微波法制备壳聚糖研究

采用微波炉加热,在敞口容器中,进行甲壳素脱乙酰反应,制备壳聚糖。考察了碱溶液浓度和微波加热时间对壳聚糖脱乙酰度的影响。固定微波加热时间30min,随NaOH溶液浓度增加,脱乙酰度先增加,后减小;NaOH溶液浓度为45％时,壳聚糖的脱乙酰度最高。固定NaOH溶液浓度为45％,随着微波加热时间延长,壳聚糖的脱乙酰度增加。微波加热的最佳时间为30min。加热时间继续延长,壳聚糖变黑。碱溶液浓度和微波加热时间对壳聚糖的粘均分子量影响都不大。本文试图从微波场的能量分布和微波加热机理方面解释实验结果。     

变功率微波法制备壳聚糖絮凝剂的研究

研究了变功率下微波加热对甲壳素脱乙酰化反应和粘度的影响。结果表明:在4 80W下反应4min、然后在16 0W下反应6min的最佳功率组合下,可制得脱乙酰度77.3%、粘度4 6mPa·s的壳聚糖产品;与恒功率微波法相比,变功率微波法制备壳聚糖的脱乙酰度稍低,但粘度高出31% ,反应时间缩短三分之一,能耗降低6 0 %     

不同反应条件对壳聚糖性能的影响

本文研究了不同脱乙酰化条件,如碱浓度、反应温度及时间和不同处理方法对壳聚糖的脱乙酰程度及粘度的影响。结果表明：50％的碱浓度、反应温度为90℃并采用间歇法可制得高脱乙酰度及高粘度的壳聚糖。     

壳聚糖制备及加工工艺的研究

本文在实验研究和前人工作的基础上,系统地分析了从甲壳素制备壳聚糖中脱乙酰化反应随温度、时间和碱液浓度变化规律,从而得出了脱乙酰化反应中较佳的工艺条件,和较为简便的从虾、蟹壳制备壳聚糖的工艺路线,为天然资源的综合利用打下了基础。     

快速膨胀片层多孔壳聚糖止血海绵的制备及生物相容性研究

目的:探索快速膨胀片层多孔壳聚糖止血海绵的制备工艺,评价止血海绵的理化性能及生物相容性,并探讨原料脱乙酰度对止血海绵性能的影响。方法:考察止血海绵的理化性质,包括扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察表观形貌,检测力学性能、吸水率、快速吸水膨胀时间和膨胀率,研究其体内外的生物相容性,包括体外细胞毒性实验、动物皮内刺激实验和皮下植入实验。结果:确定了止血海绵的制备工艺,采用该工艺制备的止血海绵均具有片层多孔结构,且具有较高的力学强度和快速膨胀的特点。证实高脱乙酰度原料(DD=95.14%)制备的止血海绵力学性能、吸水率、膨胀率均优于低脱乙酰度原料(DD=69.70%)制备的止血海绵。脱乙酰度69.70%和脱乙酰度95.14%的壳聚糖止血海绵,拉伸强度分别为10.1 N和15.4 N,吸水率分别为1904%和2131%,吸水膨胀时间分别为13.4 s和14.0 s,膨胀率分别为8.4倍和10.8倍。体外细胞毒性实验表明脱乙酰度为95.14%的壳聚糖止血海绵更有利于细胞的增殖,皮内刺激和皮下植入实验结果表明脱乙酰度为95.14%的壳聚糖海止血海绵表现出更小的组织炎性反应。结论:脱乙酰度为95.14%的壳聚糖止血海绵具有优良的力学性能、优异的吸水膨胀能力以及良好的生物相容性,在临床止血特别是腔隙止血方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

半干法微波处理制备壳聚糖

本文报导了采用微波处理半干法由甲壳素脱乙酰制备壳聚糖。与传统方法相比,反应时间大大缩短,降低了生产成本。并讨论了影响壳聚糖脱乙酰度和粘度的因素,例如,反应时间,碱浓度,料比。在较适宜的条件下,7分钟内脱乙酰度可大于75％。     

