂、分化、死亡以及细胞间的功能同步等多种细胞过程,在哺乳动物细胞中已发现和克隆了ＥＲＫ、ＪＮＫ／ＳＡＰＫ、ｐ３８／ＲＫ、ＥＲＫ５／ＢＭＫ１四个ＭＡＰＫ亚族。这些ＭＡＰＫ能被多种炎性刺激所激活,并对炎症的发生、发展起生重要调控作用。研究感染和炎症反应     

钙调神经磷酸酶依赖的信号通路在大鼠心肌肥大中的作用及调节

本工作在大体动物模型、细胞及分子水平上,对钙调神经磷酸酶（CaN)依赖的信号通路在大鼠豳肥大中的作用及其调节机制进行了研究。结果发现;（１）ＣaN信号通路参与血流动力学超负荷、心肌纤维化、旁／自分泌因子等诱导的心肌细胞肥大;（２）ＣaN信号通道参与血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)及碱性成纤维细胞因子(bFGF)诱导的心肌细胞肥大和AngⅡ及bFGF刺激的心脏成纤维细胞增殖;（３）ＣaN通路与丝裂素活化蛋白激酶（ＭＡＰＫ）及蛋白激酶Ｃ（ＰＫＣ）信号途径可能存在相互关系;（４）ＣaN的活化依赖胞内Ｃa^2 浓度的持续升高,ＣaN的活化还受蛋白激酶磷酸化的调节,ＡngⅡ刺激心肌细胞ＣaNmRNA的表达显著增加,ＣaNmRNA本身的表达受Ｃa^2 信号及ＭＡＰＫ级联反应的调控。结论：Ｃa^2 -ＣaN信号通路介导心肌肥大的发生。     

精-甘-天冬-丝氨酸四肽对二磷酸腺苷诱导大鼠血小板活化的信号转导的影响

本工作在二磷酸腺苷（ＡＤＰ）活化的大鼠血小板上,观察精－甘－天冬－丝上肽（ＲＧＤＳ肽）对血小板聚集、蛋白磷酸化、蛋白激酶Ｃ和丝裂素活化蛋白激酶活性的影响。结果发现,５０μｍｏｌ／ＬＡＤＰ引起血小板聚集时,蛋白激酶Ｃ（ＰＫＣ０及丝裂经蛋白激酶（ＭＡＰＫ）活性增加,并引起９５和６６ｋＤ蛋白磷酸化。应用５０,１００和２００μｍｏｌ／ＬＲＧＤＳ肽与基共同孵育,呈浓度依赖地抑制ＡＤＰ引起的血小板聚集和对ＰＫ     

巨噬细胞免疫调变信号：Raf—1,MAPKp44,MAPKp42和p38MAPK的研究

为了了解巨噬细胞免疫调变机理,我们应用ＬＰＳ和ＰＭＡ处理小鼠抑制性巨噬细胞,观察到Ｒａｓ下游信号分子ＡＦ－１,分裂原激活蛋白激酶ＭＡＰＫｐ４４,ＭＡＰＫｐ４２和ｐ３８ＭＡＰＫ均被活化,发现ｆｏｒｓｋｏｌｉｎ能增强ｐ３８ＭＡＰＫ的活性,进一步提示ＰＫＣ和ＰＡＫ途径增强了ｐ３８ＭＡＰＫ的磷酸化效应,为我们了解ＬＰＳ如何激活ｐ３８ＭＡＰＫ信号通路提供了一个新的机会／     