从拟康氏木霉中提取壳聚糖的初步研究

本实验以拟康氏木霉菌丝为原料,采用碱法提取壳聚糖,通过正交实验分析碱浓度和反应时间对壳聚糖产率、脱乙酰度和分子量的影响.结果表明:随着碱浓度的增加和反应时间的延长,产率在一定范围呈先上升后下降的趋势,而壳聚糖的脱乙酰度均增加;碱浓度一定时,壳聚糖的分子量随着反应时间的延长呈先上升后下降的趋势.壳聚糖产率占菌丝体干重达14.4%,纯度为90.2%,脱乙酰度达95.2%.     

壳聚糖酶的研究进展

壳聚糖是由N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖和D-氨基葡萄糖通过β-1,4-糖苷键连接而成的碱性多糖。壳寡糖是壳聚糖的降解产物,具有良好的生物活性、溶解度及生物利用度,在医药、食品等领域有着广泛的作用。壳聚糖酶是一类特异性降解部分或完全脱乙酰壳聚糖的糖苷水解酶,因其降解效率高、反应温和可控而成为目前的研究热点。本文对壳聚糖酶的性质、结构、催化机制以及应用等方面进行了综述,总结梳理这些信息对于探寻目前壳聚糖酶研究中存在的一些问题以及今后的研究方向有重要意义,有助于促进壳聚糖酶的进一步开发利用。     

N,N,N-三甲基壳聚糖甲基硫酸盐的合成及理化性质的测定

壳聚糖与甲醛、甲酸反应得到N,N-二甲基壳聚糖,然后以硫酸二甲酯为季铵化试剂反应得到N,N,N-三甲基壳聚糖甲基硫酸盐(TMCMS),用IR1、H NMR和元素分析对其结构进行了表征。元素分析结果表明其季铵化度为74.6%,差示扫描量热法和热重分析法结果表明其热稳定性比壳聚糖差,但其水溶性明显优于壳聚糖,25℃时在水中的溶解度可达20 mg/mL,浓度为2 mg/mL时在pH 3～12范围内无沉淀产生。     

木瓜蛋白酶水解壳聚糖的工艺研究

本文通过正交试验对木瓜蛋白酶水解壳聚糖的工艺进行优化,并对降解过程中粘度、还原糖等一些指标的动态变化进行研究。结果显示,木瓜蛋白酶在反应温度45℃下降解壳聚糖的最佳工艺条件为壳聚糖的脱乙酰度70%,pH4.0,底物浓度1%,壳聚糖与酶的比例为25∶1(w/w)。其中底物脱乙酰度对酶解效果影响呈极显著水平,pH值影响呈显著水平。木瓜蛋白酶可较为有效地降解脱乙酰度为70%的壳聚糖,在其最适条件下对壳聚糖水解约60min,可控制产物平均分子量在1万以内。木瓜蛋白酶起始降解速率很快,20min后VDP变化趋于平稳,60min后基本维持在93～94%上下。反应进行60min后产物的平均分子量约为9000。还原糖含量在反应进行150min之后,还原糖的生成速度基本趋于平稳。     

Preparation of low-molecular-weight chitosan using phosphoric acid

Two types of low degree of polymerisation (DP) chitosan were prepared by homogeneous hydrolysis of chitosan in 85% phosphoric acid at room temperature for 1–6 weeks. The hydrolysates were collected by addition of excess ethanol, and were fractionated by solubility in water. The changes in yields of water-insoluble (higher DP) and water-soluble (lower DP) fractions were determined as a function of hydrolysis time. The hydrolysis proceeded with further deacetylation of chitosan, resulting in degree of deacetylation of more than 90%. The water-insoluble fraction prepared after the hydrolysis for 4 weeks (43% yield) had a weight-average DP ( ) of 16·8, and showed the ‘tendon’ type X-ray diffraction pattern. The water-soluble fraction (12·5% yield) had a of 7·3, and showed the ‘annealed’ type pattern.     