Ang Ⅱ 对培养新生大鼠心肌成纤维细胞增殖及丝裂素活化蛋白激酶的影响

本研究目的在于探讨丝裂素活化蛋白激酶（ＭＡＰＫ）是否在ＡｎｇⅡ（１０－８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）诱导的培养新生大鼠心肌成纤维细胞（ＦＢ）的增殖反应中起重要作用。实验以ＦＢ数目和ＤＮＡ合成速率（３Ｈ－胸腺嘧啶掺入率）为增殖指标,［γ－３２Ｐ］ＡＴＰ掺入法和免疫印迹法分别测定ＦＢＭＡＰＫ的活性和含量,结果发现（１）ＡｎｇⅡ处理ＦＢ２４ｈ后,ＤＮＡ合成速率和细胞数比对照组分别增加６０％和３９％;（２）ＡｎｇⅡ处理ＦＢ５ｍｉｎ后,ＭＡＰＫ活性比对照组增高２０３％;（３）培养新生大鼠ＦＢ含有两个ＭＡＰＫ同型体－ｐ４４ｍａｐｋ和ｐ４２ｍａｐｋ,其中ｐ４４ｍａｐｋ含量高于ｐ４２ｍａｐｋ,分别为总量的５８％和４２％。ＡｎｇⅡ处理５ｍｉｎ后,ＭＡＰＫ蛋白含量（ｐ４４＋ｐ４２〕增高４２９％,其中ｐ４４ｍａｐｋ的增加明显大于ｐ４２ｍａｐｋ的增加,分别比相应对照增高４８６％和３４９％。以上结果表明,ＡｎｇⅡ诱导的ＭＡＰＫ活性和含量的增加,参与了ＦＢ的增殖反应,其中ｐ４４ｍａｐｋ的作用较为显著     

RSK2偶联丝裂素活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)转导基因表达信号

ＲＳＫ２偶联丝裂素活化蛋白激酶（ＭＡＰＫ）转导基因表达信号ＭＡＰＫ途径是介导多种生长因子引起细胞增殖分化的共同通路。当生长因子携带的信息传入细胞膜后,经一系列的磷酸化反应,激活ＭＡＰＫ,活化的ＭＡＰＫ依次从胞浆转位入细胞核,激活（磷酸化）转录因子ＥＬ...     

参与细胞凋亡的丝裂原活化蛋白激酶及其作用机制

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶家族（ＭＡＰＫｓ）参与细胞调亡的信号转导过程。在多数细胞中,ＪＮＫ／ＳＡＰＫｓ和ｐ３８诱导细胞调亡,ＥＲＫ促进细胞增殖;但在另一些细胞中则情况相反。ＭＡＰＫｓ途径与死亡受体途径之间存在一定的联系,它们间的交互作用尚待一步研究。     

蛋白激酶抑制剂噬菌体的构建和功能研究

人工合成编码ｃＡＭＰ信赖蛋白激酶（ｃＡＰＫ）的热稳定抑制剂第５－２４位氨基酸「ＰＫＩ（５－２４）」的ＤＮＡ片段,并将之克隆到ｐｈａｇｅ ｄｉｓｐｌａｙ载体ｆｄ－ｔｅｔ－ＤＯＧ１使中,使ＰＫＩ（５－２４）以融合于ｇ３ｐ蛋白的形式展示了噬菌体是到了ＰＫＩ噬菌体,蛋白激酶抑制活性测定表达ＰＫＩ噬菌体可有铲地抑制ＣＡＰＫ的活性。结合实验结果显示ＰＫＩ噬菌体能与固相化小鼠ＣＡＰＫ催化亚基α（Ｈｉｓ６－ｍＣα     

一氧化氮抑制AngⅡ介导的心肌肥大反应的信号机制

本文主要利用培养的新生大鼠心肌细胞,从细胞学及分子生物学角度研究一氧化氮（NO）信号系统在AngⅡ介导的心肌肥大反应中的作用及机制。实验以心肌细胞蛋白合成速率、心房钠尿肽（ANP）的表达作为心肌肥大反应的指标,以硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐含量反映心肌细胞NO水平,以免疫印迹法测定MKP－1蛋白表达,以RT－PCR测定eNOS mRNA水平。结果发现：（1）L－精氨酸（L－Arg)10,100μmol/L分别增加心肌细胞NO水平16％及31％,L－Arg(100μmol/L）还可增加心肌细胞eNOS mRNA表达,其作用可被NOS抑制剂L－NAME所抑制;（2）L－Arg(100μmol/L）可降低AngⅡ(0.1μmol/L）诱导的心肌细胞ANP mRNA表达水平和蛋白合成速率,而在L－Arg处理之前用针对MKP－1的反义寡核苷酸转染心肌细胞,蛋白合成速率明显增加,可取消L－Arg的抑制作用,甚至超过AngⅡ组;（3）L－Arg(100μmol/L）明显增加MKP－1蛋白表达,比对照组增加225％,NOS抑制剂L－NAME及蛋白激酶G（PKG）抑制剂KT－5823皆可抑制L－Arg诱导的MKP－1蛋白表达,分别抑制88％、83％,而AngⅡ能增加L－Arg诱导的MKP－1的表达,较对照组增加365％,增强了L－Arg的作用。以上结果表明,NO抑制AngⅡ介导心肌肥大反应的机制可能是通过激活PKG,促进MKP－1的表达,从而增加MAPK去磷酸化实现的。     

Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1

Cardiac hypertrophy is formed in response to hemodynamic overload. Although a variety of factors such as catecholamines, angiotensin II (AngII), and endothelin-1 (ET-1) have been reported to induce cardiac hypertrophy, little is known regarding the factors that inhibit the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Production of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is increased in the hypertrophied heart and ANP has recently been reported to inhibit the growth of various cell types. We therefore examined whether ANP inhibits the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Pretreatment of cultured cardiomyocytes with ANP inhibited the AngII- or ET-1-induced increase in the cell size and the protein synthesis. ANP also inhibited the AngII- or ET-1-induced hypertrophic responses such as activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and induction of immediate early response genes and fetal type genes. To determine how ANP inhibits cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, we examined the mechanism of ANP-induced suppression of the MAPK activation. ANP strongly induced expression of MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) and overexpression of MKP-1 inhibited AngII- or ET-1-induced hypertrophic responses. These growth-inhibitory actions of ANP were mimicked by a cyclic GMP analog 8-bromo-cyclic GMP. Taken together, ANP directly inhibits the growth factor-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy at least partly via induction of MKP-1. Our present study suggests that the formation of cardiac hypertrophy is regulated not only by positive but by negative factors in response to hemodynamic load.     

新生大鼠心室成纤维细胞条件培养液的促心肌细胞肥大作用

利用新生大鼠心室成纤维细胞条件培养液孵育心肌细胞,证实成纤维细胞条件培养液能明显增大心肌细胞的表面积,增加心肌细胞的蛋白含量和「＾３Ｈ」－亮氨酸「＾３Ｈ」－Ｌｅｕ）的掺入,上述作用以第３天的条件培养液作用最强,具有剂量依赖性。ＥＴＡ受体拮抗剂ＢＱ１２３能部分阻断成纤维细胞条件培养液促进心肌细胞肥大的作用,而ＡＴ１受体拮抗剂ＣＶ１１９７４和α－肾上腺素受体拮抗剂ｒｅｇｉｔｉｎ却无此效果。结果提示：成     

LPS regulate ERK1/2-dependent signaling in cardiac fibroblasts via PKC-mediated MKP-1 induction

Activation of MAPK pathways by angiotensin II (Ang II) is important for cardiac fibroblast (CFB) proliferation and migration. Activity of MAP-kinases is closely controlled by a group of dual-specific MAP kinase phosphatases (MKPs). Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and cytokines are elevated in patients with heart failure and may contribute to disease progression. In this study, we investigate the effect of LPS on Ang II-induced CFB function. Pretreatment of CFBs with LPS (1 microg/mL; 30 min) almost completely inhibited Ang II-induced DNA-synthesis and inhibited Ang II directed chemotaxis by more than 80%. Compared to controls, LPS pretreatment significantly reduced phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2- and p38 MAPK and induced MKP-1 levels. Silencing MKP-1 with antisense oligodesoxynucleotides reversed the antimitogenic effect of LPS on Ang II-induced CFB DNA-synthesis and migration. Induction of MKP-1 by LPS was inhibited by the protein kinase C (PKC)-inhibitor calphostin C, but not by the ERK1/2-pathway inhibitor PD98059, suggesting that PKC but not ERK1/2 is required for LPS-mediated MKP-1 induction in CFBs. Our data demonstrate that LPS have direct cellular effects in CFBs through an inhibition of Ang II-induced MAPK activity via PKC-mediated induction of MKP-1. This might be relevant with regard to the decreased MAPK activity and increased levels in MKPs reported during chronic heart failure in humans.     