One-pot synthesis in aqueous system for water-soluble chitosan-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether

Chitosan is functionalized with poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (mPEG) at the amino and hydroxyl groups via a single step reaction in a homogeneous aqueous system. A chitosan aqueous solution obtained from the mixture of chitosan and hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) in water is a key factor in providing mild conditions to conjugate mPEG by using a carbodiimide conjugating agent. The reaction at ambient temperature for 24 h gives chitosan-g-mPEG with water solubility with mPEG content as high as 42%. This work demonstrates that a water-soluble chitosan-HOBt complex is an effective system for the preparation of chitosan derivatives via the aqueous system without the use of acids or organic solvents.     

Effect of the degree of acetylation of chitosan on its enzymatic hydrolysis with the preparation Celloviridin G20x

The degree of acetylation exerted only insignificant effects on the enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan, while affecting the composition of the resulting hydrolysates and their water solubility. Chitosan with various degrees of acetylation was produced by reacetylation of the original chitosan (the solvents, methanol and 2% acetic acid, were present at a ratio of 54:51 v/v; the amount of acetic anhydride was in the range 0.1-2.0 mmol per 1 g chitosan). Hydrolysis by the enzymatic preparation Celloviridin G20x was performed at the enzyme to substrate ratio of 1:400 in sodium-acetate buffer, pH 5.2 (55 degrees C) for 1 h.     

Precise derivatization of structurally distinct chitosans with rhodamine B isothiocyanate

Work to date shows that structurally distinct chitosans have reacted inefficiently and unpredictably with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) in an acid–methanol solvent that maintains both chitosan and fluorophore solubility. Since isothiocyanate preferentially reacts with neutral amine groups, and chitosan solubility typically depends upon a minimal degree of protonation, we tested the hypothesis that precise derivatization of chitosan with rhodamine isothiocyanate (RITC) can be achieved by controlling the reaction time and the degree of protonation. Addition of 50% v/v methanol reduced the chitosan degree of protonation in acetic acid but not HCl solutions. At various degrees of protonation, chitosan reacted inefficiently with RITC as previously observed with FITC. Nevertheless, precise derivatization was achieved by allowing the reaction to proceed overnight at a given degree of protonation (p < 0.0001, n = 18) and fixed initial fluorophore concentration. A reproducible 2% to 4% fraction of neutral amines reacted with RITC in proportion to the initial fluorophore concentration (p < 0.005). Using our optimized protocol, chitosans with different degree of deacetylation and molecular weight were derivatized to either 1% or 0.5% mol/mol RITC/chitosan-monomer with a precision of 0.1% mol/mol. The average molecular weight of fluorescent RITC-chitosan was similar to the unlabeled parent chitosan. Precise molar derivatization of structurally distinct chitosans with RITC can be achieved by controlling chitosan degree of protonation, initial fluorophore concentration, and reaction time.     

Effect of the Degree of Acetylation of Chitosan on Its Enzymatic Hydrolysis with the Preparation Celloviridin G20kh

The degree of acetylation was shown to exert only insignificant effects on the enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan, while affecting the composition of the resulting hydrolysates and their water solubility. Chitosan with various degrees of acetylation was produced by reacetylation of the initial chitosan (the solvents, methanol and 2% acetic acid, were present in a ratio of 54 : 51 v/v; the amount of acetic anhydride was in the range 0.1–2.0 mmol per gram chitosan). Hydrolysis by the enzymatic preparation Celloviridin G20kh was performed at an enzyme-to-substrate ratio of 1 : 400 in sodium–acetate buffer, pH 5.2 (55°C) for 1 h.     

Heterogeneous molecular aggregation and fractal structure in chitosan/acetic acid systems

The influence of deacetylation degree on heterogeneous molecular aggregation has been investigated for chitosan solution in 2 wt % acetic acid aqueous solution using rheological and small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) methods. Three samples of chitosan, which were designated CS62, CS79, and CS96, were used, and the deacetylation degrees of these samples were 0.62, 0.79 and 0.96, respectively. Rheological properties show that the systems of CS62 and CS96 are homogeneous, and the system of CS79 has a certain heterogeneous structure with a long-time relaxation mechanism. According to the SAXS measurement, the heterogeneous system has a fractal structure and the fractal dimension is about 1.3.     

Chitin deacetylase product inhibition

Chitin deacetylase is the only known enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of the acetamino linkage in the N-acetylglucosamine units of chitin and chitosan. This reaction can play an important role in enzymatic production of chitosan from chitin, or in enzymatic modification of chitosan, which has applications in medicine, pharmacy or plant protection. It was previously shown that acetic acid, a product of the deacetylation process, may act as an inhibitor of chitin deacetylase. Here we show the mechanism of inhibition of chitin deacetylase isolated from Absidia orchidis vel coerulea by acetic acid released during the deacetylation process. The process follows competitive inhibition with respect to acetic acid with an inhibition constant of K(i) = 0.286 mmol/L. These results will help to find the optimal system to carry out the enzymatic deacetylation process for industrial applications.     

胍乙酸壳聚糖的合成及其对黄瓜的保鲜研究

以自制的不同脱乙酰度的壳聚糖和1-氯胍乙酸为原料合成了胍乙酸壳聚糖,研究了胍乙酸壳聚糖对黄瓜的保鲜效果。结果表明,由脱乙酰度为96%的壳聚糖制得的胍乙酸壳聚糖平均分子量为5287。随着脱乙酰度的增加,黄瓜失重率的增加逐渐减缓,随着贮存时间延长总叶绿素含量先升高然后缓慢下降,而维生素C含量则一直缓慢下降;脱乙酰度为96%的壳聚糖制得的胍乙酸壳聚糖贮存35 d后,黄瓜的质量损失为0.7%;贮存20 d后,总叶绿素含量仍然可达1.34 mg/g;贮存时间20 d后,维生素C含量可达0.18 mg/g。     

Enzymatic grafting of a natural product onto chitosan to confer water solubility under basic conditions

Chitosan is a natural biopolymer whose rich amine functionality confers water solubility at low pH. At higher pH's (greater than 6. 5), the amines are deprotonated and chitosan is insoluble. To attain water solubility under basic conditions we enzymatically grafted the hydrophilic compound chlorogenic acid onto chitosan. Despite its name, chlorogenic acid is a nonchlorinated phenolic natural product that has carboxylic acid and hydroxyl functionality. The enzyme in this study was tyrosinase, which converts a wide range of phenolic substrates into electrophilic o-quinones. The o-quinones are freely diffusible and can undergo reaction with the nucleophilic amino groups of chitosan. Using slightly acidic conditions (pH = 6), it was possible to modify chitosan under homogeneous conditions. When the amount of chlorogenic acid used in the modification reaction exceeded 30% relative to chitosan's amino groups, the modified chitosan was observed to be soluble under both acidic and basic conditions, and to have a pH window of insolubility at near neutral pH. 1H NMR spectra confirmed that chitosan was chemically modified, although the degree of modification was low. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Enhanced microbial safety of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fillet using recently invented medium molecular weight water-soluble chitosan coating

Chitosan with higher molecular weight exhibited higher antimicrobial efficacy against foodborne pathogens. However, the poor water solubility of higher or medium molecular weight chitosan limits its applications. To overcome the challenge, our research team searched for simple preparation procedure for fast-dissolving medium molecular weight chitosan in water. Throughout the process, we were able to obtain a higher concentration of medium molecular weight water-soluble (MMWWS) chitosan (400 kDa). The MMWWS chitosan showed physicochemical properties that are suitable for edible coating. Antibacterial activities of 400-kDa chitosan coating prepared in acetic acid (1% v/v) or aspartic acid (1% or 3% w/v) were examined. The surface of catfish cubes was inoculated with six foodborne pathogens and then coated with chitosan solutions. The survival of each pathogen was evaluated during shelf life storage. Compared with the control, 3% w/v chitosan coating in aspartic acid solution exhibited the most effective antibacterial activities among other coating treatments, completely inhibiting Vibrio parahaemolyticus on the surface of catfish. The study suggested that chitosan dissolved in aspartic acid has the potential for use as an alternative antimicrobial coating for catfish fillet.