miR-34a Modulates Angiotensin II-Induced Myocardial Hypertrophy by Direct Inhibition of ATG9A Expression and Autophagic Activity

Cardiac hypertrophy is characterized by thickening myocardium and decreasing in heart chamber volume in response to mechanical or pathological stress, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be defined. This study investigated altered miRNA expression and autophagic activity in pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy. A rat model of myocardial hypertrophy was used and confirmed by heart morphology, induction of cardiomyocyte autophagy, altered expression of autophagy-related ATG9A, LC3 II/I and p62 proteins, and decrease in miR-34a expression. The in vitro data showed that in hypertrophic cardiomyocytes induced by Ang II, miR-34a expression was downregulated, whereas ATG9A expression was up-regulated. Moreover, miR-34a was able to bind to ATG9A 3′-UTR, but not to the mutated 3′-UTR and inhibited ATG9A protein expression and autophagic activity. The latter was evaluated by autophagy-related LC3 II/I and p62 levels, TEM, and flow cytometry in rat cardiomyocytes. In addition, ATG9A expression induced either by treatment of rat cardiomyocytes with Ang II or ATG9A cDNA transfection upregulated autophagic activity and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in both morphology and expression of hypertrophy-related genes (i.e., ANP and β-MHC), whereas knockdown of ATG9A expression downregulated autophagic activity and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. However, miR-34a antagonized Ang II-stimulated myocardial hypertrophy, whereas inhibition of miR-34a expression aggravated Ang II-stimulated myocardial hypertrophy (such as cardiomyocyte hypertrophy-related ANP and β-MHC expression and cardiomyocyte morphology). This study indicates that miR-34a plays a role in regulation of Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by inhibition of ATG9A expression and autophagic activity.     

Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) preferentially dephosphorylates p42/44MAPK but not p38MAPK in rat pinealocytes

We recently reported a diurnal and norepinephrine (NE) -induced expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) in the rat pineal gland and postulated that this MKP-1 expression might impact adrenergic-regulated arylalkylamine- N -acetyltransferase (AA-NAT) activity via modulation of MAPKs. In this study, we investigated the effect of depletion of MKP-1 expression by using doxorubicin, a topoisomerase inhibitor that suppresses the expression of MKP-1 in other cell types and small interfering RNA targeted against Mkp1 in NE-stimulated pinealocytes. We found that both treatments were effective in inhibiting NE induction of MKP-1 expression. Moreover, both treatments also resulted in a prolonged activation of p42/44MAPK and an increase in AA-NAT induction by NE. In contrast, treatment of pinealocytes with PD98059, an inhibitor of MAPK kinase, reduced NE-stimulated AA-NAT activity. Interestingly, suppressing MKP-1 expression had no effect on the time profile of NE-stimulated p38MAPK activation. These results indicate that MKP-1 modulates the profile of AA-NAT activity by selectively shaping the activation profile of p42/44MAPK but not that of p38MAPK.     

Calcineurin enhances MAPK phosphatase-1 expression and p38 MAPK inactivation in cardiac myocytes

Multiple intracellular signaling pathways have been shown to regulate the hypertrophic growth of cardiac myocytes including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T-cells. However, it is uncertain if individual regulatory pathways operate in isolation or if interconnectivity between unrelated pathways is required for the orchestration of the entire hypertrophic response. To this end, we investigated the interconnectivity between calcineurin-mediated cardiac myocyte hypertrophy and p38 MAPK signaling in vitro and in vivo. We show that calcineurin promotes down-regulation of p38 MAPK activity and enhances expression of the dual specificity phosphatase MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1). Transgenic mice expressing activated calcineurin in the heart were characterized by inactivation of p38 and increased MKP-1 expression during early postnatal development, before the onset of cardiac hypertrophy. In vitro, cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes infected with a calcineurin-expressing adenovirus and stimulated with phenylephrine demonstrated reduced p38 phosphorylation and increased MKP-1 protein levels. Activation of endogenous calcineurin with the calcium ionophore decreased p38 phosphorylation and increased MKP-1 protein levels. Inhibition of endogenous calcineurin with cyclosporin A decreased MKP-1 protein levels and increased p38 activation in response to agonist stimulation. To further investigate potential cross-talk between calcineurin and p38 through alteration in MKP-1 expression, the MKP-1 promoter was characterized and determined to be calcineurin-responsive. These data suggest that calcineurin enhances MKP-1 expression in cardiac myocytes, which is associated with p38 inactivation.     

Role of Ras in ethanol modulation of angiotensin II activated p42/p44 MAP kinase in rat hepatocytes

Angiotensin II plays a role in both liver cell proliferation and liver injury but the effects of ethanol on angiotensin II signaling in liver are not clearly understood. We have investigated the role of Ras in ethanol modulation of p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) stimulated by angiotensin II (Ang II) in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Hepatocytes were incubated with ethanol (100 mM) for 24 h, then stimulated with Ang II (100 nM). The level of p42/p44 MAPK phosphorylation was measured by Western blot analysis and Ras activation was assessed by specific binding of Ras-GTP (activated form) to a GST-RBD fusion protein containing Ras-binding domain (RBD) of Raf-1. Ethanol potentiated p42/p44 MAPK activation by Ang II, whereas ethanol alone did not significantly affect phosphorylation of p42/p44 MAPK. Ang II increased Ras activity by about 2 fold. Ethanol exposure increased Ang II stimulated Ras activity by an additional about 2 fold. Ethanol alone elicited a small increase in basal Ras activity. Pretreatment with manumycin A (10 microM), a Ras farnesylation inhibitor, partially blocked both Ang II-activated and ethanol-potentiated MAPK activities. These data provided the first evidence that ethanol potentiation of Ang II stimulated p42/p44 MAPK is mediated, in part, by Ras in hepatocytes.     

Mitogen-activated protein kinases and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatases mediate the inhibitory effects of all-trans retinoic acid on the hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes

All-trans retinoic acid (RA) has been implicated in mediation of cardiac growth inhibition in neonatal cardiomyocytes. However, the associated signaling mechanisms remain unclear. Utilizing neonatal cardiomyocytes, we demonstrated that RA suppressed the hypertrophic features induced by cyclic stretch or angiotensin II (Ang II). Cyclic stretch- or Ang II-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) was dose- and time-dependently inhibited by RA. Significant inhibition was observed by 5 microm RA, from 8 to 24 h of pretreatment. This inhibitory effect was not mediated at the level of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MKKs), because RA had no effect on stretch- or Ang II-induced phosphorylation of MEK1/2, MKK4, and MKK3/6. However, the phosphatase inhibitor vanadate reversed the inhibitory effect of RA on MAP kinases and protein synthesis. RA up-regulated the expression level of MAP kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) and MKP-2, and the time course was correlated with the inhibitory effect of RA on activation of MAP kinases. Overexpression of wild-type MKP-1 inhibited the phosphorylation of JNK and p38 in cardiomyocytes. These data indicated that MKPs were involved in the inhibitory effect of RA on MAP kinases. Using specific RAR and RXR antagonists, we demonstrated that both RARs and RXRs were involved in regulating stretch- or Ang II-induced activation of MAP kinases. Our findings provide the first evidence that the anti-hypertrophic effect of RA is mediated by up-regulation of MKPs and inhibition of MAP kinase signaling pathways.